1
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Ding J, Eldridge DJ. Woody encroachment: social-ecological impacts and sustainable management. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38961449 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Woody plants are encroaching across terrestrial ecosystems globally, and this has dramatic effects on how these systems function and the livelihoods of producers who rely on the land to support livestock production. Consequently, the removal of woody plants is promoted widely in the belief that it will reinstate former grasslands or open savanna. Despite this popular management approach to encroachment, we still have a relatively poor understanding of the effects of removal on society, and of alternative management practices that could balance the competing needs of pastoral production, biodiversity conservation and cultural values. This information is essential for maintaining both ecological and societal benefits in encroached systems under predicted future climate changes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive synthesis of the social-ecological perspectives of woody encroachment based on recent studies and global meta-analyses by assessing the ecological impacts of encroachment and its effects on sustainable development goals (SDGs) when woody plants are retained and when they are removed. We propose a working definition of woody encroachment based on species- and community-level characteristics; such a definition is needed to evaluate accurately the effects of encroachment. We show that encroachment is a natural process of succession rather than a sign of degradation, with encroachment resulting in an overall 8% increase in ecosystem multifunctionality. Removing woody plants can increase herbaceous plant richness, biomass and cover, but at the expense of biocrust cover. The effectiveness of woody plant removal depends on plant identity, and where, when and how they are removed. Under current management practices, either removal or retention of woody plants can induce trade-offs among ecosystem services, with no management practice maximising all SDGs [e.g. SDG2 (end hunger), SDG13 (climate change), SDG 15 (combat desertification)]. Given that encroachment of woody plants is likely to increase under future predicted hotter and drier climates, alternative management options such as carbon farming and ecotourism could be effective land uses for areas affected by encroachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - David J Eldridge
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, High Street, Kensington, Sydney, 2052, New South Wales, Australia
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2
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Fernández PD, Gasparri NI, Rojas TN, Banegas NR, Nasca JA, Jobbágy EG, Kuemmerle T. Silvopastoral management for lowering trade-offs between beef production and carbon storage in tropical dry woodlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168973. [PMID: 38072278 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Tropical dry woodlands and savannas harbour high levels of biodiversity and carbon, but are also important regions for agricultural production. This generates trade-offs between agriculture and the environment, as agricultural expansion and intensification typically involve the removal of natural woody vegetation. Cattle ranching is an expanding land use in many of these regions, but how different forms of ranching mediate the production/environment trade-off remains weakly understood. Here, we focus on the Argentine Chaco, to evaluate trade-offs between beef production and carbon storage in grazing systems with different levels of woody cover (n = 27). We measured beef productivity and carbon storage during 2018/19 and used a regression framework to quantify the trade-off between both, and to analyze which agroclimatic and management variables explain the observed trade-off. Our main finding was that silvopastures had the lowest trade-off between beef production and carbon storage, as management in these systems seeks to increase herbaceous forage by removing shrubs, while maintaining most of the bigger trees that contain most above-ground carbon. The most important variable explaining the beef production/carbon storage trade-off was pasture management, specifically the number of shrub encroachment control interventions, with a lower trade-off for higher numbers of interventions. Unfortunately, more interventions can also result in woody cover degradation over time, and shrub encroachment management must therefore be improved to become sustainable. Overall, our study highlights the strong environmental trade-offs associated with beef production in dry woodlands and savanna, but also the key role of good management practices in lowering this trade-off. Specifically, silvopastoral systems can increase beef production as much as converting woodlands to tree-less pastures, but silvopastures retain much more carbon in aboveground vegetation. Silvopastoral systems thus represent a promising land-use option to lower production/environment trade-offs in the Dry Chaco and likely many other tropical dry woodlands and savannas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro David Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Animal del Chaco Semiárido, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Chañar Pozo S/N, Leales 4113, Tucumán, Argentina; Geography Department, Humboldt-University Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany; Instituto de Ecología Regional, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Casilla de Correo 34, 4107 Yerba Buena, Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - Nestor Ignacio Gasparri
- Instituto de Ecología Regional, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Casilla de Correo 34, 4107 Yerba Buena, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Tobias Nicolás Rojas
- Instituto de Ecología Regional, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Casilla de Correo 34, 4107 Yerba Buena, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Natalia Romina Banegas
- Instituto de Investigación Animal del Chaco Semiárido, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Chañar Pozo S/N, Leales 4113, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - José Andrés Nasca
- Instituto de Investigación Animal del Chaco Semiárido, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Chañar Pozo S/N, Leales 4113, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Esteban Gabriel Jobbágy
- Grupo de Estudios Ambientales e IMASL, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, CONICET, Ejercito de los Andes 950, D5700HHW San Luis, Argentina
| | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography Department, Humboldt-University Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany; Integrative Research Institute on Transformations in Human-Environment Systems (IRI THESys), Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Dornelas M, Chase JM, Gotelli NJ, Magurran AE, McGill BJ, Antão LH, Blowes SA, Daskalova GN, Leung B, Martins IS, Moyes F, Myers-Smith IH, Thomas CD, Vellend M. Looking back on biodiversity change: lessons for the road ahead. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220199. [PMID: 37246380 PMCID: PMC10225864 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimating biodiversity change across the planet in the context of widespread human modification is a critical challenge. Here, we review how biodiversity has changed in recent decades across scales and taxonomic groups, focusing on four diversity metrics: species richness, temporal turnover, spatial beta-diversity and abundance. At local scales, change across all metrics includes many examples of both increases and declines and tends to be centred around zero, but with higher prevalence of declining trends in beta-diversity (increasing similarity in composition across space or biotic homogenization) and abundance. The exception to this pattern is temporal turnover, with changes in species composition through time observed in most local assemblages. Less is known about change at regional scales, although several studies suggest that increases in richness are more prevalent than declines. Change at the global scale is the hardest to estimate accurately, but most studies suggest extinction rates are probably outpacing speciation rates, although both are elevated. Recognizing this variability is essential to accurately portray how biodiversity change is unfolding, and highlights how much remains unknown about the magnitude and direction of multiple biodiversity metrics at different scales. Reducing these blind spots is essential to allow appropriate management actions to be deployed. This article is part of the theme issue 'Detecting and attributing the causes of biodiversity change: needs, gaps and solutions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dornelas
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
- Guia Marine Laboratory, MARE, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, Cascais 2750-374, Portugal
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jonathan M. Chase
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Department of Computer Sciences, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg 06099, Germany
| | | | - Anne E Magurran
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
| | - Brian J McGill
- School of Biology and Ecology and Mitchell Center for Sustainability Solutions, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Laura H. Antão
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki,Finland
| | - Shane A. Blowes
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Department of Computer Sciences, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg 06099, Germany
| | - Gergana N. Daskalova
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg 2361, Austria
| | - Brian Leung
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3A 1B1
| | - Inês S. Martins
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Faye Moyes
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
| | | | - Chris D Thomas
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Mark Vellend
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
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4
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Ding J, Eldridge D. The success of woody plant removal depends on encroachment stage and plant traits. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:58-67. [PMID: 36543937 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Woody plants (shrubs and trees) are encroaching across the globe, affecting livestock production and terrestrial ecosystem functioning. Despite the widespread practice, there has been no quantitative global assessment of whether removal of encroaching woody plants will re-instate productive grasslands and open savanna. Here we compiled a global database of 12,198 records from 524 studies on the ecosystem responses of both the encroachment and removal of woody plants, and show that removal fails to reverse encroachment impacts. Removing woody plants only reversed less than half of the reductions in herbaceous structure induced by encroachment, and woody expansion actually enhanced ecosystem functions (+8%). The effectiveness of removal varied with encroachment stage (that is, time since treatment) and the functional traits (for example, deciduousness and resprouting) of the focal woody species, and waned in drier regions. Our results suggest that assessment of woody plant communities before removal is critical to assess the likelihood of successful ecosystem recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - David Eldridge
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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5
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White JDM, Stevens N, Fisher JT, Archibald S, Reynolds C. Nature‐reliant, low‐income households face the highest rates of woody‐plant encroachment in South Africa. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. M. White
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, WITS Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Nicola Stevens
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, WITS Johannesburg South Africa
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Jolene T. Fisher
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, WITS Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Sally Archibald
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, WITS Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Chevonne Reynolds
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, WITS Johannesburg South Africa
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST‐NRF Center of Excellence University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
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6
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Ansley RJ, Moeller A, Fuhlendorf SD. Pyric‐based restoration of
C
4
grasses in woody (
Prosopis glandulosa
) encroached grassland is best with an alternating seasonal fire regime. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. James Ansley
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK USA 74078
| | - Anna Moeller
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK USA 74078
| | - S. D. Fuhlendorf
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK USA 74078
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7
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Ansley RJ, Boutton TW, Hollister EB. Can prescribed fires restore C
4
grasslands invaded by a C
3
woody species and a co‐dominant C
3
grass species? Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. James Ansley
- Natural Resource Ecology and Management Department Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma 74078 USA
| | - Thomas W. Boutton
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843‐2258 USA
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8
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Bempah AN, Kyereh B, Ansong M, Asante W. Debarking as a control method for invasive tree species management in tropical forests. Trop Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42965-021-00198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Maestre FT, Benito BM, Berdugo M, Concostrina-Zubiri L, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Eldridge DJ, Guirado E, Gross N, Kéfi S, Le Bagousse-Pinguet Y, Ochoa-Hueso R, Soliveres S. Biogeography of global drylands. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:540-558. [PMID: 33864276 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite their extent and socio-ecological importance, a comprehensive biogeographical synthesis of drylands is lacking. Here we synthesize the biogeography of key organisms (vascular and nonvascular vegetation and soil microorganisms), attributes (functional traits, spatial patterns, plant-plant and plant-soil interactions) and processes (productivity and land cover) across global drylands. These areas have a long evolutionary history, are centers of diversification for many plant lineages and include important plant diversity hotspots. This diversity captures a strikingly high portion of the variation in leaf functional diversity observed globally. Part of this functional diversity is associated with the large variation in response and effect traits in the shrubs encroaching dryland grasslands. Aridity and its interplay with the traits of interacting plant species largely shape biogeographical patterns in plant-plant and plant-soil interactions, and in plant spatial patterns. Aridity also drives the composition of biocrust communities and vegetation productivity, which shows large geographical variation. We finish our review by discussing major research gaps, which include: studying regular vegetation spatial patterns; establishing large-scale plant and biocrust field surveys assessing individual-level trait measurements; knowing whether the impacts of plant-plant and plant-soil interactions on biodiversity are predictable; and assessing how elevated CO2 modulates future aridity conditions and plant productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando T Maestre
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio "Ramon Margalef", Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, 03690, Spain
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - Blas M Benito
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio "Ramon Margalef", Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, 03690, Spain
| | - Miguel Berdugo
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, UPF-CSIC, Dr. Aiguadé, Barcelona, Cataluña, 08003, Spain
| | - Laura Concostrina-Zubiri
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933, Spain
| | - Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - David J Eldridge
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Emilio Guirado
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio "Ramon Margalef", Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, 03690, Spain
| | - Nicolas Gross
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecosystème Prairial, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Sonia Kéfi
- ISEM, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, 34090, France
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA
| | - Yoann Le Bagousse-Pinguet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Avignon Université, IRD, IMBE, Technopôle Arbois-Méditerranée Bât. Villemin - BP 80, Aix-en-Provence cedex 04, F-13545, France
| | - Raúl Ochoa-Hueso
- Department of Biology, IVAGRO, University of Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Campus del Rio San Pedro, Puerto Real, Cádiz, 11510, Spain
| | - Santiago Soliveres
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio "Ramon Margalef", Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, 03690, Spain
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
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10
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Fiedler S, Monteiro JAF, Hulvey KB, Standish RJ, Perring MP, Tietjen B. Global change shifts trade‐offs among ecosystem functions in woodlands restored for multifunctionality. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Fiedler
- Freie Universität Berlin Theoretical Ecology Institute of Biology Berlin Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
- Department of Ecological Modelling University Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - José A. F. Monteiro
- Freie Universität Berlin Theoretical Ecology Institute of Biology Berlin Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
- Statistical Office Basel‐Stadt Basel Switzerland
| | | | - Rachel J. Standish
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Murdoch University Murdoch WA Australia
| | - Michael P. Perring
- Forest & Nature Lab Ghent University Gontrode‐Melle Belgium
- Ecosystem Restoration and Intervention Ecology Research Group School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
- UKCEH (UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology)Environment Centre Wales Bangor UK
| | - Britta Tietjen
- Freie Universität Berlin Theoretical Ecology Institute of Biology Berlin Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
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11
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Eldridge DJ, Ding J. Remove or retain: ecosystem effects of woody encroachment and removal are linked to plant structural and functional traits. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2637-2646. [PMID: 33118178 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of woody encroachment and removal on ecosystems are highly variable and are thought to be related to the traits of the individual woody species. Decisions on whether to remove or to retain woody plants are hampered by a lack of empirical evidence of the relationship between woody traits and the ecosystem consequences of their removal or retention. We used a global meta-analysis of 149 ecosystem attributes from 172 woody species to evaluate the relative effects of woody plant traits and abiotic environmental variables on the ecosystem consequences of woody encroachment and removal. The ecosystem consequences were closely related to woody plant traits. For example, encroachment of plants characterized by high structural traits (e.g. tall, mixed tap and fibrous roots) reduced ecosystem composition, while removal of plants characterized by high functional traits (e.g. nitrogen fixing, deciduous) reduced ecosystem function. Structural and functional traits of woody plants mainly regulated soil stability during woody encroachment and herbaceous cover after woody removal. Conversely, environmental conditions mainly affected herbaceous cover under encroachment and soil stability under removal scenarios. We demonstrate that the ecosystem consequences of encroachment and removal are closely linked to the structural and functional traits of the target woody species. Furthermore, biotic (woody plant traits) and abiotic (climate, soils) factors have different impacts on regulating trade-offs between ecosystem responses under these two management scenarios. Our study provides empirical support for management decisions on whether to retain or remove different woody taxa under various environments across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Eldridge
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jingyi Ding
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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12
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Eldridge DJ, Ding J. Limited long‐term effectiveness of roller‐chopping for managing woody encroachment. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Eldridge
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Jingyi Ding
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
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