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Hoppenreijs JHT, Marker J, Maliao RJ, Hansen HH, Juhász E, Lõhmus A, Altanov VY, Horká P, Larsen A, Malm-Renöfält B, Runnel K, Piccolo JJ, Magurran AE. Three major steps toward the conservation of freshwater and riparian biodiversity. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2024; 38:e14226. [PMID: 38111958 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems and their bordering wetlands and riparian zones are vital for human society and biological diversity. Yet, they are among the most degraded ecosystems, where sharp declines in biodiversity are driven by human activities, such as hydropower development, agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. Because freshwater ecosystems are characterized by strongly reciprocal linkages with surrounding landscapes, human activities that encroach on or degrade riparian zones ultimately lead to declines in freshwater-riparian ecosystem functioning. We synthesized results of a symposium on freshwater, riparian, and wetland processes and interactions and analyzed some of the major problems associated with improving freshwater and riparian research and management. Three distinct barriers are the lack of involvement of local people in conservation research and management, absence of adequate measurement of biodiversity in freshwater and riparian ecosystems, and separate legislation and policy on riparian and freshwater management. Based on our findings, we argue that freshwater and riparian research and conservation efforts should be integrated more explicitly. Best practices for overcoming the 3 major barriers to improved conservation include more and sustainable use of traditional and other forms of local ecological knowledge, choosing appropriate metrics for ecological research and monitoring of restoration efforts, and mirroring the close links between riparian and freshwater ecosystems in legislation and policy. Integrating these 3 angles in conservation science and practice will provide substantial benefits in addressing the freshwater biodiversity crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffery Marker
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Ronald J Maliao
- Pál Juhász-Nagy Doctoral School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Community Resiliency and Environmental Education Development (CREED) Foundation, Iloilo, Philippines
| | - Henry H Hansen
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Erika Juhász
- Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, Vácrátót, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Health Security', Centre for Ecological Research, Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - Asko Lõhmus
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vassil Y Altanov
- Department of Community and Ecosystem Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Horká
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Annegret Larsen
- Department of Soil Geography and Landscape, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kadri Runnel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - John J Piccolo
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Anne E Magurran
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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Guimarães Durán CL, Lansac-Tôha FM, Meira BR, Santana LO, Oliveira FR, Matos MHDO, Velho LFM. Upstream cascade reservoirs drive temporal beta diversity increases through species loss in a dammed river. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2024; 100:fiad165. [PMID: 38192043 PMCID: PMC10799717 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Changes in the biodiversity of aquatic environments over time and space due to human activities are a topic of theoretical and conservational interest in ecology. Thus, variation in taxonomic beta diversity of the planktonic ciliates community was investigated along a temporal and spatial gradient in two subsystems of a Neotropical floodplain, one impacted by dams (Paraná) and the other free of them along its course (Ivinhema). For the spatial analysis, the Paraná subsystem did not show a significant decrease in beta diversity, presenting a pattern like that observed for the Ivinhema subsystem. Therefore, biotic homogenization was not observed for the ciliate's community downstream of the dams. It was noted that there was a fluctuation in the relevance of the components of beta diversity, regardless of the subsystem analyzed. For the temporal analysis there was a significant change in species composition from the first to the last year investigated, essentially for the subsystem impacted by dams, and that this was determined mainly by species loss. Although spatial beta diversity remained high without a clear process of biotic homogenization, dams promoted remarkable changes in ciliate species composition over the years mainly by continuous loss of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Leite Guimarães Durán
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais (PEA), Department of Biology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (Nupélia), Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM). Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900. Maringá, Parana State, Brazil
| | - Fernando Miranda Lansac-Tôha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais (PEA), Department of Biology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (Nupélia), Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM). Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900. Maringá, Parana State, Brazil
| | - Bianca Ramos Meira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais (PEA), Department of Biology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (Nupélia), Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM). Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900. Maringá, Parana State, Brazil
| | - Loiani Oliveira Santana
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais (PEA), Department of Biology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (Nupélia), Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM). Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900. Maringá, Parana State, Brazil
| | - Felipe Rafael Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais (PEA), Department of Biology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (Nupélia), Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM). Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900. Maringá, Parana State, Brazil
| | - Matheus Henrique de Oliveira Matos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais (PEA), Department of Biology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (Nupélia), Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM). Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900. Maringá, Parana State, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Machado Velho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais (PEA), Department of Biology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (Nupélia), Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM). Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP 87020-900. Maringá, Parana State, Brazil
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Dornelas M, Chase JM, Gotelli NJ, Magurran AE, McGill BJ, Antão LH, Blowes SA, Daskalova GN, Leung B, Martins IS, Moyes F, Myers-Smith IH, Thomas CD, Vellend M. Looking back on biodiversity change: lessons for the road ahead. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220199. [PMID: 37246380 PMCID: PMC10225864 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimating biodiversity change across the planet in the context of widespread human modification is a critical challenge. Here, we review how biodiversity has changed in recent decades across scales and taxonomic groups, focusing on four diversity metrics: species richness, temporal turnover, spatial beta-diversity and abundance. At local scales, change across all metrics includes many examples of both increases and declines and tends to be centred around zero, but with higher prevalence of declining trends in beta-diversity (increasing similarity in composition across space or biotic homogenization) and abundance. The exception to this pattern is temporal turnover, with changes in species composition through time observed in most local assemblages. Less is known about change at regional scales, although several studies suggest that increases in richness are more prevalent than declines. Change at the global scale is the hardest to estimate accurately, but most studies suggest extinction rates are probably outpacing speciation rates, although both are elevated. Recognizing this variability is essential to accurately portray how biodiversity change is unfolding, and highlights how much remains unknown about the magnitude and direction of multiple biodiversity metrics at different scales. Reducing these blind spots is essential to allow appropriate management actions to be deployed. This article is part of the theme issue 'Detecting and attributing the causes of biodiversity change: needs, gaps and solutions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dornelas
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
- Guia Marine Laboratory, MARE, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, Cascais 2750-374, Portugal
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jonathan M. Chase
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Department of Computer Sciences, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg 06099, Germany
| | | | - Anne E Magurran
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
| | - Brian J McGill
- School of Biology and Ecology and Mitchell Center for Sustainability Solutions, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Laura H. Antão
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki,Finland
| | - Shane A. Blowes
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Department of Computer Sciences, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg 06099, Germany
| | - Gergana N. Daskalova
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg 2361, Austria
| | - Brian Leung
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3A 1B1
| | - Inês S. Martins
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Faye Moyes
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
| | | | - Chris D Thomas
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Mark Vellend
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
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Penny A, Dornelas M, Magurran A. Comparing temporal dynamics of compositional reorganization in long-term studies of birds and fish. Ecol Lett 2023. [PMID: 37183392 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The composition of ecological assemblages has changed rapidly over the past century. Compositional reorganization rates are high relative to rates of alpha diversity change, creating an urgent need to understand how this compositional reorganization is progressing. We developed a quantitative framework for comparing temporal trajectories of compositional reorganization and applied it to two long-term bird and marine fish datasets. We then evaluated how the number and magnitude of short-term changes relate to overall rates of change. We found varied trajectories of turnover across birds and fish, with linear directional change predominating in birds and non-directional change more common in fish. The number of changes away from the baseline was a more consistent correlate of the overall rate of change than the magnitude of such changes, but large unreversed changes were found in both fish and birds, as were time series with accelerating compositional change. Compositional reorganization is progressing through a complex mix of temporal trajectories, including both threshold-like behaviour and the accumulation of repeated, linear change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Penny
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Maria Dornelas
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Anne Magurran
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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de Souza JS, Dos Santos LN. Resident species, not immigrants, drive reorganization of estuarine fish assemblages in response to warming. Ecology 2023; 104:e3987. [PMID: 36756662 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is reshaping biological communities, as species track environmental temperature. Assemblage reorganization is underpinned by shifts in species abundance and distribution, but studies often focus on documenting compositional turnover. As a consequence, phenomena such as the tropicalization of temperate communities have been widely associated with increased occupancy of warm-affinity species. Abundance-weighted change in thermal affinity can be tracked with the Community Temperature Index (CTI), and decomposed into four processes: tropicalization (increasing warm-affinity), borealization (increasing cold-affinity), deborealization (decreasing cold-affinity), and detropicalization (decreasing warm-affinity). Further evaluation of these processes according to species persistence (i.e., immigrant, emigrant, and resident) may provide insights on whether novel communities emerge primarily from local shifts in species abundance or distribution. Using long-term data on fish assemblages undergoing climate change's effects across 19 temperate estuaries surveyed for at least 20 years, we hypothesized (1) deborealization is the main process reshaping communities under climate change, and (2) the contribution of resident species to processes reshaping communities surpass the ones from immigrants and emigrants. Community dissimilarity was calculated through the Temporal Beta Index (TBI), which was further decomposed into species and individual losses and gains. These values were then used as effect sizes in the meta-analyses performed to detect systematic trends in assemblage reorganization in response to climate change. We also calculated CTI and the strength of temperature-related processes for resident, immigrant and emigrant species. Species and individual gains outweighed losses in estuaries. Temperature was correlated with changes in species abundance, but not occurrence. Fish abundance decreased with warming, and initially cooler estuaries gained more fish than warmer ones. Novel communities were shaped by a variety of processes, but mainly tropicalization. Assemblage reorganization was primarily driven by shifts in abundance of resident species with distinct thermal affinities, while contributions of arriving and exiting species played a secondary role. These findings reveal that novel communities are drawn primarily from the local species pool, due to changes in climate-related drivers that favor distinct resident species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joice Silva de Souza
- Graduate Course in Ecology and Evolution (PPGEE), State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Ichthyology (LICTA), Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciano Neves Dos Santos
- Graduate Course in Ecology and Evolution (PPGEE), State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Ichthyology (LICTA), Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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