1
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Ductal prostate cancer: Clinical features and outcomes from a multicenter retrospective analysis and overview of the current literature. Curr Urol 2022; 16:218-226. [PMID: 36714233 PMCID: PMC9875213 DOI: 10.1097/cu9.0000000000000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the study is to evaluate clinical features and outcomes after different therapeutic strategies for ductal prostate adenocarcinoma (DPC), a rare but aggressive subtype of invasive prostate cancer (PCa) accounting for, in the pure and mixed form, 1% or less and 5% or less, respectively, of all the newly diagnosed PCa. Materials and methods Patients with a proven diagnosis of DPC undergoing surgery, radiotherapy, and androgen deprivation therapy, alone or in combination, were considered for this multicenter, retrospective study. The study assessed overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and age-related disease-specific survival. Results Eighty-one patients met the study inclusion criteria. Pure DPC was found in 29 patients (36%) and mixed ductal-acinar-PCa in 52 patients (64%). After a median follow-up of 63 months (range, 3-206 months), 3- and 5-year OS rates were 84% and 67%, respectively, and 3- and 5-year DFS rates were 54% and 34%, respectively. There were no significant differences in OS or DFS between the pure and mixed DPC groups. Pure DPC was associated with a higher rate of metastatic disease at onset. Patients 74 years or younger had better disease-specific survival (p=0.0019). A subgroup analysis favored radiotherapy as the primary treatment for nonmetastatic, organ-confined DPC (3- and 5-year DFS of 80% and 50%, respectively, compared with 5-year DFS of 35% for surgical patients; p = 0.023). Conclusions Our study found DPC to be rarer, more aggressive, more likely to metastasize, and have a worse prognosis than the common acinar variant, especially in its pure form. Multicenter series are encouraged to obtain large data sets, or propensity score matching analyses with patients with conventional PCa are desirable to understand the best therapeutic approach and improve outcomes.
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Zou Y, Zhang H, Bi F, Tang Q, Xu H. Targeting the key cholesterol biosynthesis enzyme squalene monooxygenasefor cancer therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:938502. [PMID: 36091156 PMCID: PMC9449579 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.938502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol metabolism is often dysregulated in cancer. Squalene monooxygenase (SQLE) is the second rate-limiting enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis. Since the discovery of SQLE dysregulation in cancer, compelling evidence has indicated that SQLE plays a vital role in cancer initiation and progression and is a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. In this review, we provide an overview of the role and regulation of SQLE in cancer and summarize the updates of antitumor therapy targeting SQLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Zou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Laboratory of Oncogene, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Bi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiulin Tang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Qiulin Tang, ; Huanji Xu,
| | - Huanji Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Qiulin Tang, ; Huanji Xu,
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3
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Chow K, Bedő J, Ryan A, Agarwal D, Bolton D, Chan Y, Dundee P, Frydenberg M, Furrer MA, Goad J, Gyomber D, Hanegbi U, Harewood L, King D, Lamb AD, Lawrentschuk N, Liodakis P, Moon D, Murphy DG, Peters JS, Ruljancich P, Verrill CL, Webb D, Wong LM, Zargar H, Costello AJ, Papenfuss AT, Hovens CM, Corcoran NM. Ductal variant prostate carcinoma is associated with a significantly shorter metastasis-free survival. Eur J Cancer 2021; 148:440-450. [PMID: 33678516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ductal adenocarcinoma is an uncommon prostate cancer variant. Previous studies suggest that ductal variant histology may be associated with worse clinical outcomes, but these are difficult to interpret. To address this, we performed an international, multi-institutional study to describe the characteristics of ductal adenocarcinoma, particularly focussing on the effect of presence of ductal variant cancer on metastasis-free survival. METHODS Patients with ductal variant histology from two institutional databases who underwent radical prostatectomies were identified and compared with an independent acinar adenocarcinoma cohort. After propensity score matching, the effect of the presence of ductal adenocarcinoma on time to biochemical recurrence, initiation of salvage therapy and the development of metastatic disease was determined. Deep whole-exome sequencing was performed for selected cases (n = 8). RESULTS A total of 202 ductal adenocarcinoma and 2037 acinar adenocarcinoma cases were analysed. Survival analysis after matching demonstrated that patients with ductal variant histology had shorter salvage-free survival (8.1 versus 22.0 months, p = 0.03) and metastasis-free survival (6.7 versus 78.6 months, p < 0.0001). Ductal variant histology was consistently associated with RB1 loss, as well as copy number gains in TAP1, SLC4A2 and EHHADH. CONCLUSIONS The presence of any ductal variant adenocarcinoma at the time of prostatectomy portends a worse clinical outcome than pure acinar cancers, with significantly shorter times to initiation of salvage therapies and the onset of metastatic disease. These features appear to be driven by uncoupling of chromosomal duplication from cell division, resulting in widespread copy number aberration with specific gain of genes implicated in treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Chow
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Urology Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Justin Bedő
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Ryan
- TissuPath Specialist Pathology, Mount Waverley, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dinesh Agarwal
- Urology Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Urology, Western Health, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damien Bolton
- Department of Urology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yee Chan
- Department of Urology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip Dundee
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Urology Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Urology, Western Health, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Frydenberg
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Cabrini Institute, Cabrini Health, Malvern, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marc A Furrer
- Urology Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Goad
- Genitourinary Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Urology, St Vincent's Health, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dennis Gyomber
- Department of Urology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Uri Hanegbi
- Department of Urology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laurence Harewood
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Urology Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dennis King
- Department of Urology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alastair D Lamb
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Lawrentschuk
- Urology Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Urology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Genitourinary Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Liodakis
- Department of Urology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Moon
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Urology Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Genitourinary Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Declan G Murphy
- Genitourinary Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Justin S Peters
- Urology Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Clare L Verrill
- Department of Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Webb
- Department of Urology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lih-Ming Wong
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Urology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Department of Urology, St Vincent's Health, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Homayoun Zargar
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Urology Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Urology, Western Health, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony J Costello
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Urology Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Australian Prostate Centre, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony T Papenfuss
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher M Hovens
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Niall M Corcoran
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Urology Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Urology, Frankston Hospital, Frankston, Victoria, Australia
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Kim NI, Park MH, Kweon SS, Cho N, Lee JS. Squalene epoxidase expression is associated with breast tumor progression and with a poor prognosis in breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:259. [PMID: 33664822 PMCID: PMC7882892 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) have been previously identified using massive parallel RNA sequencing in matched normal, breast cancer (BC) and nodal metastatic tissues. Squalene epoxidase (SQLE), one of these DEGs, is a key enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential involvement of SQLE in the tumorigenic process of BC and to determine its association with the clinical outcome of BC. SQLE mRNA expression was measured using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR in 10 pairs of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and BC tissues and their adjacent normal tissues. Immunohistochemical staining of SQLE on tissue microarray was performed in 26 normal breast, 79 DCIS and 198 BC samples. The role of SQLE as a prognostic biomarker in patients with BC has been verified using BreastMark. SQLE mRNA expression was significantly increased in DCIS and BC tissues compared with that in their adjacent normal tissues. High SQLE expression was detected in 0, 48.1 and 40.4% of normal breast, DCIS and BC tissues, respectively. SQLE expression in DCIS and BC tissues was significantly higher than that in normal breast tissues. High SQLE expression was observed in DCIS with higher nuclear grade, comedo-type necrosis and HER2 positivity. High SQLE expression in BC was associated with larger tumor size, nodal metastases, higher stage, HER2 subtype and distant metastatic relapse. High SQLE expression was associated with poor disease-free and overall survival, and independently predicted poor disease-free survival in patients with BC. Following BreastMark analysis, high SQLE mRNA expression in BC was significantly associated with a poor prognosis in the ‘all’, lymph node negative, lymph node positive, luminal A subtype and luminal B subtype groups. Therefore, SQLE expression may be upregulated during the tumorigenic process of BC, and high SQLE expression may be a useful biomarker for predicting a poor prognosis in patients with BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nah Ihm Kim
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ho Park
- Department of Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Seog Kweon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Namki Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Shin Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
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5
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Shen T, Lu Y, Zhang Q. High Squalene Epoxidase in Tumors Predicts Worse Survival in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Integrated Bioinformatic Analysis on NAFLD and HCC. Cancer Control 2020; 27:1073274820914663. [PMID: 32216563 PMCID: PMC7137641 DOI: 10.1177/1073274820914663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify candidate biomarkers for predicting outcomes in
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Using Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases, we
identified common upregulated differential expressed genes (DEGs) in patients
with NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and HCC and conducted survival
analysis of these upregulated DEGs with HCC outcomes. Two common upregulated
DEGs including squalene epoxidase (SQLE) and EPPK1 messenger RNA (mRNA) were
significantly upregulated in NAFLD, NASH, and HCC tissues, both in GSE45436
(P < .001) and TCGA profile (P <
.001). Both SQLE and EPPK1 mRNA were upregulated in 15.56% and 8.06% patients
with HCC in TCGA profile. Overexpression of SQLE in tumors was significantly
associated with worse overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in
patients with HCC (log-rank P = .027 and log-rank
P = .048, respectively), while no statistical significances
of OS and DFS were found in EPPK1 groups (both log-rank P >
.05). For validation, SQLE upregulation contributed to significantly worse OS in
patients wih HCC using Kaplan-Meier plotter analysis (hazard ratio = 1.43, 95%
confidence interval: 1.01-2.02, log-rank P = .043). In
addition, high level of SQLE significantly associated with advanced neoplasm
histologic grade, advanced AJCC stage, and α-fetoprotein elevation
(P = .036, .045, and .029, respectively). Squalene
epoxidase is associated with OS and DFS and serves as a novel prognostic
biomarker for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Shen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tong Ren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunfei Lu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tong Ren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Jonnalagadda B, Arockiasamy S, Krishnamoorthy S. Cellular growth factors as prospective therapeutic targets for combination therapy in androgen independent prostate cancer (AIPC). Life Sci 2020; 259:118208. [PMID: 32763294 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, with prostate cancer, the second most commonly diagnosed cancer among men. Prostate cancer develops in the peripheral zone of the prostate gland, and the initial progression largely depends on androgens, the male reproductive hormone that regulates the growth and development of the prostate gland and testis. The currently available treatments for androgen dependent prostate cancer are, however, effective for a limited period, where the patients show disease relapse, and develop androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC). Studies have shown various intricate cellular processes such as, deregulation in multiple biochemical and signaling pathways, intra-tumoral androgen synthesis; AR over-expression and mutations and AR activation via alternative growth pathways are involved in progression of AIPC. The currently approved treatment strategies target a single cellular protein or pathway, where the cells slowly develop resistance and adapt to proliferate via other cellular pathways over a period of time. Therefore, an increased research aims to understand the efficacy of combination therapy, which targets multiple interlinked pathways responsible for acquisition of resistance and survival. The combination therapy is also shown to enhance efficacy as well as reduce toxicity of the drugs. Thus, the present review focuses on the signaling pathways involved in the progression of AIPC, comprising a heterogeneous population of cells and the advantages of combination therapy. Several clinical and pre-clinical studies on a variety of combination treatments have shown beneficial outcomes, yet further research is needed to understand the potential of combination therapy and its diverse strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Jonnalagadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Sumathy Arockiasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India.
| | - Sriram Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Urology, Sri Ramachandra Medical Centre, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
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7
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Park CK, Shin SJ, Cho YA, Joo JW, Cho NH. HoxB13 expression in ductal type adenocarcinoma of prostate: clinicopathologic characteristics and its utility as potential diagnostic marker. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20205. [PMID: 31882852 PMCID: PMC6934792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56657-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The histologic criteria and selective biomarkers of prostate ductal type adenocarcinoma (DAC) are relatively unknown compared to that known about acinar type adenocarcinoma (AAC). It is known that genetic alteration in Hox13 gene is associated with carcinogenesis of prostate cancer. In this study, we investigated clinicopathologic characteristics of HoxB13 expression in prostate cancer and compared clinicopathologic profiles of DAC and AAC of prostate. After slide review, some morphological variants of DAC, equivalent to Gleason pattern 3 and 5 of AAC were identified. High level of HoxB13 expression was identified in 46.5% (46 out of 99 cases) and 39.2% (31 out of 79 cases) of cases that belong to the training set and test set, respectively. In the training set, high level of HoxB13 expression was significantly correlated with DAC (P < 0.001), higher Gleason score (P < 0.001), advanced pathologic T stage (P = 0.010), and occurrence of biochemical recurrence (BCR; P < 0.001). The test set confirmed that high level of HoxB13 expression was associated with DAC (P < 0.001), higher Gleason score (P = 0.001), advanced pathologic T stage (P < 0.001), and occurrence of BCR (P < 0.001). Our findings suggest that HoxB13 may be a useful diagnostic marker for detection of DAC and a prognostic marker for prediction of BCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Keun Park
- Department of Pathology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Shin
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ah Cho
- Department of Pathology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology and Translational genomics, Samsung medical center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Joo
- Department of Pathology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Squalene Epoxidase Correlates E-Cadherin Expression and Overall Survival in Colorectal Cancer Patients: The Impact on Prognosis and Correlation to Clinicopathologic Features. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050632. [PMID: 31072053 PMCID: PMC6572612 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Squalene epoxidase (SE), coded by SQLE, is an important rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. Recently, the aberrant expression of SQLE, which is responsible for epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), has been reported in various types of cancer. This study was undertaken to clarify the clinicopathologic implications of SE in patients with stage I to IV colorectal cancer (CRC). We also analyzed the expression patterns of SE in association with E-cadherin in a series of CRCs. We detected the cytoplasmic expression of SE in 59.4% of carcinoma samples by immunohistochemistry (IHC). There was a significant correlation between a high level of SE expression and lymphovascular (LV) invasion (p < 0.001), tumor budding (p < 0.001), invasion depth (p = 0.002), regional lymph node metastasis (p < 0.001), and pathologic TNM stage (p < 0.001). SE is more abundantly expressed at the invasive front, and reversely correlated with E-cadherin expression. Patients with SE-positive CRC had shorter recurrence-free survival (RFS) and poor overall survival (OS) than those with SE-negative CRC in multivariate analysis (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). These data suggest that SE can serve as a valuable biomarker for unfavorable prognosis, and as a possible therapeutic target in CRCs.
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10
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Cirmena G, Franceschelli P, Isnaldi E, Ferrando L, De Mariano M, Ballestrero A, Zoppoli G. Squalene epoxidase as a promising metabolic target in cancer treatment. Cancer Lett 2018; 425:13-20. [PMID: 29596888 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic alteration of the cholesterol synthesis pathway is a recognized mechanism of metabolic adaptation. In the present review, we focus on squalene epoxidase (SE), one of the two rate-limiting enzymes in cholesterol synthesis, retracing its history since its discovery as an antimycotic target to its description as an emerging metabolic oncogene by amplification with clinical relevance in cancer. We review the published literature assessing the association between SE over-expression and poor prognosis in this disease. We assess the works demonstrating how SE promotes tumor cell proliferation and migration, and displaying evidence of cancer cell demise in presence of human SE inhibitors in in vitro and in vivo models. Taken together, robust scientific evidence has by now accumulated pointing out SE as a promising novel therapeutic target in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alberto Ballestrero
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Zoppoli
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
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Vinceneux A, Bruyère F, Haillot O, Charles T, de la Taille A, Salomon L, Allory Y, Ouzaid I, Choudat L, Rouprêt M, Comperat E, Houede N, Beauval JB, Vourc'h P, Fromont G. Ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate: Clinical and biological profiles. Prostate 2017; 77:1242-1250. [PMID: 28699202 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ductal adenocarcinoma (DAC) is a rare and aggressive subtype of prostate cancer (PCa). In the present study, we analyzed the clinical and biological characteristics of DAC, in comparison with high grade conventional acinar PCa. METHODS Samples and data were retrospectively collected from seven institutions and centrally reviewed. Immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue microarrays to assess the expression of candidate proteins, based on the molecular classification of PCa, including ERG, PTEN, and SPINK1. SPOP mutations were investigated from tumor DNA by Sanger sequencing. Relationships with outcome were analyzed using log-rank analysis and multivariable Cox regression. RESULTS Among 56 reviewed prostatectomy specimens, 45 cases of DAC were finally confirmed. The pathological stage was pT3 in more than 66% of cases. ERG was expressed in 42% of DAC, SPINK1 in 9% (all ERG-negative), and two cases (ERG-negative) harbored a SPOP mutation. Compared to high grade conventional PCa matched for the pathological stage, cell proliferation was higher (P = 0.04) in DAC, and complete PTEN loss more frequent (P = 0.023). In multivariate analysis, SPINK1 overexpression (P = 0.017) and loss of PSA immunostaining (P = 0.02) were significantly associated with biochemical recurrence. CONCLUSION these results suggest that, despite biological differences that highlighted DAC aggressiveness, the molecular classification recently proposed in conventional PCa could also be applied in DAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Vinceneux
- Department of Pathology, CHU de tours, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- INSERM UMR 1069, Tours, France
| | - Franck Bruyère
- Department of Urology, CHU de Tours, Pres Centre Val de Loire, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Olivier Haillot
- Department of Urology, CHU de Tours, Pres Centre Val de Loire, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Thomas Charles
- Service d'Urologie, CHU de Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Laurent Salomon
- Department of Urology, Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, Créteil, France
| | - Yves Allory
- Department of Pathology and Tissue Biobank Unit, Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, Créteil, France
| | - Idir Ouzaid
- Department of Urology, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Choudat
- Department of Pathology, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Morgan Rouprêt
- Department of Urology, Pitié- Salpétrière Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Eva Comperat
- Department of Pathology, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Houede
- Department of Medical Oncology, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Caremeau, Nîmes, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Beauval
- Department of Urology, Andrology and Renal Transplantation, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Vourc'h
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie moléculaire, CHRU de Tours, INSERM U930, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Gaëlle Fromont
- Department of Pathology, CHU de tours, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- INSERM UMR 1069, Tours, France
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12
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Qin Y, Zhang Y, Tang Q, Jin L, Chen Y. SQLE induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by regulating of miR-133b in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:138-148. [PMID: 28069586 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that microRNAs, which control gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, are aberrantly expressed in cancers and play significant roles in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. In this study, we show differential miR-133b down-expression in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells and tissues. In addition, squalene epoxidase (SQLE), a key enzyme of cholesterol synthesis, is identified as the direct downstream target gene of miR-133b by luciferase gene reporter assay. Furthermore, ectogenic miR-133b expression and SQLE knockdown can inhibit proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, and diminish epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) traits of ESCC in vitro, implying that miR-133b-dependent SQLE can induce tumorigenicity and that SQLE is an EMT inducer. Xenograft experiment results also proved the biological function of SQLE in vivo. Therefore, we conclude that miR-133b-dependent SQLE plays a critical role in the potential metastasis mechanisms in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, First People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng 224001, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Jimin Hospital, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Qinting Tang
- College of Nursing, Yancheng Vocational Institute of Health Sciences, Yancheng 224006, China
| | - Li Jin
- Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong'an Chen
- Department of Oncology, Jimin Hospital, Shanghai 200052, China
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13
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Seipel AH, Delahunt B, Samaratunga H, Egevad L. Ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate: histogenesis, biology and clinicopathological features. Pathology 2016; 48:398-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Zhao SG, Evans JR, Kothari V, Sun G, Larm A, Mondine V, Schaeffer EM, Ross AE, Klein EA, Den RB, Dicker AP, Karnes RJ, Erho N, Nguyen PL, Davicioni E, Feng FY. The Landscape of Prognostic Outlier Genes in High-Risk Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:1777-86. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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[Analysis and prognostic factors of the specimen of radical prostatectomy in prostate cancer]. Prog Urol 2015; 25:999-1009. [PMID: 26519964 DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Handling and pathologic analysis of radical prostatectomy specimens are crucial to confirm the diagnosis of prostate cancer and evaluate prognostic criteria. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic review of the scientific literature was performed in the Medline database (PubMed), using different associations of the following keywords: prostate cancer; prostatectomy; specimen; handling; pathology; tumor staging; Gleason score; surgical margin; prognosis; frozen section; lymph node; biomarkers. A particular search was done on specimen management and characterization of tissue prognostic factors. RESULTS Handling of both radical prostatectomy specimen and lymph node dissection is standardized according to international criteria. Although the main histoprognostic factors are still Gleason score, pathologic staging and margin status, these criteria have been refined these last 10 years, allowing to improve the prediction of relapse after surgical treatment. CONCLUSION The standardization of handling and pathology reporting of radical prostatectomy specimens will be mandatory for treatment uniformization according to risk stratification in prostate cancer and personalization of therapeutic approaches.
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Packiam VT, Patel SG, Pariser JJ, Richards KA, Weiner AB, Paner GP, VanderWeele DJ, Zagaja GP, Eggener SE. Contemporary Population-Based Comparison of Localized Ductal Adenocarcinoma and High-Risk Acinar Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate. Urology 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Kim A, Kwon T, You D, Jeong IG, Go H, Cho YM, Hong JH, Ahn H, Kim CS. Clinicopathological features of prostate ductal carcinoma: matching analysis and comparison with prostate acinar carcinoma. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:385-9. [PMID: 25829805 PMCID: PMC4366958 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.4.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the clinicopathological features and prognosis of 29 cases of prostate ductal carcinoma was considered to be an aggressive subtype of prostate acinar carcinoma. We selected 29 cases who were diagnosed prostate ductal carcinoma and had a radical prostatectomy (RP). The acinar group (n = 116) was selected among 3,980 patients who underwent a prostatectomy. The acinar group was matched to the ductal group for prostate specific antigen (PSA), clinical stage, Gleason score, and age. The mean (range) of the follow-up periods for the ductal and acinar group was 23.8 ± 20.6 and 58 ± 10.5 months, respectively. The mean age of the prostate ductal and acinar carcinoma patients was 67.3 and 67.0 yr and the mean PSA level was 14.7 and 16.2 ng/mL, respectively. No statistical differences were evident between groups in terms of the final pathologic stage or positive resection margin rate other than the postoperative Gleason score. A greater proportion of the ductal group demonstrated a postoperative Gleason score ≥ 8 in comparison with the acinar group (P = 0.024). Additionally, we observed significant prognostic difference in our patient series in biochemical recurrence. The ductal group showed a poorer prognosis than the acinar group (P = 0.016). There were no differences significantly in terms of final pathology and rate of positive resection margin, but a greater proportion of the ductal group demonstrated a Gleason score ≥ 8 than the acinar group after matching for PSA, Gleason score in biopsy and clinical stage. The ductal group also showed a poorer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Kim
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taekmin Kwon
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dalsan You
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Gab Jeong
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heounjeong Go
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Mee Cho
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Hyuk Hong
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hanjong Ahn
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choung-Soo Kim
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Seipel AH, Samaratunga H, Delahunt B, Wiklund F, Wiklund P, Lindberg J, Grönberg H, Egevad L. Immunohistochemical profile of ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Virchows Arch 2014; 465:559-65. [PMID: 25059847 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate (DAC) is considered to be an aggressive subtype of prostate cancer with greater risk of progression than acinar adenocarcinoma (AC). It has been debated whether DAC is a distinct subtype or a morphological variant of AC. Our aim was to examine the protein expression of DAC and to compare the results with AC. A tissue microarray was constructed from 60 DAC and 46 AC matched by Gleason score. The slides were stained for 28 immunomarkers (estrogen, progesterone and androgen receptor, prolactin, PSA, prostein, PSMA, PSAP, CDX2, lysozyme, villin, monoclonal CEA, CK7, CK20, HMWCK, p63, p504s, c-myc, EGFR, Ki-67, p16, p21, p27, p53, PTEN, ERG, PAX-2, and PAX-8). HMWCK was positive in 8.5 % of DAC, but negative in all cases of AC (p = 0.045). p16 was positive in 53.3 % of DAC and in 26.1 % of AC (p = 0.005). p53 was positive in 42.4 % of DAC and 26.7 % of AC (p = 0.031). A distinct patchy positivity of CK20 was seen in 23.7 % of DAC, and this pattern was also seen in 9.1 % of AC (p = 0.047). Villin was positive in 3.4 % of DAC while expression was negative in AC. Ki-67 labeling index was significantly higher in DAC than in AC (mean 9.2 % [95 % CI 6.4-12.0] and 2.6 % [1.9-3.4], p < 0.001). While there is some overlap in the immunohistochemical expression of DAC and AC, the differences between these two morphotypes of prostatic carcinoma are consistent with DAC having a more aggressive phenotype than AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H Seipel
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Radiumhemmet P1:02, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Seipel AH, Delahunt B, Samaratunga H, Amin M, Barton J, Berney DM, Billis A, Cheng L, Comperat E, Evans A, Fine SW, Grignon D, Humphrey PA, Magi-Galluzzi C, Montironi R, Sesterhenn I, Srigley JR, Trpkov K, van der Kwast T, Varma M, Zhou M, Ahmad A, Moss S, Egevad L. Diagnostic criteria for ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate: interobserver variability among 20 expert uropathologists. Histopathology 2014; 65:216-27. [PMID: 24467262 DOI: 10.1111/his.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate (DAC) is clinically important, because its behaviour may differ from that of acinar adenocarcinoma. Our aims were to investigate the interobserver variability of this diagnosis among experts in uropathology and to define diagnostic criteria. METHODS AND RESULTS Photomicrographs of 21 carcinomas with ductal features were distributed among 20 genitourinary pathologists from eight countries. DAC was diagnosed by 18 observers (mean 13.2 cases, range 6-19). In 11 (52%) cases, a 2/3 consensus was reached for a diagnosis of DAC, and in five (24%) there was consensus against. In DAC, the respondents reported papillary architecture (86%), stratification of nuclei (82%), high-grade nuclear features (54%), tall columnar epithelium (53%), elongated nuclei (52%), cribriform architecture (40%), and necrosis (7%). The most important diagnostic feature reported for DAC was papillary architecture (59%), whereas nuclear and cellular features were considered to be most important in only 2-11% of cases. The most common differential diagnoses were intraductal prostate cancer (52%), high-grade PIN (37%), and acinar adenocarcinoma (17%). The most common reason for not diagnosing DAC was lack of typical architecture (33%). CONCLUSIONS Papillary architecture was the most useful diagnostic feature of DAC, and nuclear and cellular features were considered to be less important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H Seipel
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Berney DM, Algaba F, Camparo P, Compérat E, Griffiths D, Kristiansen G, Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R, Varma M, Egevad L. The reasons behind variation in Gleason grading of prostatic biopsies: areas of agreement and misconception among 266 European pathologists. Histopathology 2013; 64:405-11. [PMID: 24102975 DOI: 10.1111/his.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The Gleason scoring system underwent revision at the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) conference in 2005. It is not known how uropathologists have interpreted its recommendations. METHOD AND RESULTS A web-based survey to European Network of Uropathology members received replies from 266 pathologists in 22 countries. Eighty-nine per cent claimed to follow ISUP recommendations. Key areas of disagreement included the following. Smoothly rounded cribriform glands were assigned Gleason pattern (GP) 3 by 51% and GP 4 by 49%. Necrosis was diagnosed as GP 5 by 62%. Any amount of secondary pattern of higher grade in needle biopsies was included in the Gleason score by 58%. Tertiary GP of higher grade on needle biopsies was included in the Gleason score by only 58%. If biopsy cores were embedded separately, only 56% would give a Gleason score for each core/slide examined; 68% would give a concluding Gleason score and the most common method was a global Gleason score (77%). Among those who blocked multiple biopsy cores together, 46% would only give an overall Gleason score for the case. CONCLUSION Misinterpretation of ISUP 2005 is widespread, and may explain the variation in Gleason scoring seen. Clarity and uniformity in teaching ISUP 2005 recommendations is necessary.
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