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Li S, Leakey ADB, Moller CA, Montes CM, Sacks EJ, Lee D, Ainsworth EA. Similar photosynthetic but different yield responses of C 3 and C 4 crops to elevated O 3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2313591120. [PMID: 37948586 PMCID: PMC10655586 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313591120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The deleterious effects of ozone (O3) pollution on crop physiology, yield, and productivity are widely acknowledged. It has also been assumed that C4 crops with a carbon concentrating mechanism and greater water use efficiency are less sensitive to O3 pollution than C3 crops. This assumption has not been widely tested. Therefore, we compiled 46 journal articles and unpublished datasets that reported leaf photosynthetic and biochemical traits, plant biomass, and yield in five C3 crops (chickpea, rice, snap bean, soybean, and wheat) and four C4 crops (sorghum, maize, Miscanthus × giganteus, and switchgrass) grown under ambient and elevated O3 concentration ([O3]) in the field at free-air O3 concentration enrichment (O3-FACE) facilities over the past 20 y. When normalized by O3 exposure, C3 and C4 crops showed a similar response of leaf photosynthesis, but the reduction in chlorophyll content, fluorescence, and yield was greater in C3 crops compared with C4 crops. Additionally, inbred and hybrid lines of rice and maize showed different sensitivities to O3 exposure. This study quantitatively demonstrates that C4 crops respond less to elevated [O3] than C3 crops. This understanding could help maintain cropland productivity in an increasingly polluted atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Andrew D. B. Leakey
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Christopher A. Moller
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Christopher M. Montes
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Erik J. Sacks
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - DoKyoung Lee
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Elizabeth A. Ainsworth
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, IL61801
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2
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Gu X, Wang T, Li C. Elevated ozone decreases the multifunctionality of belowground ecosystems. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:890-908. [PMID: 36300607 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Elevated tropospheric ozone (O3 ) affects the allocation of biomass aboveground and belowground and influences terrestrial ecosystem functions. However, how belowground functions respond to elevated O3 concentrations ([O3 ]) remains unclear at the global scale. Here, we conducted a detailed synthesis of belowground functioning responses to elevated [O3 ] by performing a meta-analysis of 2395 paired observations from 222 publications. We found that elevated [O3 ] significantly reduced the primary productivity of roots by 19.8%, 16.3%, and 26.9% for crops, trees and grasses, respectively. Elevated [O3 ] strongly decreased the root/shoot ratio by 11.3% for crops and by 4.9% for trees, which indicated that roots were highly sensitive to O3 . Elevated [O3 ] impacted carbon and nitrogen cycling in croplands, as evidenced by decreased dissolved organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, total soil nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, microbial biomass nitrogen, and nitrification rates in association with increased nitrate nitrogen and denitrification rates. Elevated [O3 ] significantly decreased fungal phospholipid fatty acids in croplands, which suggested that O3 altered the microbial community and composition. The responses of belowground functions to elevated [O3 ] were modified by experimental methods, root environments, and additional global change factors. Therefore, these factors should be considered to avoid the underestimation or overestimation of the impacts of elevated [O3 ] on belowground functioning. The significant negative relationships between O3 -treated intensity and the multifunctionality index for croplands, forests, and grasslands implied that elevated [O3 ] decreases belowground ecosystem multifunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tianzuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caihong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Tao S, Yin H, Fang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang N, Qu L. Elevated O 3 concentrations alter the compartment-specific microbial communities inhabiting rust-infected poplars. Environ Microbiol 2022; 25:990-1006. [PMID: 36582119 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Elevated ozone (O3 ) can affect the susceptivity of plants to rust pathogens. However, the collective role of microbiomes involved in such interaction remains largely elusive. We exposed two cultivated poplar clones exhibiting differential O3 sensitivities, to non-filtered ambient air (NF), NF + 40 ppb or NF + 60 ppb O3 -enriched air in field open-top chambers and then inoculated Melampsora larici-populina urediniospores to study their response to rust infection and to investigate how microbiomes inhabiting four compartments (phyllosphere, rhizosphere, root endosphere, bulk soil) are involved in this response. We found that hosts with higher O3 sensitivity had significantly lower rust severity than hosts with lower sensitivity. Furthermore, the effect of increased O3 on the diversity and composition of microbial communities was highly dependent on poplar compartments, with the microbial network complexity patterns being completely opposite between the two clones. Notably, microbial source analysis estimated that phyllosphere fungal communities predominately derived from root endosphere and vice versa, suggesting a potential transmission mechanism between plant above- and below-ground systems. These promising results suggest that further investigations are needed to better understand the interactions of abiotic and biotic stresses on plant performance and the role of the microbiome in driving these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Tao
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Ecological Observation and Research Station of Heilongjiang Sanjiang Plain Wetlands, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shuangyashan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyue Yin
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Fang
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunxia Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Naili Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Ecological Observation and Research Station of Heilongjiang Sanjiang Plain Wetlands, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shuangyashan, People's Republic of China
| | - Laiye Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
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4
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Zhang G, Kobayashi K, Wu H, Shang B, Wu R, Zhang Z, Feng Z. Ethylenediurea (EDU) protects inbred but not hybrid cultivars of rice from yield losses due to surface ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:68946-68956. [PMID: 34286427 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The rising concentration of ground-level ozone (O3) reduces crop yield via increased oxidative stress. Application of ethylenediurea (EDU) protects plants from O3 and could thereby serve as a means to estimate the crop yield losses due to ambient O3 (AO3). However, no study but a few exceptions has ever compared the yield loss estimates from EDU application with those from O3 elevation experiments. Here, we estimated yield loss to AO3 in rice cultivars across the 3 types, indica, japonica, and hybrid, by an EDU application in the field, and compared the yield losses with those estimated with dose-response relationships based on O3 elevation experiments. Relative yield loss (RYL) in the EDU application was estimated at 16% across the rice types on an assumption of a 100% efficiency for protection of crop yield by EDU. This estimate of RYL was close to the 15% RYL estimated from the O3 elevation experiments when a common sensitivity to O3 is assumed across the cultivars. The rice yield loss due to AO3 was thus consistent between the two approaches supporting the idea of EDU application for the yield loss estimation. When only hybrids are focused, however, the RYL from EDU application (16%) was much lower than the 34% RYL from the O3 elevation experiments, which indicates only a 37% yield protection by EDU in the hybrid rice. The incomplete protection by EDU and its genetic variability indicates the need to quantify the efficiency of protection from AO3-induced yield loss as estimated with O3 manipulating experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | | | - Hengchao Wu
- College of Wetland, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Bo Shang
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Rongjun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zujian Zhang
- Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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5
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Wang Q, Li Z, Li X, Ping Q, Yuan X, Agathokleous E, Feng Z. Interactive effects of ozone exposure and nitrogen addition on the rhizosphere bacterial community of poplar saplings. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142134. [PMID: 33254895 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is widely documented that elevated ground-level ozone (O3) has negative effects on tree physiological characteristics, and in return, affects forest ecosystem function. However, the effect may be modified by soil nitrogen (N) availability. Numerous studies have focused on the aboveground part of trees under elevated O3 alone or in combination with soil N; however, little is known about the response of soil bacterial communities. Here, we investigated the effects of O3 (charcoal-filtered air, CF, versus ambient air +40 ppb of O3, E-O3), N addition (0 kg ha-1 yr-1, N0, versus 200 kg ha-1 yr-1, N200), and their combination on rhizosphere soil bacterial communities of hybrid poplar, using an MiSeq targeted amplicon sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. E-O3 significantly decreased bacterial abundance, and N200 significantly decreased the α-diversity. The negative impacts of N200 on α-diversity were alleviated by E-O3. Nitrogen and E-O3-N200 combination altered bacterial community composition, with a significant increase in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes and a decrease in the abundance of Firmicutes. From an ecological network analysis, E-O3, alone and in combination with N200, complicated the co-occurrence network of bacterial communities by inducing a microbial survival strategy, shifting the hub species from RB41 to Bacillus and Blastococcus. Conversely, N200 led to simplification and decentralization of the co-occurrence network. These findings demonstrate that the rhizosphere bacterial communities exhibit divergent responses to E-O3 and N200, suggesting the need to consider the stability of the belowground ecosystem to optimize plantation management in response to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhengzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Qin Ping
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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6
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Peng J, Xu Y, Shang B, Qu L, Feng Z. Impact of ozone pollution on nitrogen fertilization management during maize (Zea mays L.) production. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115158. [PMID: 32650199 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of ozone (O3) on crops have been extensively studied and are well understood. However, little information is available on the response of crops (especially maize) to the interactive effects of O3 and nitrogen (N) fertilizer. To this end, a maize cultivar (Zheng dan 958, ZD958) that is common in China was exposed to two O3 treatments and four N levels. We found that (1) the interactions between O3 and N were non-significant for grain yield, plant biomass, C and N, although N addition significantly increased all parameters except C concentrations in grain and plant; (2) compared to NF (non-filtered ambient air O3 concentration), NF60 (NF plus an extra 60 ppb O3) increased the optimum N application rates (Nopt) in grain yield and plant biomass, but not grain yield and plant biomass potentials, thus resulting in lower N use efficiencies (NUE) and a larger risk of N-related environmental pollution (e.g., increased N2O emission) under Nopt in NF60; (3) because of higher optimum plant N uptake (PNopt) in NF60, relative to NF, plant N-saturated conditions for grain yield potential can be gradually turned into N-limited conditions as O3 pollution increases. These findings manifest that O3 is a vital global change factor impacting the management of N fertilization. If current O3 pollution is substantially reduced, maize yield and biomass potentials can be increased under reductions in N input and N-related environmental pollution. In addition, these results can also contribute in developing and verifying Nopt model considering O3 pollution in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yansen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bo Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Laiye Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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7
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Agathokleous E, Feng Z, Oksanen E, Sicard P, Wang Q, Saitanis CJ, Araminiene V, Blande JD, Hayes F, Calatayud V, Domingos M, Veresoglou SD, Peñuelas J, Wardle DA, De Marco A, Li Z, Harmens H, Yuan X, Vitale M, Paoletti E. Ozone affects plant, insect, and soil microbial communities: A threat to terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabc1176. [PMID: 32851188 PMCID: PMC7423369 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Elevated tropospheric ozone concentrations induce adverse effects in plants. We reviewed how ozone affects (i) the composition and diversity of plant communities by affecting key physiological traits; (ii) foliar chemistry and the emission of volatiles, thereby affecting plant-plant competition, plant-insect interactions, and the composition of insect communities; and (iii) plant-soil-microbe interactions and the composition of soil communities by disrupting plant litterfall and altering root exudation, soil enzymatic activities, decomposition, and nutrient cycling. The community composition of soil microbes is consequently changed, and alpha diversity is often reduced. The effects depend on the environment and vary across space and time. We suggest that Atlantic islands in the Northern Hemisphere, the Mediterranean Basin, equatorial Africa, Ethiopia, the Indian coastline, the Himalayan region, southern Asia, and Japan have high endemic richness at high ozone risk by 2100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Elina Oksanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, POB 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Pierre Sicard
- ARGANS, 260 route du Pin Montard, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Costas J. Saitanis
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Valda Araminiene
- Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Girionys 53101 Kaunas District, Lithuania
| | - James D. Blande
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Felicity Hayes
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Vicent Calatayud
- Fundación CEAM, c/Charles R. Darwin 14, Parque Tecnológico, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Marisa Domingos
- Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia, PO Box 68041, 04045-972 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stavros D. Veresoglou
- Freie Universität Berlin-Institut für Biologie, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Plant Ecology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia E-08193, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia E-08193, Spain
| | - David A. Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, S. Maria di Galeria, Rome I-00123, Italy
| | - Zhengzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Harry Harmens
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Marcello Vitale
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome I-00185, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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8
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Zhang J, Tang H, Zhu J, Lin X, Feng Y. Effects of elevated ground-level ozone on paddy soil bacterial community and assembly mechanisms across four years. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:505-513. [PMID: 30447589 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that elevated ground-level ozone (eO3) poses a threat to the ecosystem. Little knowledge about the underground variables, especially on soil microorganisms, however, has been revealed. Such knowledge will tremendously help to advance our understanding of the correlation between ecosystems and climate change, as well as our ability to predict future trajectory. For this purpose, we have collected soil DNA samples (eO3 vs. Ambient, each having 36 samples) over four years. Our results have verified the temporal responses and the underlying assembly mechanisms of the paddy bacterial community to eO3. Contrary to the widespread consensus, it was found that eO3 stimulated bacterial alpha diversities. The higher complexity and the centralization of the co-occurrence network of the bacterial community suggested that this stimulation was due to a microbial survival strategy in response to the limited resources, which led to the instability of the community. Furthermore, the observed slower temporal turnover of the bacterial community composition in response to eO3 was due to the decreased deterministic processes derived from plants, which implied that eO3 disrupted the coordination between soil microorganisms and rice crop. All above phenomena provided novel insights into the adverse influences of eO3 on the soil microbial community. If O3 concentration increases continuously, the adverse effects will be aggravated and harm the related ecological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Haoye Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Xiangui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Youzhi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
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9
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Jiang Y, Qian H, Wang L, Feng J, Huang S, Hungate BA, van Kessel C, Horwath WR, Zhang X, Qin X, Li Y, Feng X, Zhang J, Deng A, Zheng C, Song Z, Hu S, van Groenigen KJ, Zhang W. Limited potential of harvest index improvement to reduce methane emissions from rice paddies. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:686-698. [PMID: 30449058 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rice is a staple food for nearly half of the world's population, but rice paddies constitute a major source of anthropogenic CH4 emissions. Root exudates from growing rice plants are an important substrate for methane-producing microorganisms. Therefore, breeding efforts optimizing rice plant photosynthate allocation to grains, i.e., increasing harvest index (HI), are widely expected to reduce CH4 emissions with higher yield. Here we show, by combining a series of experiments, meta-analyses and an expert survey, that the potential of CH4 mitigation from rice paddies through HI improvement is in fact small. Whereas HI improvement reduced CH4 emissions under continuously flooded (CF) irrigation, it did not affect CH4 emissions in systems with intermittent irrigation (II). We estimate that future plant breeding efforts aimed at HI improvement to the theoretical maximum value will reduce CH4 emissions in CF systems by 4.4%. However, CF systems currently make up only a small fraction of the total rice growing area (i.e., 27% of the Chinese rice paddy area). Thus, to achieve substantial CH4 mitigation from rice agriculture, alternative plant breeding strategies may be needed, along with alternative management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoyu Qian
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jinfei Feng
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bruce A Hungate
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - Chris van Kessel
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California
| | - William R Horwath
- Department of Land, Air & Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Xingyue Zhang
- Department of Land, Air & Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Xiaobo Qin
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Feng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Aixing Deng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyan Zheng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenwei Song
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Shuijin Hu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | | | - Weijian Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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10
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Qiu Y, Jiang Y, Guo L, Burkey KO, Zobel RW, Shew HD, Hu S. Contrasting Warming and Ozone Effects on Denitrifiers Dominate Soil N 2O Emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10956-10966. [PMID: 30157374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) in the atmosphere is a major greenhouse gas and reacts with volatile organic compounds to create ozone (an air pollutant) in the troposphere. Climate change factors such as warming and elevated ozone (eO3) affect N2O fluxes, but the direction and magnitude of these effects are uncertain and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We examined the impact of simulated warming (control + 3.6 °C) and eO3 (control + 45 ppb) on soil N2O fluxes in a soybean agroecosystem. Results obtained showed that warming significantly increased soil labile C, microbial biomass, and soil N mineralization, but eO3 reduced these parameters. Warming enhanced N2O-producing denitrifers ( nirS- and nirK-type), corresponding to increases in both the rate and sum of N2O emissions. In contrast, eO3 significantly reduced both N2O-producing and N2O-consuming ( nosZ-type) denitrifiers but had no impact on N2O emissions. Further, eO3 offsets the effects of warming on soil labile C, microbial biomass, and the population size of denitrifiers but still increased N2O emissions, indicating a direct effect of temperature on N2O emissions. Together, these findings suggest that warming may promote N2O production through increasing both the abundance and activities of N2O-producing microbes, positively feeding back to the ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Qiu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
- Institute of Applied Ecology , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , China
| | - Lijin Guo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
- College of Plant Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Kent O Burkey
- Plant Sciences Research Unit , USDA-ARS , Raleigh , North Carolina 27607 , United States
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Richard W Zobel
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - H David Shew
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Shuijin Hu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
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11
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Jiang Y, van Groenigen KJ, Huang S, Hungate BA, van Kessel C, Hu S, Zhang J, Wu L, Yan X, Wang L, Chen J, Hang X, Zhang Y, Horwath WR, Ye R, Linquist BA, Song Z, Zheng C, Deng A, Zhang W. Higher yields and lower methane emissions with new rice cultivars. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:4728-4738. [PMID: 28464384 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Breeding high-yielding rice cultivars through increasing biomass is a key strategy to meet rising global food demands. Yet, increasing rice growth can stimulate methane (CH4 ) emissions, exacerbating global climate change, as rice cultivation is a major source of this powerful greenhouse gas. Here, we show in a series of experiments that high-yielding rice cultivars actually reduce CH4 emissions from typical paddy soils. Averaged across 33 rice cultivars, a biomass increase of 10% resulted in a 10.3% decrease in CH4 emissions in a soil with a high carbon (C) content. Compared to a low-yielding cultivar, a high-yielding cultivar significantly increased root porosity and the abundance of methane-consuming microorganisms, suggesting that the larger and more porous root systems of high-yielding cultivars facilitated CH4 oxidation by promoting O2 transport to soils. Our results were further supported by a meta-analysis, showing that high-yielding rice cultivars strongly decrease CH4 emissions from paddy soils with high organic C contents. Based on our results, increasing rice biomass by 10% could reduce annual CH4 emissions from Chinese rice agriculture by 7.1%. Our findings suggest that modern rice breeding strategies for high-yielding cultivars can substantially mitigate paddy CH4 emission in China and other rice growing regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Kees Jan van Groenigen
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shan Huang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bruce A Hungate
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Chris van Kessel
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shuijin Hu
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Lianhai Wu
- Sustainable Soils and Grassland Systems Department, Rothamsted Research, Okehampton, UK
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Soil and Fertilizer & Resources and Environmental Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoning Hang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - William R Horwath
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rongzhong Ye
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Bruce A Linquist
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zhenwei Song
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Chengyan Zheng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Aixing Deng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Weijian Zhang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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12
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Toet S, Oliver V, Ineson P, McLoughlin S, Helgason T, Peacock S, Stott AW, Barnes J, Ashmore M. How does elevated ozone reduce methane emissions from peatlands? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:60-71. [PMID: 27866746 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of increased tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution levels on methane (CH4) emissions from peatlands, and their underlying mechanisms, remain unclear. In this study, we exposed peatland mesocosms from a temperate wet heath dominated by the sedge Schoenus nigricans and Sphagnum papillosum to four O3 treatments in open-top chambers for 2.5years, to investigate the O3 impacts on CH4 emissions and the processes that underpin these responses. Summer CH4 emissions, were significantly reduced, by 27% over the experiment, due to summer daytime (8hday-1) O3 exposure to non-filtered air (NFA) plus 35ppb O3, but were not significantly affected by year-round, 24hday-1, exposure to NFA plus 10ppb or NFA plus 25ppb O3. There was no evidence that the reduced CH4 emissions in response to elevated summer O3 exposure were caused by reduced plant-derived carbon availability below-ground, because we found no significant effect of high summer O3 exposure on root biomass, pore water dissolved organic carbon concentrations or the contribution of recent photosynthate to CH4 emissions. Our CH4 production potential and CH4 oxidation potential measurements in the different O3 treatments could also not explain the observed CH4 emission responses to O3. However, pore water ammonium concentrations at 20cm depth were consistently reduced during the experiment by elevated summer O3 exposure, and strong positive correlations were observed between CH4 emission and pore water ammonium concentration at three peat depths over the 2.5-year study. Our results therefore imply that elevated regional O3 exposures in summer, but not the small increases in northern hemisphere annual mean background O3 concentrations predicted over this century, may lead to reduced CH4 emissions from temperate peatlands as a consequence of reductions in soil inorganic nitrogen affecting methanogenic and/or methanotrophic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Toet
- Environment Department, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK.
| | - Viktoria Oliver
- Environment Department, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Phil Ineson
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | | | - Simon Peacock
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Andrew W Stott
- Natural Environment Research Council Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry Facility, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Jeremy Barnes
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Mike Ashmore
- Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK
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13
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Fuhrer J, Val Martin M, Mills G, Heald CL, Harmens H, Hayes F, Sharps K, Bender J, Ashmore MR. Current and future ozone risks to global terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem processes. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:8785-8799. [PMID: 28035269 PMCID: PMC5192800 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Risks associated with exposure of individual plant species to ozone (O3) are well documented, but implications for terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem processes have received insufficient attention. This is an important gap because feedbacks to the atmosphere may change as future O3 levels increase or decrease, depending on air quality and climate policies. Global simulation of O3 using the Community Earth System Model (CESM) revealed that in 2000, about 40% of the Global 200 terrestrial ecoregions (ER) were exposed to O3 above thresholds for ecological risks, with highest exposures in North America and Southern Europe, where there is field evidence of adverse effects of O3, and in central Asia. Experimental studies show that O3 can adversely affect the growth and flowering of plants and alter species composition and richness, although some communities can be resilient. Additional effects include changes in water flux regulation, pollination efficiency, and plant pathogen development. Recent research is unraveling a range of effects belowground, including changes in soil invertebrates, plant litter quantity and quality, decomposition, and nutrient cycling and carbon pools. Changes are likely slow and may take decades to become detectable. CESM simulations for 2050 show that O3 exposure under emission scenario RCP8.5 increases in all major biomes and that policies represented in scenario RCP4.5 do not lead to a general reduction in O3 risks; rather, 50% of ERs still show an increase in exposure. Although a conceptual model is lacking to extrapolate documented effects to ERs with limited or no local information, and there is uncertainty about interactions with nitrogen input and climate change, the analysis suggests that in many ERs, O3 risks will persist for biodiversity at different trophic levels, and for a range of ecosystem processes and feedbacks, which deserves more attention when assessing ecological implications of future atmospheric pollution and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürg Fuhrer
- AgroscopeClimate/Air Pollution GroupZurichSwitzerland
| | - Maria Val Martin
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Gina Mills
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyEnvironment Centre WalesBangorGwyneddUK
| | - Colette L. Heald
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Harry Harmens
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyEnvironment Centre WalesBangorGwyneddUK
| | - Felicity Hayes
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyEnvironment Centre WalesBangorGwyneddUK
| | - Katrina Sharps
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyEnvironment Centre WalesBangorGwyneddUK
| | - Jürgen Bender
- Institute of BiodiversityThünen InstituteBraunschweigGermany
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14
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Zhang J, Tang H, Zhu J, Lin X, Feng Y. Divergent responses of methanogenic archaeal communities in two rice cultivars to elevated ground-level O3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:127-134. [PMID: 26895536 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitive effect of elevated ground-level ozone (O3) on paddy methane (CH4) emission varies with rice cultivars. However, little information is available on its microbial mechanism. For this purpose, the responses of methane-metabolizing microorganisms, methanogenic archaea and methanotrophic bacteria to O3 pollution were investigated in the O3-tolerant (YD6) and the O3-sensitive (IIY084) cultivars at two rice growth stages in Free Air Concentration Elevation of O3 (O3-FACE) system of China. It was found that O3 pollution didn't change the abundances of Type I and Type II methanotrophic bacteria at two rice stages. For methanogenic archaea, their abundances in both cultivars were decreased by O3 pollution at the tillering stage. Furthermore, a greater negative influence on methanogenic archaeal community was observed on IIY084 than on YD6: at tillering stage, the alpha diversity indices of methanogenic archaeal community in IIY084 was decreased to a greater extent than in YD6; IIY084 shifted methanogenic archaeal community composition and decreased the abundances and the diversities of Methanosarcinaceae and Methanosaetaceae as well as the abundance of Methanomicrobiales, while the diversity of Methanocellaceae were increased in YD6. These findings indicate that the variations in the responses of paddy CH4 emission to O3 pollution between cultivars could result from the divergent responses of their methanogenic archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Haoye Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Xiangui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Youzhi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China.
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