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Je M, Kang K, Yoo JI, Kim Y. The Influences of Macronutrients on Bone Mineral Density, Bone Turnover Markers, and Fracture Risk in Elderly People: A Review of Human Studies. Nutrients 2023; 15:4386. [PMID: 37892460 PMCID: PMC10610213 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a health condition that involves weak bone mass and a deteriorated microstructure, which consequently lead to an increased risk of bone fractures with age. In elderly people, a fracture attributable to osteoporosis elevates mortality. The objective of this review was to examine the effects of macronutrients on bone mineral density (BMD), bone turnover markers (BTMs), and bone fracture in elderly people based on human studies. A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed®/MEDLINE® database. We included human studies published up to April 2023 that investigated the association between macronutrient intake and bone health outcomes. A total of 11 meta-analyses and 127 individual human studies were included after screening the records. Carbohydrate consumption seemed to have neutral effects on bone fracture in limited studies, but human studies on carbohydrates' effects on BMD or/and BTMs are needed. The human studies analyzed herein did not clearly show whether the intake of animal, vegetable, soy, or milk basic proteins has beneficial effects on bone health due to inconsistent results. Moreover, several individual human studies indicated an association between eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and osteocalcin. Further studies are required to draw a clear association between macronutrients and bone health in elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Je
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (K.K.)
| | - Kyeonghoon Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (K.K.)
| | - Jun-Il Yoo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Inha University Hospital, 27 Inhang-Ro, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yoona Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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Tolonen S, Juonala M, Fogelholm M, Pahkala K, Laaksonen M, Kähönen M, Sievänen H, Viikari J, Raitakari O. Dietary Saturated Fat and Bone Health in Young Adults: The Young Finns Cohort. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 111:419-429. [PMID: 35896727 PMCID: PMC9474366 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-01008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that saturated fat (SFA) intake may negatively impact on bone. However, few human studies on the topic exist. Women and men aged 31-46 years from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study attended the peripheral quantitative computed tomography and ultrasound bone measurements in 2008 (n = 1884-1953, ~ 56% women). In addition, fracture diagnoses in 1980-2018 were searched for the national health care registers and 431 participants had at least one fracture. Food consumption was gathered with the 48-h dietary recall interviews and food frequency questionnaire in 1980-2007. In the present study, radial, tibial, and calcaneal bone traits, and fractures were examined relative to the long-term intake of SFA. No consistent associations were seen between bone outcomes and SFA intake that would have replicated in both women and men. The only evidence for differential distributions was seen in cortical density and cortical-to-total area ratio at the radial shaft, and speed of sound at the calcaneus, which were 0.1-0.4% higher in women in the lowest tertile of SFA intake compared with the highest tertile. In addition, among men, the odds ratio (OR) of fractures was greater in the second (OR 1.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-3.33) and third tertile of SFA intake (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.38-4.36) compared with the lowest tertile, independently of many risk factors of osteoporosis. In this observational study, we found no robust evidence of the associations of dietary long-term SFA intake with bone outcomes. Therefore, additional studies are needed to confirm the association of dietary SFA with bone health in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tolonen
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - M Juonala
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - M Fogelholm
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - M Laaksonen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - H Sievänen
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - J Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - O Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Mortensen SJ, Beeram I, Florance J, Momenzadeh K, Mohamadi A, Rodriguez EK, von Keudell A, Nazarian A. Modifiable lifestyle factors associated with fragility hip fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bone Miner Metab 2021; 39:893-902. [PMID: 33991260 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-021-01230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Among the various hip fracture predictors explored to date, modifiable risk factors warrant special consideration, since they present promising targets for preventative measures. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to assess various modifiable risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS We searched four online databases in September 2017. We included studies that reported on modifiable lifestyle risk factors for sustaining fragility hip fractures. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). The inclusion criteria consisted of (1) adult patients with osteoporotic hip fracture, (2) original study, (3) availability of full text articles in English, and (4) report of a modifiable lifestyle risk factor. RESULTS Thirty-five studies, containing 1,508,366 subjects in total, were included in this study. The modifiable risk factors that were significantly associated with an increased risk of hip fracture were the following: weight < 58 kg (128 lbs) (pooled OR 4.01, 95% CI 1.62-9.90), underweight body mass index (BMI) (< 18.5) (pooled OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.82-4.39), consumption of ≥ 3 cups of coffee daily (pooled OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.04-4.97), inactivity (pooled OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.21-3.77), weight loss (pooled OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.32-2.68), consumption of ≥ 27 g (approx. > 2 standard drinks) alcohol per day (pooled OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.12-2.13), and being a current smoker (pooled OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.22-1.85). Conversely, two factors were significantly associated with a decreased risk of hip fracture: obese BMI (> 30) (pooled OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.34-0.99) and habitual tea drinking (pooled OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.66-0.80). CONCLUSION Modifiable factors may be utilized clinically to provide more effective lifestyle interventions for at risk populations. We found that low weight and underweight BMI carried the highest risk, followed by high coffee consumption, inactivity, weight loss, and high daily alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharri J Mortensen
- Musculoskeletal Translational Innovation Initiative, Carl J. Shapiro Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, RN115, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Indeevar Beeram
- Musculoskeletal Translational Innovation Initiative, Carl J. Shapiro Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, RN115, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Kaveh Momenzadeh
- Musculoskeletal Translational Innovation Initiative, Carl J. Shapiro Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, RN115, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Amin Mohamadi
- Musculoskeletal Translational Innovation Initiative, Carl J. Shapiro Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, RN115, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Edward K Rodriguez
- Musculoskeletal Translational Innovation Initiative, Carl J. Shapiro Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, RN115, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School Orthopaedic Trauma Initiative, Boston, MA, USA
- Carl J. Shapiro Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arvind von Keudell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School Orthopaedic Trauma Initiative, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ara Nazarian
- Musculoskeletal Translational Innovation Initiative, Carl J. Shapiro Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, RN115, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School Orthopaedic Trauma Initiative, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia
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Beeram I, Mortensen SJ, Yeritsyan D, Momenzadeh K, von Keudell A, Nazarian A. Multivitamins and risk of fragility hip fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Osteoporos 2021; 16:29. [PMID: 33575883 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-021-00893-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hip fracture is a severe complication of osteoporosis and is associated with a significant healthcare burden worldwide. This meta-analysis explores the association between combined multivitamin use and hip fracture risk. Our results provide more patient-centered insight into the impact of supplement use on osteoporosis outcomes. METHODS We searched three online databases in August 2019 and included studies that reported on multivitamin use in patients with osteoporotic hip fractures. The inclusion criteria were (1) adult patients with osteoporotic hip fractures, (2) availability of full-text articles in English, and (3) at least 1 year of follow-up. No suitable randomized controlled trials could be identified for inclusion in the analysis. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). RESULTS Eight studies containing 80,148 subjects in total were included in this study. Among these, 4237 cases of fragility hip fracture were reported. The average age was 69±5.3 years, and 21% of subjects were male. Multivitamin use was found to be significantly associated with a lower risk of sustaining a fragility hip fracture (OR 0.49, 95%CI: 0.32-0.77). The Begg and Mazumdar test and funnel plot indicated that no significant publication bias was present. CONCLUSION Combined multivitamins are amongst the most widely used supplements and are often preferred over single vitamins. Our meta-analysis indicates that multivitamin use is significantly protective against osteoporotic hip fracture. In the future, randomized controlled trials should be performed to establish multivitamins as effective preventative measures for this injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indeevar Beeram
- Musculoskeletal Translational Innovation Initiative, Carl J. Shapiro Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, RN115, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sharri J Mortensen
- Musculoskeletal Translational Innovation Initiative, Carl J. Shapiro Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, RN115, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Diana Yeritsyan
- Musculoskeletal Translational Innovation Initiative, Carl J. Shapiro Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, RN115, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kaveh Momenzadeh
- Musculoskeletal Translational Innovation Initiative, Carl J. Shapiro Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, RN115, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Arvind von Keudell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School Orthopaedic Trauma Initiative, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ara Nazarian
- Musculoskeletal Translational Innovation Initiative, Carl J. Shapiro Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, RN115, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Harvard Medical School Orthopaedic Trauma Initiative, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia.
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Arsic A, Pesic G, Petrovic S, Matic A, Jeremic J, Jakovljevic V, Vucic V. Adverse plasma fatty acid composition in patients with femoral neck fracture 1. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 98:61-66. [PMID: 31491342 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Our study aimed to examine the status of plasma fatty acids (FAs), inflammatory markers, and lipid peroxidation in patients with femoral neck fractures. The study included 20 patients (64-86 years) with femoral neck fractures indicated for surgery and a control group of 17 elderly subjects without fractures or serious chronic diseases. Plasma was obtained during the first 12 h postfracture and presurgery and 7 days postop. Compared to the control, patients had significantly higher saturated FA (SFA) and monounsaturated FA as well as increased TNF-α and IL-6. Opposite to that, levels of individual and total n-6 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), individual and total n-3 PUFA, n-6/n-3 ratio, and levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were markedly lower in the patient than in the controls. On the seventh day after the surgery, we showed a further rise in the SFA, oleic acid, and TNF-α and reductions of n-6 PUFA and IL-6. Taken together, our results suggest that altered FA status, especially reduced PUFA, may influence hip fracture repair and even contribute to femoral fracture susceptibility in the elderly. A potential benefit from nutritional intervention with PUFA in prevention and (or) fracture healing should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Arsic
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Pesic
- Orthopedic and Traumatology Clinic, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Snjezana Petrovic
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Matic
- Clinic of Orthopedic Surgery, Clinical Centre of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jovana Jeremic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vesna Vucic
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Mei C, Fang Z, Yin R, Yang R, Tang K. Spicy food and self-reported fractures. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:2239-2245. [PMID: 30316535 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Population-based evidence that suggests health effects of spicy consumptions on fracture was scant. The study aimed to explore the association of spicy food intake with self-reported history of fractures in the Chinese populations. METHODS Data was drawn from the baseline survey of a large cohort study conducted in China between 2004 and 2008. A total of 512,891 adults (including 302,632 females) were included. Frequency, strength and duration of spicy food consumption were assessed using a survey questionnaire. Fracture history was self-reported based on physician's diagnoses. Multivariate logistic regression models stratified by socio-economic factors, body mass index and other lifestyle factors were performed adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS The prevalence of daily spicy food intake was 30.32% in males and 29.90% in females. The adjusted odds ratios for fractures were 1.04 (95% CI: 1.01-1.07) for those who ate spicy food occasionally, 1.10 (95% CI: 1.05-1.16) for those who ate one or two days a week, 1.15 (95% CI: 1.09-1.20) for three to five days a week, and 1.12 (95% CI: 1.07-1.17) for daily consumers, compared to participants who never ate spicy food. Participants who ate weak spicy food (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.14-1.23), moderate spicy food (OR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.06-1.15) and strong spicy food (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.12-1.25) were more strongly associated with self-reported history of fracture. In addition, the strengths of associations were consistently stronger with the duration of spicy food exposure. In stratified analyses, the strength of such an association appeared stronger in rural areas (OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.09-1.20) than urban (OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.05-1.12). The correlation was consistently stronger in males than in females. CONCLUSIONS Among Chinese adults, a positive cross-sectional association between the level of spicy food intake and history of fractures was found in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuchu Mei
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhe Fang
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ruoyu Yin
- Institute for Medical Humanities, Peking University Health Science Centre, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ruotong Yang
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, 38 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kun Tang
- Research Center for Public Health, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China.
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Mozaffari H, Djafarian K, Mofrad MD, Shab-Bidar S. Dietary fat, saturated fatty acid, and monounsaturated fatty acid intakes and risk of bone fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Osteoporos Int 2018; 29:1949-1961. [PMID: 29947872 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-018-4540-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Total dietary fat intake might influence the risk of fracture; however, conflicting findings have been reported to date. Moreover, the type of fatty acids is also of vital importance. We aimed to conduct a comprehensive review of the literature on the association between dietary fat intake, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and the risk of fracture. PubMed and Scopus were used to conduct a comprehensive search for articles published up to 7 January 2018. To pool effect sizes, random effects models (the DerSimonian-Laird method) were applied. The Cochrane Q test was used to trace the source of between-study heterogeneity. Six studies met inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. We found no significant association between total dietary fat intake and risk of fracture (pooled effect size 1.31, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.95-1.79, P = 0.09). A significant positive association was observed between SFA intake and the risk of hip fracture (pooled effect size 1.79, 95% CI 1.05-3.03, P = 0.03). There was also a significant positive association between MUFAs derived from animal sources and the risk of fracture (pooled effect size 2.29, 95% CI 1.50-3.50, P < 0.0001). Our findings showed a strong positive association between SFAs intake and risk of hip fracture. Moreover, there was a significant positive association between MUFAs derived from animal sources and the risk of fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mozaffari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), No 44, Hojjat-dost Alley, Naderi St., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - K Djafarian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - M D Mofrad
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), No 44, Hojjat-dost Alley, Naderi St., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), No 44, Hojjat-dost Alley, Naderi St., Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran.
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Endogenous Production of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Promotes Fracture Healing in Mice. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2017; 2017:3571267. [PMID: 29065587 PMCID: PMC5488487 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3571267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone fracture is a global healthcare issue for high rates of delayed healing and nonunions. Although n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) is considered as a beneficial factor for bone metabolism, only few studies till date focused on the effects of n-3 PUFAs on fracture healing. In this study, we investigated the effect of endogenous n-3 PUFAs on fracture healing by measuring femur fracture repair in both fat-1 transgenic mice and WT mice. Proximal femoral fracture model was established in fat-1 transgenic mice and WT mice, respectively, and then the fracture was analyzed by using X-ray, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and histological assessment at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after fixation. The results showed that compared with WT mice, fat-1 mice exhibited acceleration in fracture healing through radiographic and histological analysis (18–21 days versus 21–28 days postfracture). Meanwhile, X-ray and micro-CT analysis that showed better remodeling callus formation were in the fat-1 group compared to WT group. Furthermore, histological analysis revealed that endogenous n-3 PUFAs promoted local endochondral ossification and accelerated the remodeling of calcified calluses after fracture. In conclusion, the present study indicated that endogenously produced n-3 PUFAs promote fracture healing process and accelerate bone remodeling in mice, and supplementation of n-3 PUFAs was positively associated with fracture healing.
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