The ursodeoxycholic acid response score predicts pathological features in primary biliary cholangitis

The treatment of primary biliary cholangitis: from shadow to light

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic autoimmune cholestatic disease characterized by the destruction of the small intrahepatic bile ducts, which can progress to liver cirrhosis. The gold standard in the treatment of PBC is ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), which is indicated in all patients with PBC because it improves not only biochemical parameters but also patients' survival. An important milestone in the identification of patients at risk is the assessment of biochemical response to UDCA. Patients who respond to treatment have a lower incidence of hepatic events and better prognosis than patients who do not. Several scoring systems can be used to assess the response and identify non-responders who will benefit from second-line treatment. Obeticholic acid (OCA) is currently the only approved second-line treatment for PBC, which is effective for non-responders to UDCA therapy or patients, who have not tolerated UDCA therapy. However, OCA is contraindicated in advanced liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Moreover, pruritus may be a limiting factor for the administration of OCA. Fibrates have shown promising data supporting their use in non-responders to UDCA because they improve the biochemical parameters and elastographic findings and have possible antipruritic effects. Therefore, the idea of a triple treatment seems interesting. Clinical research is focusing on several other groups of drugs: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) δ- and α/δ agonists, non-steroidal farnesoid X receptor agonists, fibroblast growth factor 19 modulators, and inhibitors of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 1 and 4.

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura in primary biliary cholangitis and localized cutaneous systemic sclerosis: case report and literature review

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic progressive cholestatic liver disease of uncertain etiology. Although PBC is frequently complicated by Sjögren's syndrome and chronic thyroiditis, it can also be associated with a variety of other autoimmune disorders. We herein describe a rare case of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) coexistence with PBC and localized cutaneous systemic sclerosis (LcSSc). A 47-year-old woman with PBC and LcSSc who was positive for antiphospholipid antibody experienced a rapid decrease in platelet count to 1.8 × 10⁴/µL during follow-up. After clinical findings ruled out thrombocytopenia from cirrhosis, a diagnosis of ITP was made following bone marrow examination. Her human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type was HLA-DPB1*05:01, which has been associated with disease susceptibility to PBC and LcSSc, but not to ITP. A careful review of similar reports suggested that in PBC, other collagen disease complications, positive antinuclear antibody, and positive antiphospholipid antibody may all support a diagnosis of ITP. Clinicians should be vigilant for ITP when rapid thrombocytopenia is observed during the course of PBC.

Incomplete response to ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cholangitis: criteria, epidemiology, and possible mechanisms

INTRODUCTION

As a common autoimmune disease with the characteristic of early complication, primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) leads to an increasing number of mortalities among people with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) waiting for liver transplantation. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the only approved first-line medicine for PBC, and a good response to treatment could acquire an ideal prognosis. Patients with poor UDCA response usually have more adverse outcomes and worse survival, therefore, the management of this group become a major consideration.

AREAS COVERED

Due to the complexity of race and environment for PBC, different criteria for UDCA response exhibit various predictive performances. Factors affecting UDCA response conditions include gender, age, ethnicity, serum indicators, auto-antibodies, and autoimmune comorbidities, while no agreement has been reached. In this review, we mainly focus on cellular senescence, immune-mediated damage, and vitamin D deficiency as possible mechanisms for UDCA non-responders.

EXPERT OPINION

The pathogenesis of PBC has yet to be clarified. Immunology-related mechanisms and therapy targets ought to be the main effort made for further study. Irrespective of the response condition, UDCA is recommended for routine administration in all PBC patients without contraindication. Ongoing clinical trials of second-line and additional therapy exhibit promising prospects.

Macrophage Activation Markers Predict Liver-Related Complications in Primary Biliary Cholangitis

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) has a wide variation in clinical presentation and course. There is no significant correlation between these symptoms and the disease stage, although patients with more advanced stages generally have more symptoms. It is important to develop biomarkers in order to identify patients with an increased risk of complications and end-stage liver disease. This study investigated surrogate markers for risk estimation of PBC-related complications, including a study population of 77 patients with PBC who underwent liver biopsy and were measured for serum levels of macrophage activation markers, soluble CD163 (sCD163), soluble mannose receptor (sMR), and zonulin. Patients with PBC were divided into symptomatic (Group S, n = 20) and asymptomatic (Group A, n = 57) groups. The correlations of histological stages based on both Scheuer and Nakanuma classifications with the three serum markers were investigated. The Nakanuma classification involves grading for liver fibrosis and bile duct loss. The three biomarkers were assessed for their diagnostic ability to identify patients with PBC having high risk of developing complications. The predictive factors of these complications were examined as well. Group S had significantly higher serum sMR (p = 0.011) and sCD163 (p = 0.048) levels versus Group A. A composite index of sMR and sCD163 measurements had significantly better prediction performance than sCD163 alone (p = 0.012), although not when compared to sMR alone (p = 0.129). Serum sMR was an independent factor for developing complications on both univariate (Odds ratio (OR) = 30.20, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 3.410−267.0, p = 0.00220), and multivariate (OR = 33.70, 95% CI: 3.6600−311.0, p = 0.0019) analyses. Patients with PBC having sMR of ≥56.6 had a higher incidence of clinical complications versus those with a sMR of <56.6. Serum sMR predicts the development of complications in patients with PBC. sMR plus sCD163 showed better predictive power than either marker alone, although the addition of sCD163 did not improve the predictive power of sMR. Future prospective studies are required in order to validate the findings of the present study.

Enhanced liver fibrosis score as a surrogate of liver-related complications and mortality in primary biliary cholangitis

The presence of bridging fibrosis predicts survival of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). This study aimed to compare serum parameters for the estimation of liver fibrosis and prediction of clinical outcomes in PBC.Out of 392 patients with PBC, 102 who underwent liver biopsy and in whom fibrosis indices, platelet count, hyaluronic acid, type IV collagen 7 second domain, procollagen type III amino-terminal peptide, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1, Mac-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer, N-terminal type III collagen propeptide levels; fibrosis index based on 4 factors, aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index, and enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) score were determined, were included. The correlation of histological stages based on both Scheuer and Nakanuma classifications with fibrosis indices was investigated. The Nakanuma system comprises grading for liver fibrosis and bile duct loss. Diagnostic performances of 10 fibrosis indices were evaluated to identify patients with poor prognosis. Moreover, correlations of those with PBC clinical manifestation and survival were also investigated.Enhances liver fibrosis (ELF) score had the highest correlation coefficient for liver fibrosis evaluated according to either the Scheuer or Nakanuma classification among 10 serum fibrosis indices. It also had the highest diagnostic performance in estimating Scheuer stage III and Nakanuma fibrosis score 2, both of which represent portal-bridging fibrosis. Patients with an ELF score of ≥10.0 had shorter survival and presented more frequently clinical complications than those with an ELF score of <10.0.ELF score determines the severity of liver fibrosis and predicts the occurrence of complications and survival in patients with PBC.