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Kim Y, Chang JY, Kim YY, Lee JW, Kho HS. Effects of Zinc Compounds on the Enzymatic Activities of Lysozyme and Peroxidase and Their Antifungal Activities. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04110-x. [PMID: 38376730 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of zinc compounds on the enzymatic activities of lysozyme, peroxidase, and the glucose oxidase-mediated peroxidase (GO-PO) system and their antifungal activities. Four different zinc compounds (zinc chloride, gluconate, lactate, and sulfate) were incubated with hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL), bovine lactoperoxidase (bLPO), the GO-PO system, and human unstimulated whole saliva in solution and on a hydroxyapatite surface. Enzymatic activities of lysozyme, peroxidase, and the GO-PO system were measured through the hydrolysis of Micrococcus lysodeikticus, oxidation of fluorogenic 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin, and glucose assay, respectively. Interactions between zinc and enzymes were analyzed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and candidacidal activities of zinc compounds were examined against three Candida albicans strains. Zinc gluconate and sulfate significantly increased the enzymatic activities of salivary lysozyme in the solution assay and of HEWL and salivary lysozyme on the hydroxyapatite surface. However, all examined zinc compounds significantly decreased the enzymatic activities of bLPO and salivary peroxidase in solution and on the surface. SPR analyses revealed binding of zinc to lysozyme and peroxidase, with affinity differing according to the zinc compounds. The MIC of zinc compounds against C. albicans was 1.0-2.4 mM. Candidacidal activities were 17.7-38.8% and 23.7-47.0% at 1.0 and 10 mM concentrations, respectively. In conclusion, zinc compounds enhanced lysozyme activity but inhibited peroxidase activity. Zinc compounds exhibited concentration-dependent candidacidal activity against C. albicans. Zinc compounds are potential therapeutic agents for oral health, especially for geriatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongdae Kim
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Chang
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Young Kim
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Jae Wook Lee
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung Institute, 679 Saimdang-Ro, Gangneung, 25451, South Korea
- National University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hong-Seop Kho
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
- Institute of Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Anwar M, Birch EJ, Ding Y, Bekhit AED. Water-soluble non-starch polysaccharides of root and tuber crops: extraction, characteristics, properties, bioactivities, and applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:2309-2341. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1852388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mylene Anwar
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Food Science, Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon, Philippines
| | - Edward John Birch
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, PR China
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Kho HS, Chang JY, Kim YY. Viscosities of mixtures of hyaluronic acids with different molecular weights and their effects on enzymatic activities of lysozyme and peroxidase. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:3961-3970. [PMID: 32206909 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the viscosity values of mixtures of hyaluronic acids with different molecular weights and the effects of these mixtures on the enzymatic activities of lysozyme and peroxidase. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mixtures of high molecular weight (1 or 2 MDa) and low molecular weight (10 or 100 kDa) hyaluronic acids at different concentrations were used for viscosity measurements. Hyaluronic acid mixtures showing viscosity values similar to those of human whole saliva were used for enzyme experiments in solution and on hydroxyapatite surface. Hen egg-white lysozyme, bovine lactoperoxidase, and human whole saliva were used as enzyme sources. Lysozyme activity was measured by hydrolysis of fluorescein-labeled Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Peroxidase activity was measured by oxidation of fluorogenic 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein to fluorescing 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein. RESULTS The mixtures of 1 MDa (0.5 mg/mL) or 2 MDa (0.2 mg/mL) hyaluronic acid with 10 kDa (2.0 mg/mL) or 100 kDa (0.1 mg/mL) hyaluronic acid had viscosity values similar to those of human whole saliva at shear rates, reflecting normal oral functions. Compared with single molecular weight hyaluronic acids, these mixtures showed viscosity values more similar to those of human whole saliva. The mixtures inhibited lysozyme and peroxidase activities on the hydroxyapatite surfaces; however, the degree of inhibition did not differ from that of hyaluronic acid of 1 or 2 MDa only. CONCLUSIONS Compared with single molecular weight hyaluronic acids, hyaluronic acid mixtures showed viscosity values more similar to those of human whole saliva, without additional inhibitory effects on lysozyme and peroxidase activities. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Hyaluronic acid mixtures offer distinct advantages for the development of saliva substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Seop Kho
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea. .,Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Ji-Youn Chang
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Young Kim
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
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Kim J, Chang JY, Kim YY, Kim MJ, Kho HS. Effects of molecular weight of hyaluronic acid on its viscosity and enzymatic activities of lysozyme and peroxidase. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 89:55-64. [PMID: 29475188 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of the molecular weight of hyaluronic acid on its viscosity and enzymatic activities of lysozyme and peroxidase in solution and on the hydroxyapatite surface. DESIGN Hyaluronic acids of four different molecular weights (10 kDa, 100 kDa, 1 MDa, and 2 MDa), hen egg-white lysozyme, bovine lactoperoxidase, and human whole saliva were used. Viscosity values of hyaluronic acids were measured using a cone-and-plate viscometer at six different concentrations (0.1-5.0 mg/mL). Enzymatic activities of lysozyme and peroxidase were examined by hydrolysis of fluorescein-labeled Micrococcus lysodeikticus and oxidation of fluorogenic 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein to fluorescing 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein, respectively. RESULTS In solution assays, only 2 MDa-hyaluronic acid significantly inhibited lysozyme activities in saliva. In surface assays, hyaluronic acids inhibited lysozyme and peroxidase activities; the inhibitory activities were more apparent with high-molecular-weight ones in saliva than in purified enzymes. The 100 kDa-hyaluronic acid at 5.0 mg/mL, 1 MDa-one at 0.5 mg/mL, and 2 MDa-one at 0.2 mg/mL showed viscosity values similar to those of human whole saliva at a shear rate range required for normal oral functions. The differences among the influences of the three conditions on the enzymatic activities were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS High-molecular-weight hyaluronic acids at low concentration and low-molecular-weight ones at high concentration showed viscosity values similar to those of human whole saliva. Inhibitory effects of hyaluronic acids on lysozyme and peroxidase activities were more significant with high-molecular-weight ones on the surface and in saliva compared with in solution and on purified enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Kim
- Dept. of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Chang
- Dept. of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Young Kim
- Dept. of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Jong Kim
- Dept. of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Seop Kho
- Dept. of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Institute on Aging Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Kim BS, Chang JY, Kim YY, Kho HS. The effects of xylitol and sorbitol on lysozyme- and peroxidase-related enzymatic and candidacidal activities. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:998-1006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nami Y, Haghshenas B, Abdullah N, Barzegari A, Radiah D, Rosli R, Yari Khosroushahi A. Probiotics or antibiotics: future challenges in medicine. J Med Microbiol 2014; 64:137-146. [PMID: 25525206 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.078923-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors can affect the intestinal microbiome and microbial metabolome. Among these environmental factors, the consumption of antibiotics can significantly change the intestinal microbiome of individuals and consequently affect the corresponding metagenome. The term 'probiotics' is related to preventive medicine rather than therapeutic procedures and is, thus, considered the opposite of antibiotics. This review discusses the challenges between these opposing treatments in terms of the following points: (i) antibiotic resistance, the relationship between antibiotic consumption and microbiome diversity reduction, antibiotic effect on the metagenome, and disease associated with antibiotics; and (ii) probiotics as living drugs, probiotic effect on epigenetic alterations, and gut microbiome relevance to hygiene indulgence. The intestinal microbiome is more specific for individuals and may be affected by environmental alterations and the occurrence of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Nami
- Institute of Biosciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Babak Haghshenas
- Institute of Biosciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhafizah Abdullah
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abolfazl Barzegari
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dayang Radiah
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rozita Rosli
- Institute of Biosciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Yari Khosroushahi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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