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Tian Y, Zhou P, Zhou L, Zhang L, Lin Y, Wang Y, Wang J, Hui D, Ren H, Lu H. Multi-ecosystem services differently affected by over-canopy and understory nitrogen additions in a typical subtropical forest. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17192. [PMID: 38369693 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Obtaining a holistic understanding of the impacts of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on multiple ecosystem services of forest is essential for developing comprehensive and sustainable strategies, particularly in heavy N deposition regions such as subtropical China. However, such impacts remain incompletely understood, with most previous studies focus on individual ecosystem function or service via understory N addition experiments. To address this knowledge gap, we quantified the effects of over-canopy and understory N additions on multiple ecosystem services based on a 7-year large-scale field experiment in a typical subtropical forest. Our results showed continued over-canopy N addition with 50 kg ha-1 year-1 over a period of 4-7 years significantly increased plant nutrient retention, but did not affect the services of soil nutrient accumulation, water yield, C sequestration (in plants and soil), or oxygen release. There were trade-offs between the soil and plant on providing the services of nutrient accumulation/retention and C sequestration under over-canopy N addition. However, without uptake and retention of tree canopy, the trade-off between soil and plant were more weaken under the understory N addition with 50 kg ha-1 year-1 , and their relationships were even synergetic under the understory N addition with 25 kg ha-1 year-1 . The results suggest that understory N addition cannot accurately simulate the effects of atmospheric N deposition on multiple services, along with mutual relationships. Interestingly, the services of plant N, P retention, and C sequestration exhibited a synergetic increase under the over-canopy N addition but a decrease under the understory N addition. Our results also found tree layer plays a primary role in providing plant nutrient retention service and is sensitive to atmospheric N deposition. Further studies are needed to investigate the generalized effects of forest canopy processes on alleviating the threaten of global change factors in different forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Forestry Survey and Planning Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Guangzhou Collaborative Innovation Center on Science-Tech of Ecology and Landscape, Guangzhou Institute of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangzhou National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Urban Ecosystem, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lang Zhou
- Forestry Comprehensive Affairs Center of Baiyun District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongbiao Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjia Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dafeng Hui
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hai Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongfang Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Song J, Ru J, Zheng M, Wang H, Fan Y, Yue X, Yu K, Zhou Z, Shao P, Han H, Lei L, Zhang Q, Li X, Su F, Zhang K, Wan S. A global database of plant production and carbon exchange from global change manipulative experiments. Sci Data 2020; 7:323. [PMID: 33009397 PMCID: PMC7532199 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00661-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous ecosystem manipulative experiments have been conducted since 1970/80 s to elucidate responses of terrestrial carbon cycling to the changing atmospheric composition (CO2 enrichment and nitrogen deposition) and climate (warming and changing precipitation regimes), which is crucial for model projection and mitigation of future global change effects. Here, we extract data from 2,242 publications that report global change manipulative experiments and build a comprehensive global database with 5,213 pairs of samples for plant production (productivity, biomass, and litter mass) and ecosystem carbon exchange (gross and net ecosystem productivity as well as ecosystem and soil respiration). Information on climate characteristics and vegetation types of experimental sites as well as experimental facilities and manipulation magnitudes subjected to manipulative experiments are also included in this database. This global database can facilitate the estimation of response and sensitivity of key terrestrial carbon-cycling variables under future global change scenarios, and improve the robust projection of global change‒terrestrial carbon feedbacks imposed by Earth System Models. Measurement(s) | organic material • plant production • carbon exchange | Technology Type(s) | digital curation | Factor Type(s) | climate characteristics • vegetation traits | Sample Characteristic - Environment | climate system | Sample Characteristic - Location | global |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12932843
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Song
- School of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Jingyi Ru
- School of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Mengmei Zheng
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Haidao Wang
- School of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Yongge Fan
- School of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Xiaojing Yue
- School of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Kejia Yu
- School of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhou
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Pengshuai Shao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Science for the Yellow River Delta, Binzhou University, Binzhou, Shandong, 256603, China
| | - Hongyan Han
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Science for the Yellow River Delta, Binzhou University, Binzhou, Shandong, 256603, China
| | - Lingjie Lei
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Fanglong Su
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Kesheng Zhang
- Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, 471023, China
| | - Shiqiang Wan
- School of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China.
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Xiao H, Wang B, Lu S, Chen D, Wu Y, Zhu Y, Hu S, Bai Y. Soil acidification reduces the effects of short-term nutrient enrichment on plant and soil biota and their interactions in grasslands. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:4626-4637. [PMID: 32438518 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents, and soil acidification have greatly increased in grassland ecosystems due to increased industrial and agricultural activities. As major environmental and economic concerns worldwide, nutrient enrichment and soil acidification can lead to substantial changes in the diversity and structure of plant and soil communities. Although the separate effects of N and P enrichment on soil food webs have been assessed across different ecosystems, the combined effects of N and P enrichment on multiple trophic levels in soil food webs have not been studied in semiarid grasslands experiencing soil acidification. Here we conducted a short-term N and P enrichment experiment in non-acidified and acidified soil in a semiarid grassland on the Mongolian Plateau. We found that net primary productivity was not affected by N or P enrichment alone in either non-acidified or acidified soil, but was increased by combined N and P enrichment in both non-acidified and acidified soil. Nutrient enrichment decreased the biomass of most microbial groups in non-acidified soil (the decrease tended to be greatest with combined N and P enrichment) but not in acidified soil, and did not affect most soil nematode variables in non-acidified or acidified soil. Nutrient enrichment also changed plant and microbial community structure in non-acidified but not in acidified soil, and had no effect on nematode community structure in non-acidified or acidified soil. These results indicate that the responses to short-term nutrient enrichment were weaker for higher trophic groups (nematodes) than for lower trophic groups (microorganisms) and primary producers (plants). The findings increase our understanding of the effects of nutrient enrichment on multiple trophic levels of soil food webs, and highlight that soil acidification, as an anthropogenic stressor, reduced the responses of plants and soil food webs to nutrient enrichment and weakened plant-soil interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shunbao Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dima Chen
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaption and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuhe Zhu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Shuijin Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Yongfei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Liang X, Zhang T, Lu X, Ellsworth DS, BassiriRad H, You C, Wang D, He P, Deng Q, Liu H, Mo J, Ye Q. Global response patterns of plant photosynthesis to nitrogen addition: A meta-analysis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:3585-3600. [PMID: 32146723 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A mechanistic understanding of plant photosynthetic response is needed to reliably predict changes in terrestrial carbon (C) gain under conditions of chronically elevated atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition. Here, using 2,683 observations from 240 journal articles, we conducted a global meta-analysis to reveal effects of N addition on 14 photosynthesis-related traits and affecting moderators. We found that across 320 terrestrial plant species, leaf N was enhanced comparably on mass basis (Nmass , +18.4%) and area basis (Narea , +14.3%), with no changes in specific leaf area or leaf mass per area. Total leaf area (TLA) was increased significantly, as indicated by the increases in total leaf biomass (+46.5%), leaf area per plant (+29.7%), and leaf area index (LAI, +24.4%). To a lesser extent than for TLA, N addition significantly enhanced leaf photosynthetic rate per area (Aarea , +12.6%), stomatal conductance (gs , +7.5%), and transpiration rate (E, +10.5%). The responses of Aarea were positively related with that of gs , with no changes in instantaneous water-use efficiency and only slight increases in long-term water-use efficiency (+2.5%) inferred from 13 C composition. The responses of traits depended on biological, experimental, and environmental moderators. As experimental duration and N load increased, the responses of LAI and Aarea diminished while that of E increased significantly. The observed patterns of increases in both TLA and E indicate that N deposition will increase the amount of water used by plants. Taken together, N deposition will enhance gross photosynthetic C gain of the terrestrial plants while increasing their water loss to the atmosphere, but the effects on C gain might diminish over time and that on plant water use would be amplified if N deposition persists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, and Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, and Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiankai Lu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, and Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - David S Ellsworth
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Hormoz BassiriRad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chengming You
- Long-term Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystems, Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Pengcheng He
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, and Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Deng
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, and Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, and Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangming Mo
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, and Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, and Center for Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
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5
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Yue K, Jarvie S, Senior AM, Van Meerbeek K, Peng Y, Ni X, Wu F, Svenning J. Changes in plant diversity and its relationship with productivity in response to nitrogen addition, warming and increased rainfall. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yue
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Dept of Biology, Aarhus Univ. Ny Munkegade 114 DK‐8000 Aarhus C Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing Word (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus Univ. Aarhus Denmark
| | - Scott Jarvie
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Dept of Biology, Aarhus Univ. Ny Munkegade 114 DK‐8000 Aarhus C Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing Word (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus Univ. Aarhus Denmark
| | - Alistair M. Senior
- Univ. of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Koenraad Van Meerbeek
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Dept of Biology, Aarhus Univ. Ny Munkegade 114 DK‐8000 Aarhus C Denmark
- Div. of Forest, Nature and Landscape, Dept of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven (Univ. of Leuven) Leuven Belgium
| | - Yan Peng
- Dept of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Univ. of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Xiangyin Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Mountain Ecology, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal Univ. Fuzhou PR China
| | - Fuzhong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Mountain Ecology, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal Univ. Fuzhou PR China
| | - Jens‐Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Dept of Biology, Aarhus Univ. Ny Munkegade 114 DK‐8000 Aarhus C Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing Word (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus Univ. Aarhus Denmark
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Connell SD, Doubleday ZA, Foster NR, Hamlyn SB, Harley CDG, Helmuth B, Kelaher BP, Nagelkerken I, Rodgers KL, Sarà G, Russell BD. The duality of ocean acidification as a resource and a stressor. Ecology 2018; 99:1005-1010. [PMID: 29714829 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ecologically dominant species often define ecosystem states, but as human disturbances intensify, their subordinate counterparts increasingly displace them. We consider the duality of disturbance by examining how environmental drivers can simultaneously act as a stressor to dominant species and as a resource to subordinates. Using a model ecosystem, we demonstrate that CO2 -driven interactions between species can account for such reversals in dominance; i.e., the displacement of dominants (kelp forests) by subordinates (turf algae). We established that CO2 enrichment had a direct positive effect on productivity of turfs, but a negligible effect on kelp. CO2 enrichment further suppressed the abundance and feeding rate of the primary grazer of turfs (sea urchins), but had an opposite effect on the minor grazer (gastropods). Thus, boosted production of subordinate producers, exacerbated by a net reduction in its consumption by primary grazers, accounts for community change (i.e., turf displacing kelp). Ecosystem collapse, therefore, is more likely when resource enrichment alters competitive dominance of producers, and consumers fail to compensate. By recognizing such duality in the responses of interacting species to disturbance, which may stabilize or exacerbate change, we can begin to understand how intensifying human disturbances determine whether or not ecosystems undergo phase shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Connell
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences & Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Zoë A Doubleday
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences & Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole R Foster
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences & Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah B Hamlyn
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences & Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology and Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian Helmuth
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, Massachusetts, 01908, USA
| | - Brendan P Kelaher
- National Marine Science Centre & Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ivan Nagelkerken
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences & Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kirsten L Rodgers
- Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gianluca Sarà
- Ecology Lab, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bayden D Russell
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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7
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Tang X, Li H, Ma M, Yao L, Peichl M, Arain A, Xu X, Goulden M. How do disturbances and climate effects on carbon and water fluxes differ between multi-aged and even-aged coniferous forests? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:1583-1597. [PMID: 28531966 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances and climatic changes significantly affect forest ecosystem productivity, water use efficiency (WUE) and carbon (C) flux dynamics. A deep understanding of terrestrial feedbacks to such effects and recovery mechanisms in forests across contrasting climatic regimes is essential to predict future regional/global C and water budgets, which are also closely related to the potential forest management decisions. However, the resilience of multi-aged and even-aged forests to disturbances has been debated for >60years because of technical measurement constraints. Here we evaluated 62site-years of eddy covariance measurements of net ecosystem production (NEP), evapotranspiration (ET), the estimates of gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (Re) and ecosystem-level WUE, as well as the relationships with environmental controls in three chronosequences of multi- and even-aged coniferous forests covering the Mediterranean, temperate and boreal regions. Age-specific dynamics in multi-year mean annual NEP and WUE revealed that forest age is a key variable that determines the sign and magnitude of recovering forest C source-sink strength from disturbances. However, the trends of annual NEP and WUE across succession stages between two stand structures differed substantially. The successional patterns of NEP exhibited an inverted-U trend with age at the two even-aged chronosequences, whereas NEP of the multi-aged chronosequence increased steadily through time. Meanwhile, site-level WUE of even-aged forests decreased gradually from young to mature, whereas an apparent increase occurred for the same forest age in multi-aged stands. Compared with even-aged forests, multi-aged forests sequestered more CO2 with forest age and maintained a relatively higher WUE in the later succession periods. With regard to the available flux measurements in this study, these behaviors are independent of tree species, stand ages and climate conditions. We also found that distinctly different environmental factors controlled forest C and water fluxes under three climatic regimes. Typical weather events such as temperature anomalies or drying-wetting cycles severely affected forest functions. Particularly, a summer drought in the boreal forest resulted in an increased NEP owing to a considerable decrease in Re, but at the cost of greater water loss from deeper groundwater resources. These findings will provide important implications for forest management strategies to mitigate global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Tang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Karst Environment, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.
| | - Hengpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Mingguo Ma
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Karst Environment, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Li Yao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Karst Environment, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Matthias Peichl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 90183, Sweden
| | - Altaf Arain
- McMaster Centre for Climate Change and School of Geography & Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4K1, Canada
| | - Xibao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Michael Goulden
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3100, USA
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8
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Peng Y, Chen G, Chen G, Li S, Peng T, Qiu X, Luo J, Yang S, Hu T, Hu H, Xu Z, Liu L, Tang Y, Tu L. Soil biochemical responses to nitrogen addition in a secondary evergreen broad-leaved forest ecosystem. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2783. [PMID: 28584271 PMCID: PMC5459847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03044-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of N deposition on soil biochemistry in secondary forests, one N addition experiment was conducted in a secondary evergreen broad-leaved forest in the western edge of Sichuan Basin, with the highest level of background N deposition (about 95 kg N ha-1 yr-1) in China. Three N treatment levels (+0, +50, +150 kg N ha-1 yr-1) were monthly added to soil surface in this forest beginning in April 2013. Soil biochemistry and root biomass of the 0-10 cm soil horizon were measured from May 2014 to April 2015. Soil respiration was measured for two years (September 2013 to August 2015). It was showed that N additions were correlated to significantly lower soil pH, microbial biomass C (MBC) concentration, MBC/microbial biomass N (MBN) ratio, root biomass, and soil respiration rate, and significantly higher concentrations of ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-). These results indicate that N additions had a significant effect on the size of soil microbial community. In addition, soil C storage may potentially increase due to the dropped soil C release under N addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guangsheng Chen
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, 166 Mianxing West Road, Mianyang, 621000, China
| | - Guantao Chen
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shun Li
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Tianchi Peng
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xirong Qiu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Tingxing Hu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hongling Hu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Li Liu
- Personnel Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yi Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lihua Tu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Ghedini G, Connell SD. Organismal homeostasis buffers the effects of abiotic change on community dynamics. Ecology 2016; 97:2671-2679. [PMID: 27859118 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The problem of linking fine-scale processes to broad-scale patterns remains a central challenge of ecology. As rates of abiotic change intensify, there is a critical need to understand how individual responses aggregate to generate compensatory dynamics that stabilize community processes. Notably, while local and global resource enhancement (e.g., nutrient and CO2 release) can reverse dominance relationship between key species (e.g., shifts from naturally kelp-dominated to turf-dominated systems), herbivores can counter these shifts by consuming the additional productivity of competing species (e.g., turfs). Here, we test whether consumer plasticity in energy intake to maintain growth in varying environments can underpin changes in consumption that buffer varying levels of productivity. In response to carbon and nutrient enrichment, herbivores increased consumption of higher-quality food, which acted as a buffer against enhanced production, while maintaining organismal processes across varying abiotic conditions (i.e., growth). These results not only suggest plasticity in feeding behavior, but also in energy acquisition and utilization to maintain organismal processes. Such plasticity may not only underpin organismal homeostasis, but also compensatory dynamics that emerge from the aggregate of these responses to buffer change in community processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ghedini
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and the Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Darling Building DX 650 418, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Sean D Connell
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and the Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Darling Building DX 650 418, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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Wang AY, Wang M, Yang D, Song J, Zhang WW, Han SJ, Hao GY. Responses of hydraulics at the whole-plant level to simulated nitrogen deposition of different levels in Fraxinus mandshurica. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:1045-1055. [PMID: 27259635 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) deposition is expected to have great impact on forest ecosystems by affecting many aspects of plant-environmental interactions, one of which involves its influences on plant water relations through modifications of plant hydraulic architecture. However, there is a surprising lack of integrative study on tree hydraulic architecture responses to N deposition, especially at the whole-plant level. In the present study, we used a 5-year N addition experiment to simulate the effects of six different levels of N deposition (20-120 kg ha(-1) year(-1)) on growth and whole-plant hydraulic conductance of a dominant tree species (Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.) from the typical temperate forest of NE China. The results showed that alleviation of N limitation by moderate concentrations of fertilization (20-80 kg ha(-1) year(-1)) promoted plant growth, but further N additions on top of the threshold level showed negative effects on plant growth. Growth responses of F. mandshurica seedlings to N addition of different concentrations were accompanied by corresponding changes in whole-plant hydraulic conductance; higher growth rate was accompanied by reduced whole-plant hydraulic conductance (Kplant) and higher leaf water-use efficiency. A detailed analysis on hydraulic conductance of different components of the whole-plant water transport pathway revealed that changes in root and leaf hydraulic conductance, rather than that of the stem, were responsible for Kplant responses to N fertilization. Both plant growth and hydraulic architecture responses to increasing levels of N addition were not linear, i.e., the correlation between measured parameters and N availability exhibited bell-shaped curves with peak values observed at medium levels of N fertilization. Changes in hydraulic architecture in response to fertilization found in the present study may represent an important underlying mechanism for the commonly observed changes in water-related tree performances in response to N deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110010, China College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110010, China
| | - Da Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110010, China College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jia Song
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110010, China College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110010, China
| | - Shi-Jie Han
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110010, China
| | - Guang-You Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110010, China
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11
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Zhang Y, Han Q, Guo Q, Zhang S. Physiological and proteomic analysis reveals the different responses of Cunninghamia lanceolata seedlings to nitrogen and phosphorus additions. J Proteomics 2016; 146:109-21. [PMID: 27389851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) additions in soils can increase tree photosynthetic rate (Pn), biomass accumulation and further increase primary production of plantation. However, the improved photosynthetic ability is varied from the added nutrient types and the mechanisms are sophisticated. In this study, an iTRAQ-based quantitative proteome combined with physiological analysis of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) leaves was performed to determine the common and different responses on photosynthetic process to the N and P additions. The results showed that, either N or P added in soils significantly increased Pn, but N addition had more positive effects than P addition in improving photosynthetic ability. Physiologically, N addition caused more in improving photosynthetic rate than P addition, which attributes to higher leaf N and chlorophyll contents, enlarged chloroplast size and more number of thylakoids. Proteomic data revealed that the increased Pn to N and P additions may attribute to the increased abundance of proteins involved in carbon fixation and RuBP regeneration during the light-independent reactions. However, N addition increased the abundance of photosystem II related proteins and P addition increased the abundance of photosystem I related proteins. Additionally, proteomic data also gave some clues on the different metabolic processes caused by N and P additions on glycolysis and TCA cycle, which were potentially related to higher growth and developmental rates of C. lanceolata. Therefore, this study provides new insights into the different photosynthesis and metabolic processes of Chinese fir in response to N and P additions. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Fertilization is an important management measure to improve timber yield and primary production of Cunninghamia lanceolata, which is the largest planted coniferous species in southeast China. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) additions into soils can improve tree photosynthesis, and further increase plantation production. However, the mechanism of N and P additions in improving photosynthesis is still unclearly. In this study, a physiological measurement combined with proteomic analysis was performed on a controlled experiment in the greenhouse. These results improve understanding of the essentially photosynthetic activity and metabolic process of C. lanceolata responding to N and P fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Qingquan Han
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Qingxue Guo
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Huang Z, Liu B, Davis M, Sardans J, Peñuelas J, Billings S. Long-term nitrogen deposition linked to reduced water use efficiency in forests with low phosphorus availability. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:431-442. [PMID: 26661404 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The impact of long-term nitrogen (N) deposition is under-studied in phosphorus (P)-limited subtropical forests. We exploited historically collected herbarium specimens to investigate potential physiological responses of trees in three subtropical forests representing an urban-to-rural gradient, across which N deposition has probably varied over the past six decades. We measured foliar [N] and [P] and stable carbon (δ(13) C), oxygen (δ(18) O) and nitrogen (δ(15) N) isotopic compositions in tissue from herbarium specimens of plant species collected from 1947 to 2014. Foliar [N] and N : P increased, and δ(15) N and [P] decreased in the two forests close to urban centers. Consistent with recent studies demonstrating that N deposition in the region is (15) N-depleted, these data suggest that the increased foliar [N] and N : P, and decreased [P], may be attributable to atmospheric deposition and associated enhancement of P limitation. Estimates of intrinsic water use efficiency calculated from foliar δ(13) C decreased by c. 30% from the 1950s to 2014, contrasting with multiple studies investigating similar parameters in N-limited forests. This effect may reflect decreased photosynthesis, as suggested by a conceptual model of foliar δ(13) C and δ(18) O. Long-term N deposition may exacerbate P limitation and mitigate projected increases in carbon stocks driven by elevated CO2 in forests on P-limited soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqun Huang
- College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Bao Liu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Murray Davis
- Scion, PO Box 29237, Fendalton, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jordi Sardans
- Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
| | - Sharon Billings
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
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Yan J, Li K, Peng X, Huang Z, Liu S, Zhang Q. The mechanism for exclusion of Pinus massoniana during the succession in subtropical forest ecosystems: light competition or stoichiometric homoeostasis? Sci Rep 2015; 5:10994. [PMID: 26046944 PMCID: PMC4603779 DOI: 10.1038/srep10994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Competition for light has traditionally been considered as the main mechanism for exclusion of Pinus massoniana during succession in subtropical forest ecosystems. However, both long-term inventories and a seedling cultivation experiment showed that growth of mature individuals and young seedlings of P. massoniana was not limited by available light, but was strongly influenced by stoichiometric homoeostasis. This is supported by the results of homoeostatic regulation coefficients for nitrogen (HN) and phosphorus (HP) estimated using the measured data from six transitional forests across subtropical China. Among three dominant tree species in subtropical forests, P. massoniana and Castanopsis chinensis had the lowest values of HP and HN, respectively. Therefore P. massoniana cannot survive in the advanced stage due to soil phosphorus limitation and C. chinensis cannot successfully grow in the pioneer stage due to soil nitrogen limitation. Our results support that stoichiometric homeostasis is the main reason for gradual exclusion of P. massoniana from the transitional forest and the eventual elimination from the advanced forest during the subtropical forest succession. Therefore greater attention should be paid to stoichiometric homeostasis as one of the key mechanisms for species exclusion during forest succession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingju Peng
- Hennan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhongliang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Shizhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Qianmei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Huang W, Zhou G, Liu J, Zhang D, Liu S, Chu G, Fang X. Mineral elements of subtropical tree seedlings in response to elevated carbon dioxide and nitrogen addition. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120190. [PMID: 25794046 PMCID: PMC4368730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineral elements in plants have been strongly affected by increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and nitrogen (N) deposition due to human activities. However, such understanding is largely limited to N and phosphorus in grassland. Using open-top chambers, we examined the concentrations of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) in the leaves and roots of the seedlings of five subtropical tree species in response to elevated CO2 (ca. 700 μmol CO2 mol(-1)) and N addition (100 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)) from 2005 to 2009. These mineral elements in the roots responded more strongly to elevated CO2 and N addition than those in the leaves. Elevated CO2 did not consistently decrease the concentrations of plant mineral elements, with increases in K, Al, Cu and Mn in some tree species. N addition decreased K and had no influence on Cu in the five tree species. Given the shifts in plant mineral elements, Schima superba and Castanopsis hystrix were less responsive to elevated CO2 and N addition alone, respectively. Our results indicate that plant stoichiometry would be altered by increasing CO2 and N deposition, and K would likely become a limiting nutrient under increasing N deposition in subtropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Guoyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Juxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Shizhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Guowei Chu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Xiong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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