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Odarenko KV, Sen’kova AV, Salomatina OV, Markov OV, Salakhutdinov NF, Zenkova MA, Markov AV. Soloxolone para-methylanilide effectively suppresses aggressive phenotype of glioblastoma cells including TGF-β1-induced glial-mesenchymal transition in vitro and inhibits growth of U87 glioblastoma xenografts in mice. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1428924. [PMID: 39135794 PMCID: PMC11317440 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1428924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Soloxolone amides are semisynthetic triterpenoids that can cross the blood-brain barrier and inhibit glioblastoma growth both in vitro and in vivo. Here we investigate the impact of these compounds on processes associated with glioblastoma invasiveness and therapy resistance. Screening of soloxolone amides against glioblastoma cells revealed the ability of compound 7 (soloxolone para-methylanilide) to inhibit transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1)-induced glial-mesenchymal transition Compound 7 inhibited morphological changes, wound healing, transwell migration, and expression of mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin, fibronectin, Slug) in TGF-β1-induced U87 and U118 glioblastoma cells, while restoring their adhesiveness. Confocal microscopy and molecular docking showed that 7 reduced SMAD2/3 nuclear translocation probably by direct interaction with the TGF-β type I and type II receptors (TβRI/II). In addition, 7 suppressed stemness of glioblastoma cells as evidenced by inhibition of colony forming ability, spheroid growth, and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity. Furthermore, 7 exhibited a synergistic effect with temozolomide (TMZ) on glioblastoma cell viability. Using N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and flow cytometry analysis of Annexin V-FITC-, propidium iodide-, and DCFDA-stained cells, 7 was found to synergize the cytotoxicity of TMZ by inducing ROS-dependent apoptosis. Further in vivo studies showed that 7, alone or in combination with TMZ, effectively suppressed the growth of U87 xenograft tumors in mice. Thus, 7 demonstrated promising potential as a component of combination therapy for glioblastoma, reducing its invasiveness and increasing its sensitivity to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V. Odarenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Aleksandra V. Sen’kova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oksana V. Salomatina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Markov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nariman F. Salakhutdinov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina A. Zenkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Markov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Xu C, Hou P, Li X, Xiao M, Zhang Z, Li Z, Xu J, Liu G, Tan Y, Fang C. Comprehensive understanding of glioblastoma molecular phenotypes: classification, characteristics, and transition. Cancer Biol Med 2024; 21:j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0510. [PMID: 38712813 PMCID: PMC11131044 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Among central nervous system-associated malignancies, glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and has the highest mortality rate. The high heterogeneity of GBM cell types and the complex tumor microenvironment frequently lead to tumor recurrence and sudden relapse in patients treated with temozolomide. In precision medicine, research on GBM treatment is increasingly focusing on molecular subtyping to precisely characterize the cellular and molecular heterogeneity, as well as the refractory nature of GBM toward therapy. Deep understanding of the different molecular expression patterns of GBM subtypes is critical. Researchers have recently proposed tetra fractional or tripartite methods for detecting GBM molecular subtypes. The various molecular subtypes of GBM show significant differences in gene expression patterns and biological behaviors. These subtypes also exhibit high plasticity in their regulatory pathways, oncogene expression, tumor microenvironment alterations, and differential responses to standard therapy. Herein, we summarize the current molecular typing scheme of GBM and the major molecular/genetic characteristics of each subtype. Furthermore, we review the mesenchymal transition mechanisms of GBM under various regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Xu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 07100, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Pengyu Hou
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding 071000, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 07100, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 07100, China
| | - Menglin Xiao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 07100, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 07100, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Ziru Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding 071000, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 07100, China
| | - Jianglong Xu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 07100, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Guoming Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 07100, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yanli Tan
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding 071000, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 07100, China
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 07100, China
| | - Chuan Fang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hebei University, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 07100, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Glioma, Baoding 071000, China
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McKean WB, Yang J, Boucher K, Shrieve DC, Suneja G, Salzman K, Jensen R, Colman H, Cohen AL. D-TERMINED, a phase 1 trial in newly diagnosed high-grade glioma with temozolomide, radiation, and minocycline followed by adjuvant minocycline/temozolomide. Neurooncol Adv 2024; 6:vdae063. [PMID: 38800698 PMCID: PMC11125402 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdae063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Standard treatment for newly diagnosed high-grade gliomas remains suboptimal. Preclinical data indicate that mesenchymal transition and radiation resistance in glioblastoma are driven by NF-κB and microglia activation, which can be inhibited by minocycline. We assessed the safety and efficacy of minocycline combined with standard radiation and temozolomide in newly diagnosed high-grade gliomas. Methods Adults with newly diagnosed high-grade glioma were eligible. Minocycline was given with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide. Minocycline doses were escalated using a 3 + 3 design and expanded to identify the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and adverse event profile. Individual progression-free survival (PFS) was compared to predicted PFS based on RTOG RPA class using a binomial test. The relationships between mesenchymal and microglial biomarkers were analyzed with immunohistochemistry. Results The MTD of minocycline was 150 mg twice per day (N = 20); 1 patient (5%) experienced CTCAE grade 3 + nausea and dizziness, and 2 patients (10%) demonstrated thrombocytopenia requiring temozolomide interruptions. Twelve patients exceeded their predicted PFS (60%), which did not meet the predefined efficacy endpoint of 70%. Symptoms increased during post-radiation treatment but remained mild. No significant correlation was seen between biomarkers and PFS. Expression levels of P-p65, a marker of NF-κB activation, were correlated with the microglia marker IBA-1. Conclusions Minocycline at 150 mg twice per day is well tolerated with standard chemoradiation in patients with newly diagnosed high-grade gliomas. PFS was not significantly increased with the addition of minocycline when compared to historical controls. NF-κB activation correlates with microglia levels in high-grade glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B McKean
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jingye Yang
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kenneth Boucher
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Dennis C Shrieve
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Gita Suneja
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Karen Salzman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Randy Jensen
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Howard Colman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Adam L Cohen
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Division of Oncology, Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
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Prokop G, Wiestler B, Hieber D, Withake F, Mayer K, Gempt J, Delbridge C, Schmidt-Graf F, Pfarr N, Märkl B, Schlegel J, Liesche-Starnecker F. Multiscale quantification of morphological heterogeneity with creation of a predictor of longer survival in glioblastoma. Int J Cancer 2023; 153:1658-1670. [PMID: 37501565 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Intratumor heterogeneity is a main cause of the dismal prognosis of glioblastoma (GBM). Yet, there remains a lack of a uniform assessment of the degree of heterogeneity. With a multiscale approach, we addressed the hypothesis that intratumor heterogeneity exists on different levels comprising traditional regional analyses, but also innovative methods including computer-assisted analysis of tumor morphology combined with epigenomic data. With this aim, 157 biopsies of 37 patients with therapy-naive IDH-wildtype GBM were analyzed regarding the intratumor variance of protein expression of glial marker GFAP, microglia marker Iba1 and proliferation marker Mib1. Hematoxylin and eosin stained slides were evaluated for tumor vascularization. For the estimation of pixel intensity and nuclear profiling, automated analysis was used. Additionally, DNA methylation profiling was conducted separately for the single biopsies. Scoring systems were established to integrate several parameters into one score for the four examined modalities of heterogeneity (regional, cellular, pixel-level and epigenomic). As a result, we could show that heterogeneity was detected in all four modalities. Furthermore, for the regional, cellular and epigenomic level, we confirmed the results of earlier studies stating that a higher degree of heterogeneity is associated with poorer overall survival. To integrate all modalities into one score, we designed a predictor of longer survival, which showed a highly significant separation regarding the OS. In conclusion, multiscale intratumor heterogeneity exists in glioblastoma and its degree has an impact on overall survival. In future studies, the implementation of a broadly feasible heterogeneity index should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Prokop
- Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Wiestler
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Hieber
- Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- Institute DigiHealth, Neu-Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Neu-Ulm, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Augsburg, Germany
| | - Fynn Withake
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karoline Mayer
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Gempt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claire Delbridge
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Friederike Schmidt-Graf
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Pfarr
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bruno Märkl
- Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schlegel
- Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Friederike Liesche-Starnecker
- Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Augsburg, Germany
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Soukup J, Gerykova L, Rachelkar A, Hornychova H, Bartos MC, Krupa P, Vitovcova B, Pleskacova Z, Kasparova P, Dvorakova K, Skarkova V, Petera J. Diagnostic Utility of Immunohistochemical Detection of MEOX2, SOX11, INSM1 and EGFR in Gliomas. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2546. [PMID: 37568909 PMCID: PMC10417822 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13152546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Histological identification of dispersed glioma cells in small biopsies can be challenging, especially in tumours lacking the IDH1 R132H mutation or alterations in TP53. We postulated that immunohistochemical detection of proteins expressed preferentially in gliomas (EGFR, MEOX2, CD34) or during embryonal development (SOX11, INSM1) can be used to distinguish reactive gliosis from glioma. Tissue microarrays of 46 reactive glioses, 81 glioblastomas, 34 IDH1-mutant diffuse gliomas, and 23 gliomas of other types were analysed. Glial neoplasms were significantly more often (p < 0.001, χ2) positive for EGFR (34.1% vs. 0%), MEOX2 (49.3% vs. 2.3%), SOX11 (70.5% vs. 20.4%), and INSM1 (65.4% vs. 2.3%). In 94.3% (66/70) of the glioblastomas, the expression of at least two markers was observed, while no reactive gliosis showed coexpression of any of the proteins. Compared to IDH1-mutant tumours, glioblastomas showed significantly higher expression of EGFR, MEOX2, and CD34 and significantly lower positivity for SOX11. Non-diffuse gliomas were only rarely positive for any of the five markers tested. Our results indicate that immunohistochemical detection of EGFR, MEOX2, SOX11, and INSM1 can be useful for detection of glioblastoma cells in limited histological samples, especially when used in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Soukup
- Department of Pathology, Military University Hospital Prague, U Vojenske Nemocnice 1200, Praha 6, 169 02 Prague, Czech Republic
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Gerykova
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Anjali Rachelkar
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Hornychova
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Christian Bartos
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Krupa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Vitovcova
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Zborovská 2089, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (B.V.)
| | - Zuzana Pleskacova
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Kasparova
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Dvorakova
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Zborovská 2089, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (B.V.)
| | - Veronika Skarkova
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Zborovská 2089, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (B.V.)
| | - Jiri Petera
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Ciechomska IA, Wojnicki K, Wojtas B, Szadkowska P, Poleszak K, Kaza B, Jaskula K, Dawidczyk W, Czepko R, Banach M, Czapski B, Nauman P, Kotulska K, Grajkowska W, Roszkowski M, Czernicki T, Marchel A, Kaminska B. Exploring Novel Therapeutic Opportunities for Glioblastoma Using Patient-Derived Cell Cultures. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051562. [PMID: 36900355 PMCID: PMC10000883 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are the most common, primary brain tumors in adults. Despite advances in neurosurgery and radio- and chemotherapy, the median survival of GBM patients is 15 months. Recent large-scale genomic, transcriptomic and epigenetic analyses have shown the cellular and molecular heterogeneity of GBMs, which hampers the outcomes of standard therapies. We have established 13 GBM-derived cell cultures from fresh tumor specimens and characterized them molecularly using RNA-seq, immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry. Evaluation of proneural (OLIG2, IDH1R132H, TP53 and PDGFRα), classical (EGFR) and mesenchymal markers (CHI3L1/YKL40, CD44 and phospho-STAT3), and the expression of pluripotency (SOX2, OLIG2, NESTIN) and differentiation (GFAP, MAP2, β-Tubulin III) markers revealed the striking intertumor heterogeneity of primary GBM cell cultures. Upregulated expression of VIMENTIN, N-CADHERIN and CD44 at the mRNA/protein levels suggested increased epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in most studied cell cultures. The effects of temozolomide (TMZ) or doxorubicin (DOX) were tested in three GBM-derived cell cultures with different methylation status of the MGMT promoter. Amongst TMZ- or DOX-treated cultures, the strongest accumulation of the apoptotic markers caspase 7 and PARP were found in WG4 cells with methylated MGMT, suggesting that its methylation status predicts vulnerability to both drugs. As many GBM-derived cells showed high EGFR levels, we tested the effects of AG1478, an EGFR inhibitor, on downstream signaling pathways. AG1478 caused decreased levels of phospho-STAT3, and thus inhibition of active STAT3 augmented antitumor effects of DOX and TMZ in cells with methylated and intermediate status of MGMT. Altogether, our findings show that GBM-derived cell cultures mimic the considerable tumor heterogeneity, and that identifying patient-specific signaling vulnerabilities can assist in overcoming therapy resistance, by providing personalized combinatorial treatment recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona A. Ciechomska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (I.A.C.); (B.K.)
| | - Kamil Wojnicki
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wojtas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Szadkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Poleszak
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Kaza
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Jaskula
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Dawidczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ryszard Czepko
- Department of Neurosurgery, Scanmed S.A. St. Raphael Hospital, 30-693 Cracow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Banach
- Department of Neurosurgery, Scanmed S.A. St. Raphael Hospital, 30-693 Cracow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Czapski
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Nauman
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kotulska
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-736 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wieslawa Grajkowska
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-736 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Roszkowski
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-736 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Czernicki
- Neurosurgery Department and Clinic, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Marchel
- Neurosurgery Department and Clinic, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (I.A.C.); (B.K.)
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Wu PB, Filley AC, Miller ML, Bruce JN. Benign Glioma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1405:31-71. [PMID: 37452934 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-23705-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Benign glioma broadly refers to a heterogeneous group of slow-growing glial tumors with low proliferative rates and a more indolent clinical course. These tumors may also be described as "low-grade" glioma (LGG) and are classified as WHO grade I or II lesions according to the Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (CNS) (Louis et al. in Acta Neuropathol 114:97-109, 2007). Advances in molecular genetics have improved understanding of glioma tumorigenesis, leading to the identification of common mutation profiles with significant treatment and prognostic implications. The most recent WHO 2016 classification system has introduced several notable changes in the way that gliomas are diagnosed, with a new emphasis on molecular features as key factors in differentiation (Wesseling and Capper in Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 44:139-150, 2018). Benign gliomas have a predilection for younger patients and are among the most frequently diagnosed tumors in children and young adults (Ostrom et al. in Neuro Oncol 22:iv1-iv96, 2020). These tumors can be separated into two clinically distinct subgroups. The first group is of focal, well-circumscribed lesions that notably are not associated with an increased risk of malignant transformation. Primarily diagnosed in pediatric patients, these WHO grade I tumors may be cured with surgical resection alone (Sturm et al. in J Clin Oncol 35:2370-2377, 2017). Recurrence rates are low, and the prognosis for these patients is excellent (Ostrom et al. in Neuro Oncol 22:iv1-iv96, 2020). Diffuse gliomas are WHO grade II lesions with a more infiltrative pattern of growth and high propensity for recurrence. These tumors are primarily diagnosed in young adult patients, and classically present with seizures (Pallud et al. Brain 137:449-462, 2014). The term "benign" is a misnomer in many cases, as the natural history of these tumors is with malignant transformation and recurrence as grade III or grade IV tumors (Jooma et al. in J Neurosurg 14:356-363, 2019). For all LGG, surgery with maximal safe resection is the treatment of choice for both primary and recurrent tumors. The goal of surgery should be for gross total resection (GTR), as complete tumor removal is associated with higher rates of tumor control and seizure freedom. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy (RT), while not typically a component of first-line treatment in most cases, may be employed as adjunctive therapy in high-risk or recurrent tumors and in some select cases. The prognosis of benign gliomas varies widely; non-infiltrative tumor subtypes generally have an excellent prognosis, while diffusely infiltrative tumors, although slow-growing, are eventually fatal (Sturm et al. in J Clin Oncol 35:2370-2377, 2017). This chapter reviews the shared and unique individual features of the benign glioma including diffuse glioma, pilocytic astrocytoma and pilomyxoid astrocytoma (PMA), subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA), pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA), subependymoma (SE), angiocentric glioma (AG), and chordoid glioma (CG). Also discussed is ganglioglioma (GG), a mixed neuronal-glial tumor that represents a notable diagnosis in the differential for other LGG (Wesseling and Capper 2018). Ependymomas of the brain and spinal cord, including major histologic subtypes, are discussed in other chapters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Anna C Filley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Michael L Miller
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Bruce
- Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA.
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8
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Dénes A, Bontell TO, Barchéus H, Vega SF, Carén H, Lindskog C, Jakola AS, Smits A. The clinical value of proneural, classical and mesenchymal protein signatures in WHO 2021 adult-type diffuse lower-grade gliomas. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285732. [PMID: 37192181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Accumulating evidence shows that mesenchymal transition of glioblastomas is associated with a more aggressive course of disease and therapy resistance. In WHO2021-defined adult-type diffuse gliomas of lower grade (dLGG), the transition of the tumor phenotype over time, has not been studied. Most efforts to correlate proneural, classical or mesenchymal phenotype with outcome in dLGG were made prior to the WHO 2021 classification. Here, we set out to investigate if phenotype predicted survival and tumor recurrence in a clinical cohort of dLGGs, re-classified according to the 2021 WHO criteria. METHODS Using a TMA-based approach with five immunohistochemical markers (EGFR, p53, MERTK, CD44 and OLIG2), we investigated 183 primary and 49 recurrent tumors derived from patients with previously diagnosed dLGG. Of the 49 relapses, nine tumors recurred a second time, and one a third time. RESULTS In total, 71.0% of all tumors could be subtyped. Proneural was most dominant in IDH-mut tumors (78.5%), mesenchymal more common among IDH-wt tumors (63.6%). There was a significant difference in survival between classical, proneural and mesenchymal phenotypes in the total cohort (p<0.001), but not after molecular stratification (IDH-mut: p = 0.220, IDH-wt: p = 0.623). Upon recurrence, proneural was retained in 66.7% of the proneural IDH-mut dLGGs (n = 21), whereas IDH-wt tumors (n = 10) mainly retained or gained mesenchymal phenotype. No significant difference in survival was found between IDH-mut gliomas remaining proneural and those shifting to mesenchymal phenotype (p = 0.347). CONCLUSION Subtyping into classical, proneural and mesenchymal phenotypes by five immunohistochemical markers, was possible for the majority of tumors, but protein signatures did not correlate with patient survival in our WHO2021-stratified cohort. At recurrence, IDH-mut tumors mainly retained proneural, while IDH-wt tumors mostly retained or gained mesenchymal signatures. This phenotypic shift, associated with increased aggressiveness in glioblastoma, did not affect survival. Group sizes were, however, too small to draw any firm conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dénes
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Olsson Bontell
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hanna Barchéus
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sandra Ferreyra Vega
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Carén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lindskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Asgeir S Jakola
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anja Smits
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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9
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Karami Fath M, Babakhaniyan K, Anjomrooz M, Jalalifar M, Alizadeh SD, Pourghasem Z, Abbasi Oshagh P, Azargoonjahromi A, Almasi F, Manzoor HZ, Khalesi B, Pourzardosht N, Khalili S, Payandeh Z. Recent Advances in Glioma Cancer Treatment: Conventional and Epigenetic Realms. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1448. [PMID: 36146527 PMCID: PMC9501259 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most typical and aggressive form of primary brain tumor in adults, with a poor prognosis. Successful glioma treatment is hampered by ineffective medication distribution across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the emergence of drug resistance. Although a few FDA-approved multimodal treatments are available for glioblastoma, most patients still have poor prognoses. Targeting epigenetic variables, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and different vaccine- and peptide-based treatments are some innovative approaches to improve anti-glioma treatment efficacy. Following the identification of lymphatics in the central nervous system, immunotherapy offers a potential method with the potency to permeate the blood-brain barrier. This review will discuss the rationale, tactics, benefits, and drawbacks of current glioma therapy options in clinical and preclinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karami Fath
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 1571914911, Iran
| | - Kimiya Babakhaniyan
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1996713883, Iran
| | - Mehran Anjomrooz
- Department of Radiology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411713135, Iran
| | | | | | - Zeinab Pourghasem
- Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University of Lahijan, Gilan 4416939515, Iran
| | - Parisa Abbasi Oshagh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Malayer University, Malayer 6571995863, Iran
| | - Ali Azargoonjahromi
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7417773539, Iran
| | - Faezeh Almasi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1411734115, Iran
| | - Hafza Zahira Manzoor
- Experimental and Translational Medicine, University of Insubria, Via jean Henry Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Bahman Khalesi
- Department of Research and Production of Poultry Viral Vaccine, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj 3197619751, Iran
| | - Navid Pourzardosht
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht 4193713111, Iran
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran 1678815811, Iran
| | - Zahra Payandeh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division Medical Inflammation Research, Karolinska Institute, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Mo H, Magaki S, Deisch JK, Raghavan R. Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Mutations Are Associated with Different Expression and DNA Methylation Patterns of OLIG2 in Adult Gliomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 81:707-716. [PMID: 35856894 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant gliomas are associated with a better prognosis in comparison to adult IDH wild-type glioma and glioma-CpG island methylator phenotypes. Although OLIG2 is mainly expressed in oligodendrocytes in normal adult brain, it is expressed in both astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas. Utilizing the clinical, DNA methylation, and RNA-sequencing data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for lower-grade glioma and glioblastoma cohorts, we explored the association between IDH mutation status and OLIG2 expression on transcription, DNA methylation, and gene target levels. Compared to IDH wild-type gliomas, IDH mutant gliomas showed consistently higher expression of OLIG2 transcripts. OLIG2 overexpression is a good surrogate marker for IDH mutation with an AUC of 0.90. At the DNA methylation level, IDH-mutant gliomas showed hyper- and hypomethylation foci upstream of the OLIG2 transcription start site. Underexpressed OLIG2 target genes in IDH mutant glioma were enriched in cell cycle-related pathways. Thus, the differential expression of OLIG2 between IDH mutant and wild-type gliomas reflects involvement in multiple pathways in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Mo
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shino Magaki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jeremy K Deisch
- Department of Pathology, Loma Linda University Medical Center and School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Ravi Raghavan
- Department of Pathology, Loma Linda University Medical Center and School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
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11
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Monocentric evaluation of Ki-67 labeling index in combination with a modified RPA score as a prognostic factor for survival in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma patients treated with radiochemotherapy. Strahlenther Onkol 2022; 198:892-906. [PMID: 35612598 PMCID: PMC9515058 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-022-01959-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The prognosis for glioblastoma patients remains dismal despite intensive research on better treatment options. Molecular and immunohistochemical markers are increasingly being investigated as understanding of their role in disease progression grows. O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation has been shown to have prognostic and therapeutic relevance for glioblastoma patients. Other markers implicated in tumor formation and/or malignancy are p53, Alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX), Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor splice variant III (EGFRvIII), and Ki-67, with loss of nuclear ATRX expression and lower Ki-67 index being associated with prolonged survival. For p53 and EGFRvIII the data are contradictory. Our aim was to investigate the markers mentioned above regarding progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) to evaluate their viability as independent prognostic markers for our patient collective. Methods In this retrospective study, we collected data on patients undergoing radiotherapy due to isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wildtype glioblastoma at a single university hospital between 2014 and 2020. Results Our findings confirm Ki-67 labeling index ≤ 20% as an independent prognostic factor for prolonged PFS as well as MGMT promoter methylation for both prolonged PFS and OS, in consideration of age and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) status, chemotherapy treatment, and total radiation dose for PFS as well as additionally sex, resection status, and receipt of treatment for progression or recurrence for OS. Additionally, Ki-67 labeling index ≤ 20% showed a significant correlation with prolonged OS in univariate analysis. Modification of the recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) score to include Ki-67 labeling index resulted in a classification with the possible ability to distinguish long-term-survivors from patients with unfavorable prognosis. Conclusion MGMT promoter methylation and Ki-67 labeling index were independent predictors of survival in our collective. We see further studies pooling patient collectives to reach larger patient numbers concerning Ki-67 labeling index as being warranted. Supplementary Information The online version of this article (10.1007/s00066-022-01959-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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12
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Li Y, Gao X. LINC00883 Promotes Drug Resistance of Glioma Through a microRNA-136/NEK1-Dependent Mechanism. Front Oncol 2022; 11:692265. [PMID: 35083134 PMCID: PMC8785904 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.692265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Accumulating evidence has highlighted the roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) of microRNAs (miRNAs) through their binding sites in the progression of glioma. Hereby, we aim to explore the role of LINC00883 as a regulator of miR-136 and its target, NIMA-related kinase 1 (NEK1), thus, its involvement in the drug resistance of glioma cells. Methods and Results Mechanistic investigations by dual-luciferase reporter, RNA pull-down, and RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays indicated that LINC00883 bound to miR-136, thereby blocking miR-136-induced downregulation of NEK1. Through gain-of-function experiments in U251 cells that presented a high drug resistance, we found that ectopic expression of LINC00883 resulted in increased MRP (encoding multidrug resistance-associated protein), limited cell apoptosis, and increased proliferation. Expectedly, depleting LINC00883 yielded tumor-suppressive and anti-chemoresistance effects on U251 cells by increasing miR-136 and inhibiting NEK1. Next, drug-resistant glioma cell line SOWZ1, drug-sensitive glioma cell line SOWZ2, and drug-resistant glioma cell line SOWZ2-BCNU (SOWZ2 cultured in BCNU) were applied to validate the roles of LINC00883 in the regulation of multidrug resistance. LINC00883 knockdown suppressed the viability of SWOZ1, SWOZ2, and SWOZ2-BCNU cells. Conclusion In conclusion, LINC00883 knockdown reduces drug resistance in glioma. Hence, our study provides a future strategy to prevent drug resistance-induced therapeutic failure in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhe Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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13
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Carstam L, Corell A, Smits A, Dénes A, Barchéus H, Modin K, Sjögren H, Ferreyra Vega S, Bontell TO, Carén H, Jakola AS. WHO Grade Loses Its Prognostic Value in Molecularly Defined Diffuse Lower-Grade Gliomas. Front Oncol 2022; 11:803975. [PMID: 35083156 PMCID: PMC8785215 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.803975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While molecular insights to diffuse lower-grade glioma (dLGG) have improved the basis for prognostication, most established clinical prognostic factors come from the pre-molecular era. For instance, WHO grade as a predictor for survival in dLGG with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation has recently been questioned. We studied the prognostic role of WHO grade in molecularly defined subgroups and evaluated earlier used prognostic factors in the current molecular setting. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 253 adults with morphological dLGG, consecutively included between 2007 and 2018, were assessed. IDH mutations, codeletion of chromosomal arms 1p/19q, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A/B (CDKN2A/B) deletions were analyzed. RESULTS There was no survival benefit for patients with WHO grade 2 over grade 3 IDH-mut dLGG after exclusion of tumors with known CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion (n=157) (log-rank p=0.97). This was true also after stratification for oncological postoperative treatment and when astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas were analyzed separately. In IDH-mut astrocytomas, residual tumor volume after surgery was an independent prognostic factor for survival (HR 1.02; 95% CI 1.01-1.03; p=0.003), but not in oligodendrogliomas (HR 1.02; 95% CI 1.00-1.03; p=0.15). Preoperative tumor size was an independent predictor in both astrocytomas (HR 1.03; 95% CI 1.00-1.05; p=0.02) and oligodendrogliomas (HR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01-1.09; p=0.01). Age was not a significant prognostic factor in multivariable analyses (astrocytomas p=0.64, oligodendrogliomas p=0.08). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that WHO grade is not a robust prognostic factor in molecularly well-defined dLGG. Preoperative tumor size remained a prognostic factor in both IDH-mut astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas in our cohort, whereas residual tumor volume predicted prognosis in IDH-mut astrocytomas only. The age cutoffs for determining high risk in patients with IDH-mut dLGG from the pre-molecular era are not supported by our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Carstam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alba Corell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anja Smits
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Dénes
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hanna Barchéus
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Klara Modin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helene Sjögren
- Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sandra Ferreyra Vega
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Olsson Bontell
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Carén
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Asgeir Store Jakola
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neurosurgery, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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14
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Multiple Irradiation Affects Cellular and Extracellular Components of the Mouse Brain Tissue and Adhesion and Proliferation of Glioblastoma Cells in Experimental System In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413350. [PMID: 34948147 PMCID: PMC8703639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) is a standard treatment for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients; however, its effect on the normal brain tissue remains unclear. Here, we investigated the short-term effects of multiple irradiation on the cellular and extracellular glycosylated components of normal brain tissue and their functional significance. Triple irradiation (7 Gy*3 days) of C57Bl/6 mouse brain inhibited the viability, proliferation and biosynthetic activity of normal glial cells, resulting in a fast brain-zone-dependent deregulation of the expression of proteoglycans (PGs) (decorin, biglycan, versican, brevican and CD44). Complex time-point-specific (24–72 h) changes in decorin and brevican protein and chondroitin sulfate (CS) and heparan sulfate (HS) content suggested deterioration of the PGs glycosylation in irradiated brain tissue, while the transcriptional activity of HS-biosynthetic system remained unchanged. The primary glial cultures and organotypic slices from triple-irradiated brain tissue were more susceptible to GBM U87 cells’ adhesion and proliferation in co-culture systems in vitro and ex vivo. In summary, multiple irradiation affects glycosylated components of normal brain extracellular matrix (ECM) through inhibition of the functional activity of normal glial cells. The changed content and pattern of PGs and GAGs in irradiated brain tissues are accompanied by the increased adhesion and proliferation of GBM cells, suggesting a novel molecular mechanism of negative side-effects of anti-GBM radiotherapy.
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15
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Lee M, Woo J, Kim DH, Yang YM, Lee EY, Kim JH, Kang SG, Shim JK, Park JY. A novel paper MAP method for rapid high resolution histological analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23340. [PMID: 34857810 PMCID: PMC8639998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional visualization of cellular and subcellular-structures in histological-tissues is essential for understanding the complexities of biological-phenomena, especially with regards structural and spatial relationships and pathologlical-diagnosis. Recent advancements in tissue-clearing technology, such as Magnified Analysis of Proteome (MAP), have significantly improved our ability to study biological-structures in three-dimensional space; however, their wide applicability to a variety of tissues is limited by long incubation-times and a need for advanced imaging-systems that are not readily available in most-laboratories. Here, we present optimized MAP-based method for paper-thin samples, Paper-MAP, which allow for rapid clearing and subsequent imaging of three-dimensional sections derived from various tissues using conventional confocal-microscopy. Paper-MAP successfully clear tissues within 1-day, compared to the original-MAP, without significant differences in achieved optical-transparency. As a proof-of-concept, we investigated the vasculature and neuronal-networks of a variety of human and rodent tissues processed via Paper-MAP, in both healthy and diseased contexts, including Alzheimer’s disease and glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirae Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,The Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Research Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Woo
- The Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Research Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Biohedron Therapeutics Co., Ltd, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Doh-Hee Kim
- Research Institute, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, 02053, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,The Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Research Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunice Yoojin Lee
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jung-Hee Kim
- Research Institute, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, 02053, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Gu Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Sciences, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyung Shim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yoon Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea. .,The Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea. .,Biomedical Research Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Ensenyat-Mendez M, Íñiguez-Muñoz S, Sesé B, Marzese DM. iGlioSub: an integrative transcriptomic and epigenomic classifier for glioblastoma molecular subtypes. BioData Min 2021; 14:42. [PMID: 34425860 PMCID: PMC8381510 DOI: 10.1186/s13040-021-00273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and prevalent primary brain tumor, with a median survival of 15 months. Advancements in multi-omics profiling combined with computational algorithms have unraveled the existence of three GBM molecular subtypes (Classical, Mesenchymal, and Proneural) with clinical relevance. However, due to the costs of high-throughput profiling techniques, GBM molecular subtyping is not currently employed in clinical settings. METHODS Using Random Forest and Nearest Shrunken Centroid algorithms, we constructed transcriptomic, epigenomic, and integrative GBM subtype-specific classifiers. We included gene expression and DNA methylation (DNAm) profiles from 304 GBM patients profiled in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), the Human Glioblastoma Cell Culture resource (HGCC), and other publicly available databases. RESULTS The integrative Glioblastoma Subtype (iGlioSub) classifier shows better performance (mean AUC = 95.9%) stratifying patients than gene expression (mean AUC = 91.9%) and DNAm-based classifiers (AUC = 93.6%). Also, to expand the understanding of the molecular differences between the GBM subtypes, this study shows that each subtype presents unique DNAm patterns and gene pathway activation. CONCLUSIONS The iGlioSub classifier provides the basis to design cost-effective strategies to stratify GBM patients in routine pathology laboratories for clinical trials, which will significantly accelerate the discovery of more efficient GBM subtype-specific treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Ensenyat-Mendez
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory at the Cancer Cell Biology Group, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Carretera de Valldemosa 79, -1F, 07120, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Sandra Íñiguez-Muñoz
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory at the Cancer Cell Biology Group, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Carretera de Valldemosa 79, -1F, 07120, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Borja Sesé
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory at the Cancer Cell Biology Group, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Carretera de Valldemosa 79, -1F, 07120, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Diego M Marzese
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory at the Cancer Cell Biology Group, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Carretera de Valldemosa 79, -1F, 07120, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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17
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Latini F, Fahlström M, Beháňová A, Sintorn IM, Hodik M, Staxäng K, Ryttlefors M. The link between gliomas infiltration and white matter architecture investigated with electron microscopy and diffusion tensor imaging. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 31:102735. [PMID: 34247117 PMCID: PMC8274339 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse low-grade gliomas (DLGG) display different preferential locations in eloquent and secondary associative brain areas. The reason for this tendency is still unknown. We hypothesized that the intrinsic architecture and water diffusion properties of the white matter bundles in these regions may facilitate gliomas infiltration. Magnetic resonance imaging of sixty-seven diffuse low-grade gliomas patients were normalized to/and segmented in MNI space to create three probabilistic infiltration weighted gradient maps according to the molecular status of each tumor group (IDH mutated, IDH wild-type and IDH mutated/1p19q co-deleted). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)- based parameters were derived for five major white matter bundles, displaying regional differences in the grade of infiltration, averaged over 20 healthy individuals acquired from the Human connectome project (HCP) database. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to analyze fiber density, fiber diameter and g-ratio in 100 human white matter regions, sampled from cadaver specimens, reflecting areas with different gliomas infiltration in each white matter bundle. Histological results and DTI-based parameters were compared in anatomical regions of high- and low grade of infiltration (HIF and LIF) respectively. We detected differences in the white matter infiltration of five major white matter bundles in three groups. Astrocytomas IDHm infiltrated left fronto-temporal subcortical areas. Astrocytomas IDHwt were detected in the posterior-temporal and temporo-parietal regions bilaterally. Oligodendrogliomas IDHm/1p19q infiltrated anterior subcortical regions of the frontal lobes bilaterally. Regional differences within the same white matter bundles were detected by both TEM- and DTI analysis linked to different topographical variables. Our multimodal analysis showed that HIF regions, common to all the groups, displayed a smaller fiber diameter, lower FA and higher RD compared with LIF regions. Our results suggest that the both morphological features and diffusion parameters of the white matter may be different in regions linked to the preferential location of DLGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Latini
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Markus Fahlström
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrea Beháňová
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ida-Maria Sintorn
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Monika Hodik
- Immunology, Genetics and Pathology - Biovis Platform, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Staxäng
- Immunology, Genetics and Pathology - Biovis Platform, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Ryttlefors
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Biserova K, Jakovlevs A, Uljanovs R, Strumfa I. Cancer Stem Cells: Significance in Origin, Pathogenesis and Treatment of Glioblastoma. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030621. [PMID: 33799798 PMCID: PMC8000844 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), known also as tumor-initiating cells, are quiescent, pluripotent, self-renewing neoplastic cells that were first identified in hematologic tumors and soon after in solid malignancies. CSCs have attracted remarkable research interest due to their role in tumor resistance to chemotherapy and radiation treatment as well as recurrence. Extensive research has been devoted to the role of CSCs in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common primary brain tumor in adults, which is characterized by a dismal prognosis because of its aggressive course and poor response to treatment. The aim of the current paper is to provide an overview of current knowledge on the role of cancer stem cells in the pathogenesis and treatment resistance of glioblastoma. The six regulatory mechanisms of glioma stem cells (GSCs)—tumor microenvironment, niche concept, metabolism, immunity, genetics, and epigenetics—are reviewed. The molecular markers used to identify GSCs are described. The role of GSCs in the treatment resistance of glioblastoma is reviewed, along with future treatment options targeting GSCs. Stem cells of glioblastoma thus represent both a driving mechanism of major treatment difficulties and a possible target for more effective future approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Biserova
- Faculty of Residency, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Correspondence:
| | - Arvids Jakovlevs
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (A.J.); (R.U.); (I.S.)
| | - Romans Uljanovs
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (A.J.); (R.U.); (I.S.)
| | - Ilze Strumfa
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (A.J.); (R.U.); (I.S.)
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19
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Sørensen MD, Nielsen O, Reifenberger G, Kristensen BW. The presence of TIM-3 positive cells in WHO grade III and IV astrocytic gliomas correlates with isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation status. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:e12921. [PMID: 33244787 PMCID: PMC8412096 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse gliomas are aggressive brain tumors that respond poorly to immunotherapy including immune checkpoint inhibition. This resistance may arise from an immunocompromised microenvironment and deficient immune recognition of tumor cells because of low mutational burden. The most prominent genetic alterations in diffuse glioma are mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) genes that generate the immunosuppressive oncometabolite d-2-hydroxyglutarate. Our objective was to explore the association between IDH mutation and presence of cells expressing the immune checkpoint proteins galectin-9 and/or T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3). Astrocytic gliomas of World Health Organization (WHO) grades III or IV (36 IDH-mutant and 36 IDH-wild-type) from 72 patients were included in this study. A novel multiplex chromogenic immunohistochemistry panel was applied using antibodies against galectin-9, TIM-3, and the oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (OLIG2). Validation studies were performed using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project. IDH mutation was associated with decreased levels of TIM-3+ cells (p < 0.05). No significant association was found between galectin-9 and IDH status (p = 0.10). Most TIM-3+ and galectin-9+ cells resembled microglia/macrophages, and very few TIM-3+ and/or galectin-9+ cells co-expressed OLIG2. The percentage of TIM-3+ T cells was generally low, however, IDH-mutant tumors contained significantly fewer TIM-3+ T cells (p < 0.01) and had a lower interaction rate between TIM-3+ T cells and galectin-9+ microglia/macrophages (p < 0.05). TCGA data confirmed lower TIM-3 mRNA expression in IDH-mutant compared to IDH-wild-type astrocytic gliomas (p = 0.013). Our results show that IDH mutation is associated with diminished levels of TIM-3+ cells and fewer interactions between TIM-3+ T cells and galectin-9+ microglia/macrophages, suggesting reduced activity of the galectin-9/TIM-3 immune checkpoint pathway in IDH-mutant astrocytic gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia D Sørensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ole Nielsen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Guido Reifenberger
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKT), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Essen, Germany
| | - Bjarne W Kristensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine and Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Liesche-Starnecker F, Mayer K, Kofler F, Baur S, Schmidt-Graf F, Kempter J, Prokop G, Pfarr N, Wei W, Gempt J, Combs SE, Zimmer C, Meyer B, Wiestler B, Schlegel J. Immunohistochemically Characterized Intratumoral Heterogeneity Is a Prognostic Marker in Human Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102964. [PMID: 33066251 PMCID: PMC7602025 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Intratumoral heterogeneity is believed to contribute to the immense therapy resistance and recurrence rate of glioblastoma. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the heterogeneity of 36 human glioblastoma samples on a morphological level by immunohistochemistry. We confirmed that this method is valid for heterogeneity detection. 115 Areas of Interest were labelled. By cluster analysis, we defined two subtypes (“classical” and “mesenchymal”). The results of epigenomic analyses corroborated the findings. Interestingly, patients with tumors that consisted of both subtypes (“subtype-heterogeneous”) showed a shorter overall survival compared to patients with tumor that were dominated by one subtype (“subtype-dominant”). Furthermore, the analysis of 21 corresponding pairs of primary and recurrent glioblastoma demonstrated that, additionally to an intratumoral heterogeneity, there is also a chronological heterogeneity with dominance of the mesenchymal subtype in recurrent tumors. Our study confirms the prognostic impact of intratumoral heterogeneity in glioblastoma and makes this hallmark assessable by routine diagnostics. Abstract Tumor heterogeneity is considered to be a hallmark of glioblastoma (GBM). Only more recently, it has become apparent that GBM is not only heterogeneous between patients (intertumoral heterogeneity) but more importantly, also within individual patients (intratumoral heterogeneity). In this study, we focused on assessing intratumoral heterogeneity. For this purpose, the heterogeneity of 38 treatment-naïve GBM was characterized by immunohistochemistry. Perceptible areas were rated for ALDH1A3, EGFR, GFAP, Iba1, Olig2, p53, and Mib1. By clustering methods, two distinct groups similar to subtypes described in literature were detected. The classical subtype featured a strong EGFR and Olig2 positivity, whereas the mesenchymal subtype displayed a strong ALDH1A3 expression and a high fraction of Iba1-positive microglia. 18 tumors exhibited both subtypes and were classified as “subtype-heterogeneous”, whereas the areas of the other tumors were all assigned to the same cluster and named “subtype-dominant”. Results of epigenomic analyses corroborated these findings. Strikingly, the subtype-heterogeneous tumors showed a clearly shorter overall survival compared to subtype-dominant tumors. Furthermore, 21 corresponding pairs of primary and recurrent GBM were compared, showing a dominance of the mesenchymal subtype in the recurrent tumors. Our study confirms the prognostic impact of intratumoral heterogeneity in GBM, and more importantly, makes this hallmark assessable by routine diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Liesche-Starnecker
- Department of Neuropathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich, Trogerstraße 18, 81675 München, Germany; (K.M.); (S.B.); (G.P.); (W.W.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-6145
| | - Karoline Mayer
- Department of Neuropathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich, Trogerstraße 18, 81675 München, Germany; (K.M.); (S.B.); (G.P.); (W.W.); (J.S.)
| | - Florian Kofler
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Germany; (F.K.); (C.Z.); (B.W.)
| | - Sandra Baur
- Department of Neuropathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich, Trogerstraße 18, 81675 München, Germany; (K.M.); (S.B.); (G.P.); (W.W.); (J.S.)
| | - Friederike Schmidt-Graf
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Germany; (F.S.-G.); (J.K.)
| | - Johanna Kempter
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Germany; (F.S.-G.); (J.K.)
| | - Georg Prokop
- Department of Neuropathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich, Trogerstraße 18, 81675 München, Germany; (K.M.); (S.B.); (G.P.); (W.W.); (J.S.)
| | - Nicole Pfarr
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Trogerstraße 18, 81675 München, Germany;
| | - Wu Wei
- Department of Neuropathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich, Trogerstraße 18, 81675 München, Germany; (K.M.); (S.B.); (G.P.); (W.W.); (J.S.)
| | - Jens Gempt
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Germany; (J.G.); (B.M.)
| | - Stephanie E. Combs
- Department of RadiationOncology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Germany;
| | - Claus Zimmer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Germany; (F.K.); (C.Z.); (B.W.)
| | - Bernhard Meyer
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Germany; (J.G.); (B.M.)
| | - Benedikt Wiestler
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Germany; (F.K.); (C.Z.); (B.W.)
- TranslaTUM (Zentralinstitut für translationale Krebsforschung der Technischen Universität München), Einsteinstraße 25, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schlegel
- Department of Neuropathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich, Trogerstraße 18, 81675 München, Germany; (K.M.); (S.B.); (G.P.); (W.W.); (J.S.)
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21
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Carrato C, Alameda F, Esteve-Codina A, Pineda E, Arpí O, Martinez-García M, Mallo M, Gut M, Lopez-Martos R, Barco SD, Ribalta T, Capellades J, Puig J, Gallego O, Mesia C, Muñoz-Marmol AM, Archilla I, Arumí M, Blanc JM, Bellosillo B, Menendez S, Esteve A, Bagué S, Hernandez A, Craven-Bartle J, Fuentes R, Vidal N, Aldecoa I, Iglesia NDL, Balana C. Glioblastoma TCGA Mesenchymal and IGS 23 Tumors are Identifiable by IHC and have an Immune-phenotype Indicating a Potential Benefit from Immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:6600-6609. [PMID: 32998960 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-2171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Molecular subtype classifications in glioblastoma may detect therapy sensitivities. IHC would potentially allow the identification of molecular subtypes in routine clinical practice. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor samples of 124 uniformly treated, newly diagnosed patients with glioblastoma were submitted to RNA sequencing, IHC, and immune-phenotyping to identify differences in molecular subtypes associated with treatment sensitivities. RESULTS We detected high molecular and IHC overlapping of the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) mesenchymal subtype with instrinsic glioma subtypes (IGS) cluster 23 and of the TCGA classical subtype with IGS cluster 18. IHC patterns, gene fusion profiles, and immune-phenotypes varied across subtypes. IHC revealed that the TCGA classical subtype was identified by high expression of EGFR and low expression of PTEN, while the mesenchymal subtype was identified by low expression of SOX2 and high expression of two antibodies, SHC1 and TCIRG1, selected on the basis of RNA differential transcriptomic expression. The proneural subtype was identified by frequent positive IDH1 expression and high Olig2 and Ki67 expression. Immune-phenotyping showed that mesenchymal and IGS 23 tumors exhibited a higher positive effector cell score, a higher negative suppressor cell score, and lower levels of immune checkpoint molecules. The cell-type deconvolution analysis revealed that these tumors are highly enriched in M2 macrophages, resting memory CD4+ T cells, and activated dendritic cells, indicating that they may be ideal candidates for immunotherapy, especially with anti-M2 and/or dendritic cell vaccination. CONCLUSIONS There is a subset of tumors, frequently classified as mesenchymal or IGS cluster 23, that may be identified with IHC and could well be optimal candidates for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Carrato
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Francesc Alameda
- Pathology Department, Neuropathology Unit, Hospital del Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estela Pineda
- Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Arpí
- Cancer Research Program, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mar Mallo
- Institut de Recerca Contra la Leucèmia Josep Carreras, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marta Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Lopez-Martos
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Sonia Del Barco
- Medical Oncology, Institut Catala d'Oncologia (ICO) Girona, Hospital Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Teresa Ribalta
- Pathology Department (Neuropathology), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Josep Puig
- Radiology Department, Institut de Diagnòstic per la Imatge, Hospital Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Oscar Gallego
- Medical Oncology, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Mesia
- Neuro-Oncology Unit & Medical Oncology Department, Institut Catala d'Oncologia (ICO), Institut de Investigació Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana M Muñoz-Marmol
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ivan Archilla
- Pathology Department (Neuropathology), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Arumí
- Pathology Department, Neuropathology Unit, Hospital del Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julie Marie Blanc
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Bellosillo
- Pathology Department, Neuropathology Unit, Hospital del Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Menendez
- Cancer Research Program, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve
- Institut Catala d'Oncologia (ICO) Badalona, Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology (B-ARGO Group), Institut Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Silvia Bagué
- Pathology Department, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Hernandez
- Institut Catala d'Oncologia (ICO) Badalona, Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology (B-ARGO Group), Institut Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Fuentes
- Radiation Therapy Department, Institut Catala d'Oncologia (ICO), Girona, Spain
| | - Noemí Vidal
- Pathology Department, Hospital de Bellvitge. Bellvitge, Spain
| | - Iban Aldecoa
- Pathology Department (Neuropathology), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.,Neurological Tissue Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria de la Iglesia
- Glioma and Neural Stem Cell Group, Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors Team, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Balana
- Institut Catala d'Oncologia (ICO) Badalona, Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology (B-ARGO Group), Institut Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.
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22
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Zhang L, He L, Lugano R, Roodakker K, Bergqvist M, Smits A, Dimberg A. IDH mutation status is associated with distinct vascular gene expression signatures in lower-grade gliomas. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:1505-1516. [PMID: 29846705 PMCID: PMC6176806 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular gene expression patterns in lower-grade gliomas (LGGs; diffuse World Health Organization [WHO] grades II–III gliomas) have not been thoroughly investigated. The aim of this study was to molecularly characterize LGG vessels and determine if tumor isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation status affects vascular phenotype. Methods Gene expression was analyzed using an in-house dataset derived from microdissected vessels and total tumor samples from human glioma in combination with expression data from 289 LGG samples available in the database of The Cancer Genome Atlas. Vascular protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in human brain tumor tissue microarrays (TMAs) representing WHO grades II–IV gliomas and nonmalignant brain samples. Regulation of gene expression was examined in primary endothelial cells in vitro. Results Gene expression analysis of WHO grade II glioma indicated an intermediate stage of vascular abnormality, less severe than that of glioblastoma vessels but distinct from normal vessels. Enhanced expression of laminin subunit alpha 4 (LAMA4) and angiopoietin 2 (ANGPT2) in WHO grade II glioma was confirmed by staining of human TMAs. IDH wild-type LGGs displayed a specific angiogenic gene expression signature, including upregulation of ANGPT2 and serpin family H (SERPINH1), connected to enhanced endothelial cell migration and matrix remodeling. Transcription factor analysis indicated increased transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and hypoxia signaling in IDH wild-type LGGs. A subset of genes specifically induced in IDH wild-type LGG vessels was upregulated by stimulation of endothelial cells with TGFβ2, vascular endothelial growth factor, or cobalt chloride in vitro. Conclusion IDH wild-type LGG vessels are molecularly distinct from the vasculature of IDH-mutated LGGs. TGFβ and hypoxia-related signaling pathways may be potential targets for anti-angiogenic therapy of IDH wild-type LGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Roberta Lugano
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kenney Roodakker
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Bergqvist
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,Center for Research and Development, Uppsala University, Gävle Hospital, Gävle, Sweden.,Department of Radiation Sciences and Oncology, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anja Smits
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Dimberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
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23
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Bouchart C, Trépant AL, Hein M, Van Gestel D, Demetter P. Prognostic impact of glioblastoma stem cell markers OLIG2 and CCND2. Cancer Med 2019; 9:1069-1078. [PMID: 31568682 PMCID: PMC6997071 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal malignant brain tumor in adults. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are implicated in this poor prognosis and in radio(chemo‐)resistance. We have previously demonstrated that among potentially highly specific GSC markers oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factor 2 (OLIG2) appears to be the most specific and cyclin D2 (CCND2) the only one related to cell cycle regulation. The purpose of this work was to investigate the clinical significance and the evolution of OLIG2 and CCND2 protein expression in GBM. Methods and results Immunohistochemical expression analysis of Olig2 and Ccnd2 was carried out on a cohort of human paired GBM samples comparing initial resections with local recurrent tumors after radiation therapy (RT) alone or radio‐chemotherapy with temozolomide (RT‐TMZ). Uni‐ and multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that significant risk factors predicting early mortality (<12 months) are: subtotal surgery for recurrence, time to recurrence <6 months, Ccnd2 nuclear expression at initial surgery ≥30%, and Olig2 nuclear expression <30% at second surgery after RT alone and RT‐TMZ. Conclusions We demonstrated that patients for whom nuclear expression of Olig2 becomes low (<30%) after adjuvant treatments have a significantly shorter time to recurrence and survival reflecting most probably a proneural to mesenchymal transition of the GSCs population. We also highlighted the fact that at initial surgery, high nuclear expression (≥30%) of CCND2, a G1/S regulator specific of GSCs, has a prognostic value and is associated with early mortality (<12 months).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Bouchart
- Department of Radiation-Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne-Laure Trépant
- Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Hein
- Department of Psychiatry and Sleep Laboratory, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk Van Gestel
- Department of Radiation-Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pieter Demetter
- Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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24
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Stoyanov GS, Dzhenkov DL. On the Concepts and History of Glioblastoma Multiforme - Morphology, Genetics and Epigenetics. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2019; 60:48-66. [PMID: 29668458 DOI: 10.1515/folmed-2017-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a grade IV WHO malignant tumor with astrocytic differentiation. As one of the most common clinically diagnosed central nervous system (CNS) oncological entries, there have been a wide variety of historical reports of the description and evolution of ideas regarding these tumors. The first recorded reports of gliomas were given in British scientific reports, by Berns in 1800 and in 1804 by Abernety, with the first comprehensive histomorphological description being given in 1865 by Rudolf Virchow. In 1926 Percival Bailey and Harvey Cushing gave the base for the modern classification of gliomas. Between 1934 and 1941 the most prolific researcher in glioma research was Hans-Joachim Scherer, who postulated some of the clinico-morphological aspects of GBM. With the introduction of molecular and genetic tests the true multifomity of GBM has been established, with different genotypes bearing the same histomorphological and IHC picture, as well as some of the aspects of gliomagenesis. For a GBM to develop, a specific trigger mutation needs to occur in a GBM stem cell - primary GBM, or a slow aggregation of individual mutations, without a distinct trigger mutation - secondary GBM. Knowledge of GBM has been closely related to general medical knowledge of the CNS since these malignancies were first described more than 200 years ago. Several great leaps have been made in that time, in the footsteps of both CNS and advancements in general medical knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- George St Stoyanov
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Prof Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Deyan L Dzhenkov
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Prof Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
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TAM Receptor Pathways at the Crossroads of Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:2387614. [PMID: 31636733 PMCID: PMC6766163 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2387614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that pathogenic mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration are strongly linked with neuroinflammatory responses. Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (TAM receptors) constitute a subgroup of the receptor tyrosine kinase family, cell surface receptors which transmit signals from the extracellular space to the cytoplasm and nucleus. TAM receptors and the corresponding ligands, Growth Arrest Specific 6 and Protein S, are expressed in different tissues, including the nervous system, playing complex roles in tissue repair, inflammation and cell survival, proliferation, and migration. In the nervous system, TAM receptor signalling modulates neurogenesis and neuronal migration, synaptic plasticity, microglial activation, phagocytosis, myelination, and peripheral nerve repair, resulting in potential interest in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Multiple Sclerosis. In Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, a role of TAM receptors in neuronal survival and pathological protein aggregate clearance has been suggested, while in Multiple Sclerosis TAM receptors are involved in myelination and demyelination processes. To better clarify roles and pathways involving TAM receptors may have important therapeutic implications, given the fine modulation of multiple molecular processes which could be reached. In this review, we summarise the roles of TAM receptors in the central nervous system, focusing on the regulation of immune responses and microglial activities and analysing in vitro and in vivo studies regarding TAM signalling involvement in neurodegeneration.
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Alameda F, Velarde JM, Carrato C, Vidal N, Arumí M, Naranjo D, Martinez-Garcia M, Ribalta T, Balañá C. Prognostic value of stem cell markers in glioblastoma. Biomarkers 2019; 24:677-683. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2019.1652345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Alameda
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autonoma, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José María Velarde
- Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Cristina Carrato
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Noemí Vidal
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Teresa Ribalta
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Balañá
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Badalona, Spain
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De Luca C, Colangelo AM, Alberghina L, Papa M. Neuro-Immune Hemostasis: Homeostasis and Diseases in the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:459. [PMID: 30534057 PMCID: PMC6275309 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulation and the immune system interact in several physiological and pathological conditions, including tissue repair, host defense, and homeostatic maintenance. This network plays a key role in diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) by involving several cells (CNS resident cells, platelets, endothelium, and leukocytes) and molecular pathways (protease activity, complement factors, platelet granule content). Endothelial damage prompts platelet activation and the coagulation cascade as the first physiological step to support the rescue of damaged tissues, a flawed rescuing system ultimately producing neuroinflammation. Leukocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells are sensitive to the damage and indeed can release or respond to chemokines and cytokines (platelet factor 4, CXCL4, TNF, interleukins), and growth factors (including platelet-derived growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor) with platelet activation, change in capillary permeability, migration or differentiation of leukocytes. Thrombin, plasmin, activated complement factors and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), furthermore, activate intracellular transduction through complement or protease-activated receptors. Impairment of the neuro-immune hemostasis network induces acute or chronic CNS pathologies related to the neurovascular unit, either directly or by the systemic activation of its main steps. Neurons, glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) and the extracellular matrix play a crucial function in a “tetrapartite” synaptic model. Taking into account the neurovascular unit, in this review we thoroughly analyzed the influence of neuro-immune hemostasis on these five elements acting as a functional unit (“pentapartite” synapse) in the adaptive and maladaptive plasticity and discuss the relevance of these events in inflammatory, cerebrovascular, Alzheimer, neoplastic and psychiatric diseases. Finally, based on the solid reviewed data, we hypothesize a model of neuro-immune hemostatic network based on protein–protein interactions. In addition, we propose that, to better understand and favor the maintenance of adaptive plasticity, it would be useful to construct predictive molecular models, able to enlighten the regulating logic of the complex molecular network, which belongs to different cellular domains. A modeling approach would help to define how nodes of the network interact with basic cellular functions, such as mitochondrial metabolism, autophagy or apoptosis. It is expected that dynamic systems biology models might help to elucidate the fine structure of molecular events generated by blood coagulation and neuro-immune responses in several CNS diseases, thereby opening the way to more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Network, Department of Public Medicine, University of Campania-Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Colangelo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Lilia Alberghina
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Network, Department of Public Medicine, University of Campania-Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.,SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Pan Y, Yuan F, Li Y, Wang G, Lin Z, Chen L. Bromodomain PHD‑finger transcription factor promotes glioma progression and indicates poor prognosis. Oncol Rep 2018; 41:246-256. [PMID: 30542695 PMCID: PMC6278589 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is one of the most deadly central nervous system tumors around the world. Uncontrollable cell proliferation and invasion are key factors of cancer progression as well as glioma. Available evidence suggests that bromodomain PHD-finger transcription factor (BPTF) plays an important role in stem cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as in progression of some tumors, but there is little data on glioma. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the functional role and potential clinical value of BPTF in glioma. Public database, real-time PCR and western blotting were used to detect the expression of BPTF in glioma tissue and cells. The relationship between BPTF with clinicopathological features and the prognosis of glioma patients was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining in 113 cases of paraffin-embedded primary glioma specimens. Furthermore, cytological experiments were conducted to elucidate the functional role of BPTF in glioma U251 cells, as well as the potential molecular mechanism. The expression of BPTF in glioma tissues was significantly higher than that in normal brain tissues. The association analysis results revealed that high BPTF expression was significantly associated with WHO grade and tumor size. Survival analysis revealed that the BPTF high-expression group had poorer overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) compared with the low-expression group. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed that BPTF expression was an independent prognostic factor for the OS and PFS of glioma patients. Cytological experiments revealed that BPTF overexpression could significantly promote the proliferation, migration and invasion of human glioma U251 cells. A study of the underlying mechanism indicated that BPTF promoted glioma progression via MYC signaling. Our results preliminarily indicated that BPTF promoted glioma progression via MYC signaling and may be a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Pan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570208, P.R. China
| | - Yijie Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570208, P.R. China
| | - Guoping Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570208, P.R. China
| | - Zhiren Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570208, P.R. China
| | - Longhua Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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A new method of identifying glioblastoma subtypes and creation of corresponding animal models. Oncogene 2018; 37:4781-4791. [PMID: 29769617 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) accounts for up to 50% of brain parenchymal tumors. It is the most malignant type of brain cancer with very poor survival and limited remedies. Cancer subtyping is important for cancer research and therapy. Here, we report a new subtyping method for GBM based on the genetic alterations of CDKN2A and TP53 genes. CDKN2A and TP53 are the most frequently mutated genes with mutation rates of 60 and 30%, respectively. We found that patients with deletion of CDKN2A possess worse survival than those with TP53 mutation. Interestingly, survival of patients with both TP53 mutation and CDKN2A deletion is no worse than for those with only one of these genetic alterations, but similar to those with TP53 mutation alone. Next, we investigated differences in the gene expression profile between TP53 and CDKN2A samples. Consistent with the survival data, the samples with both TP53 mutation and CDKN2A deletion showed a gene expression profile similar to those samples with TP53 mutation alone. Finally, we found that activation of RAS pathway plus Cdkn2a/b silencing can induce GBM, in a similar way to tumor induction by RAS activation plus TP53 silencing. In conclusion, we show that the genetic alterations of CDKN2A and TP53 may be used to stratify GBM, and the new animal models matching this stratification method were generated.
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Shafit-Zagardo B, Gruber RC, DuBois JC. The role of TAM family receptors and ligands in the nervous system: From development to pathobiology. Pharmacol Ther 2018. [PMID: 29514053 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk, referred to as the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases, are instrumental in maintaining cell survival and homeostasis in mammals. TAM receptors interact with multiple signaling molecules to regulate cell migration, survival, phagocytosis and clearance of metabolic products and cell debris called efferocytosis. The TAMs also function as rheostats to reduce the expression of proinflammatory molecules and prevent autoimmunity. All three TAM receptors are activated in a concentration-dependent manner by the vitamin K-dependent growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6). Gas6 and the TAMs are abundantly expressed in the nervous system. Gas6, secreted by neurons and endothelial cells, is the sole ligand for Axl. ProteinS1 (ProS1), another vitamin K-dependent protein functions mainly as an anti-coagulant, and independent of this function can activate Tyro3 and Mertk, but not Axl. This review will focus on the role of the TAM receptors and their ligands in the nervous system. We highlight studies that explore the function of TAM signaling in myelination, the visual cortex, neural cancers, and multiple sclerosis (MS) using Gas6-/- and TAM mutant mice models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Shafit-Zagardo
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
| | - Ross C Gruber
- Sanofi, Neuroinflammation and MS Research, 49 New York Ave, Framingham, MA 01701, United States
| | - Juwen C DuBois
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
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De Luca C, Virtuoso A, Maggio N, Papa M. Neuro-Coagulopathy: Blood Coagulation Factors in Central Nervous System Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2128. [PMID: 29023416 PMCID: PMC5666810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood coagulation factors and other proteins, with modulatory effects or modulated by the coagulation cascade have been reported to affect the pathophysiology of the central nervous system (CNS). The protease-activated receptors (PARs) pathway can be considered the central hub of this regulatory network, mainly through thrombin or activated protein C (aPC). These proteins, in fact, showed peculiar properties, being able to interfere with synaptic homeostasis other than coagulation itself. These specific functions modulate neuronal networks, acting both on resident (neurons, astrocytes, and microglia) as well as circulating immune system cells and the extracellular matrix. The pleiotropy of these effects is produced through different receptors, expressed in various cell types, in a dose- and time-dependent pattern. We reviewed how these pathways may be involved in neurodegenerative diseases (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases), multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke and post-ischemic epilepsy, CNS cancer, addiction, and mental health. These data open up a new path for the potential therapeutic use of the agonist/antagonist of these proteins in the management of several central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Assunta Virtuoso
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
- SYSBIO, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
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Sensitivity of GBM cells to cAMP agonist-mediated apoptosis correlates with CD44 expression and agonist resistance with MAPK signaling. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2494. [PMID: 27906173 PMCID: PMC5261024 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In some cell types, activation of the second messenger cAMP leads to increased expression of proapoptotic Bim and subsequent cell death. We demonstrate that suppression of the cAMP pathway is a common event across many cancers and that pharmacological activation of cAMP in glioblastoma (GBM) cells leads to enhanced BIM expression and apoptosis in specific GBM cell types. We identified the MAPK signaling axis as the determinant of cAMP agonist sensitivity in GBM cells, with high MAPK activity corresponding to cAMP resistance and low activity corresponding to sensitization to cAMP-induced apoptosis. Sensitive cells were efficiently killed by cAMP agonists alone, while targeting both the cAMP and MAPK pathways in resistant GBM cells resulted in efficient apoptosis. We also show that CD44 is differentially expressed in cAMP agonist-sensitive and -resistant cells. We thus propose that CD44 may be a useful biomarker for distinguishing tumors that may be sensitive to cAMP agonists alone or cAMP agonists in combination with other pathway inhibitors. This suggests that using existing chemotherapeutic compounds in combination with existing FDA-approved cAMP agonists may fast track trials toward improved therapies for difficult-to-treat cancers, such as GBM.
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Hamilton L, Astell KR, Velikova G, Sieger D. A Zebrafish Live Imaging Model Reveals Differential Responses of Microglia Toward Glioblastoma Cells In Vivo. Zebrafish 2016; 13:523-534. [PMID: 27779463 PMCID: PMC5124743 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2016.1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common and deadliest form of brain cancer. Glioblastomas are infiltrated by a high number of microglia, which promote tumor growth and surrounding tissue invasion. However, it is unclear how microglia and glioma cells physically interact and if there are differences, depending on glioma cell type. Hence, we have developed a novel live imaging assay to study microglia-glioma interactions in vivo in the zebrafish brain. We transplanted well-established human glioblastoma cell lines, U87 and U251, into transgenic zebrafish lines with labelled macrophages/microglia. Our confocal live imaging results show distinct interactions between microglia and U87, as well as U251 glioblastoma cells that differ in number and nature. Importantly these interactions do not appear to be antitumoral as zebrafish microglia do not engulf and phagocytose the human glioblastoma cells. Finally, xenotransplants into the irf8-/- zebrafish mutant that lacks microglia, as well as pharmacological inhibition of the CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) on microglia, confirm a prominent role for zebrafish microglia in promoting human glioblastoma cell growth. This new model will be an important tool for drug screening and the development of future immunotherapeutics targeting microglia within glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Hamilton
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katy R Astell
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gergana Velikova
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Sieger
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Pyo JS, Kim NY, Kim RHJ, Kang G. Concordance analysis and diagnostic test accuracy review of IDH1 immunohistochemistry in glioblastoma. Brain Tumor Pathol 2016; 33:248-254. [PMID: 27638721 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-016-0272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) positive rate and concordance rate between IDH1 IHC and molecular test in glioblastoma. The current study included 1360 glioblastoma cases from sixteen eligible studies. Meta-analysis, including subgroup analysis by antibody clones and cut-off values, for IDH1 IHC positive rate was conducted. In addition, we performed a concordance analysis and diagnostic test accuracy review between IDH1 IHC and molecular tests. The estimated rates of IDH1 IHC were 0.106 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.085-0.132]. The IDH1 IHC positive rate of primary and secondary glioblastomas was 0.049 (95 % CI 0.023-0.99) and 0.729 (95 % CI 0.477-0.889), respectively. The overall concordance rate between IDH1 IHC and molecular test was 0.947 (95 % CI 0.878-0.978). In IDH1 IHC-positive and negative subgroups, the concordance rate was 0.842 (95 % CI 0.591-0.952) and 0.982 (95 % CI 0.941-0.995), respectively. The pooled sensitivity and specificity for IDH1 IHC were 1.00 (95 % CI 0.82-1.00) and 0.99 (95 % CI 0.96-1.00), respectively. IDH1 IHC is an accurate test for IDH1 mutation in glioblastoma patients. Further cumulative studies for evaluation criteria of IDH1 IHC will determine how to best apply this approach in daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Soo Pyo
- Department of Pathology, Eulji University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nae Yu Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Roy Hyun Jai Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Guhyun Kang
- Department of Pathology, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, 1342 Dongil-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-707, Republic of Korea.
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Cordova JS, Gurbani SS, Olson JJ, Liang Z, Cooper LAD, Shu HKG, Schreibmann E, Neill SG, Hadjipanayis CG, Holder CA, Shim H. A systematic pipeline for the objective comparison of whole-brain spectroscopic MRI with histology in biopsy specimens from grade III glioma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:106-116. [PMID: 27489883 PMCID: PMC4968944 DOI: 10.18383/j.tom.2016.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis, prognosis, and management of patients with gliomas are largely dictated by the pathological analysis of tissue biopsied from a selected region within the lesion. However, the heterogeneous and infiltrative nature of gliomas make it difficult to identify the optimal region for biopsy with conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This is particularly true for low-grade gliomas, which are often nonenhancing tumors. To improve the management of patients with such tumors, neuro-oncology requires an imaging modality that can specifically identify a tumor's most anaplastic/aggressive region(s) for biopsy targeting. The addition of metabolic mapping using spectroscopic MRI (sMRI) to supplement conventional MRI could improve biopsy targeting and, ultimately, diagnostic accuracy. Here, we describe a pipeline for the integration of state-of-the-art, high-resolution, whole-brain 3-dimensional sMRI maps into a stereotactic neuronavigation system for guiding biopsies in gliomas with nonenhancing components. We also outline a machine-learning method for automated histological analysis that generates normalized, quantitative metrics describing tumor infiltration in immunohistochemically stained tissue specimens. As a proof of concept, we describe the combination of these 2 techniques in a small cohort of patients with grade 3 glioma. With this work, we aim to present a systematic pipeline to stimulate histopathological image validation of advanced MRI techniques, such as sMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Scott Cordova
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Saumya S Gurbani
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jeffrey J Olson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University
| | - Zhongxing Liang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lee A D Cooper
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biomedical informatics, Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Hui-Kuo G Shu
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University; Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine
| | | | - Stewart G Neill
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Constantinos G Hadjipanayis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Chad A Holder
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Hyunsuk Shim
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University
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Fraser AR, Bacci B, le Chevoir MA, Long SN. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Ki-67 Expression in Canine Gliomas. Vet Pathol 2016; 53:1131-1137. [PMID: 27154542 DOI: 10.1177/0300985816644301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Novel therapies, including molecular targeted therapies, are being developed for the treatment of human gliomas. To use such therapies for canine gliomas, more complete characterization of molecular targets is required. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is one such therapeutic target used in human glioma trials, and the Ki-67 labeling index (LI) is a marker of proliferation and a prognostic indicator. The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to evaluate the expression of EGFR and Ki-67 in canine gliomas and to determine if immunopositivity is associated with tumor type and histologic grade. Thirty-one formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded canine gliomas were evaluated for EGFR and Ki-67 expression by immunohistochemistry. EGFR immunopositivity was evaluated using a semi-quantitative score and the Ki-67 LI calculated based on the percentage of positive cells. EGFR and Ki-67 expression were identified in 16 of 31 (52%) and 28 of 31 (90%) tumors, respectively. EGFR expression was significantly greater in high-grade tumors compared with low-grade tumors (P = .04) and was significantly greater in gliomatosis cerebri compared with oligodendroglioma (P = .002), astrocytoma (P = .01), and oligoastrocytoma (P = .04). The Ki-67 LI was significantly greater in high-grade tumors compared with low grade tumors (P = .02); the median Ki-67 LI was 2.3% (range, 0%-17.6%) for low-grade tumors and 9.3% (range, 1.7%-41.0%) for high-grade tumors. A significant moderate correlation was identified between EGFR immunopositivity and Ki-67 LI (r = 0.47, P = .007). Overall, EGFR may be a suitable therapeutic target for some canine gliomas, particularly gliomatosis cerebri.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Fraser
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Studies Group, Section of Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, The Granary, Bunstead Barns, Poles Lane, Hursley, Winchester, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - B Bacci
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - M A le Chevoir
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Studies Group, Section of Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S N Long
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Studies Group, Section of Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Purkait S, Mallick S, Sharma V, Kumar A, Pathak P, Jha P, Biswas A, Julka PK, Gupta D, Suri A, Upadhyay AD, Suri V, Sharma MC, Sarkar C. A simplified approach for molecular classification of glioblastomas (GBMs): experience from a tertiary care center in India. Brain Tumor Pathol 2016; 33:183-90. [PMID: 26865311 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-016-0251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to establish a simplified molecular classification of glioblastomas (GBMs) based on molecular genetic alterations. GBM cases (n-114) were evaluated for IDH-1 and TP53 mutation by Sanger sequencing, PDGFRA and EGFR amplification by FISH, NF1 and YKL40 expression by qRT-PCR. Subsequently they were classified into four subgroups: classical like (CL), proneural like (PN), mesenchymal like (MES) and neural like (NEU). CL subtype was most frequent (39 %), followed by PN (32 %) and MES (20 %) subtypes. PN subtype had significantly younger age at presentation and longest survival (median PFS-82.5 weeks; 1 and 2 years OS-90.6 and 71.3 %). Other three subgroups had equally poor prognosis and hence, clubbed together as non-proneural (Non-PN) (median PFS-39 weeks; 1 and 2 years OS-66 and 0 %). Hence, we recommended this relatively easy method of subclassifying GBMs into PN and Non-PN which are statistically different in prognosis (both OS and PFS on uni and multivariate analysis). Although evaluation of six molecular alterations for identifying these two subgroups is still cumbersome, we propose segregation of PN subtype alone based on assessment of IDH1, TP53 and PDGFRA status, which is relatively easy and may be amenable to routine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvendu Purkait
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Supriya Mallick
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vikas Sharma
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Anupam Kumar
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Pankaj Pathak
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Prerana Jha
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ahitagni Biswas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Julka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Gupta
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Suri
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Datt Upadhyay
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vaishali Suri
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Mehar C Sharma
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Chitra Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India.
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Welker AM, Jaros BD, Puduvalli VK, Imitola J, Kaur B, Beattie CE. Standardized orthotopic xenografts in zebrafish reveal glioma cell-line-specific characteristics and tumor cell heterogeneity. Dis Model Mech 2015; 9:199-210. [PMID: 26659251 PMCID: PMC4770147 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.022921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a deadly brain cancer, for which few effective drug treatments are available. Several studies have used zebrafish models to study GBM, but a standardized approach to modeling GBM in zebrafish was lacking to date, preventing comparison of data across studies. Here, we describe a new, standardized orthotopic xenotransplant model of GBM in zebrafish. Dose-response survival assays were used to define the optimal number of cells for tumor formation. Techniques to measure tumor burden and cell spread within the brain over real time were optimized using mouse neural stem cells as control transplants. Applying this standardized approach, we transplanted two patient-derived GBM cell lines, serum-grown adherent cells and neurospheres, into the midbrain region of embryonic zebrafish and analyzed transplanted larvae over time. Progressive brain tumor growth and premature larval death were observed using both cell lines; however, fewer transplanted neurosphere cells were needed for tumor growth and lethality. Tumors were heterogeneous, containing both cells expressing stem cell markers and cells expressing markers of differentiation. A small proportion of transplanted neurosphere cells expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) or vimentin, markers of more differentiated cells, but this number increased significantly during tumor growth, indicating that these cells undergo differentiation in vivo. By contrast, most serum-grown adherent cells expressed GFAP and vimentin at the earliest times examined post-transplant. Both cell types produced brain tumors that contained Sox2+ cells, indicative of tumor stem cells. Transplanted larvae were treated with currently used GBM therapeutics, temozolomide or bortezomib, and this resulted in a reduction in tumor volume in vivo and an increase in survival. The standardized model reported here facilitates robust and reproducible analysis of glioblastoma tumor cells in real time and provides a platform for drug screening. Summary: This zebrafish xenotransplant model of glioblastoma enables in vivo imaging of tumor cells and rapid screening for anti-glioma agents. It provides standardization of a model that is easily replicated across laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra M Welker
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Brian D Jaros
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Vinay K Puduvalli
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jaime Imitola
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Christine E Beattie
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Zhang L, Kundu S, Feenstra T, Li X, Jin C, Laaniste L, El Hassan TEA, Ohlin KE, Yu D, Olofsson T, Olsson AK, Pontén F, Magnusson PU, Nilsson KF, Essand M, Smits A, Dieterich LC, Dimberg A. Pleiotrophin promotes vascular abnormalization in gliomas and correlates with poor survival in patients with astrocytomas. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra125. [PMID: 26645582 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas are aggressive astrocytomas characterized by endothelial cell proliferation and abnormal vasculature, which can cause brain edema and increase patient morbidity. We identified the heparin-binding cytokine pleiotrophin as a driver of vascular abnormalization in glioma. Pleiotrophin abundance was greater in high-grade human astrocytomas and correlated with poor survival. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), which is a receptor that is activated by pleiotrophin, was present in mural cells associated with abnormal vessels. Orthotopically implanted gliomas formed from GL261 cells that were engineered to produce pleiotrophin showed increased microvessel density and enhanced tumor growth compared with gliomas formed from control GL261 cells. The survival of mice with pleiotrophin-producing gliomas was shorter than that of mice with gliomas that did not produce pleiotrophin. Vessels in pleiotrophin-producing gliomas were poorly perfused and abnormal, a phenotype that was associated with increased deposition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in direct proximity to the vasculature. The growth of pleiotrophin-producing GL261 gliomas was inhibited by treatment with the ALK inhibitor crizotinib, the ALK inhibitor ceritinib, or the VEGF receptor inhibitor cediranib, whereas control GL261 tumors did not respond to either inhibitor. Our findings link pleiotrophin abundance in gliomas with survival in humans and mice, and show that pleiotrophin promotes glioma progression through increased VEGF deposition and vascular abnormalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, The Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Soumi Kundu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, The Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tjerk Feenstra
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, The Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xiujuan Li
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, The Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chuan Jin
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, The Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liisi Laaniste
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, The Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - K Elisabet Ohlin
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, The Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Di Yu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, The Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tommie Olofsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, The Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Olsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 582, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Pontén
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, The Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peetra U Magnusson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, The Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Forsberg Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, The Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Essand
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, The Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anja Smits
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lothar C Dieterich
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, The Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Dimberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, The Rudbeck Laboratory, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Molecular subtypes, stem cells and heterogeneity: Implications for personalised therapy in glioma. J Clin Neurosci 2015; 22:1219-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Applicable advances in the molecular pathology of glioblastoma. Brain Tumor Pathol 2015; 32:153-62. [PMID: 26078107 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-015-0224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Comprising more than 80% of malignant brain tumors, glioma has proven to be a daunting cause of mortality in a vast majority of the human population. Progressive and extensive research on malignant glioma has substantially enhanced our understanding of glioma cell biology and molecular pathology. Subtypes of glioma such as astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma are currently grouped together into one pathological class, where they show many differences in histology and molecular etiology. This indicates that it may be beneficial to consider a new and radical subclassification. Thus, we summarize recent developments in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) subtypes, immunohistochemical analyses useful for diagnoses and the biological evaluation and therapeutic implications of gliomas in this review.
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Safa AR, Saadatzadeh MR, Cohen-Gadol AA, Pollok KE, Bijangi-Vishehsaraei K. Glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) epigenetic plasticity and interconversion between differentiated non-GSCs and GSCs. Genes Dis 2015; 2:152-163. [PMID: 26137500 PMCID: PMC4484766 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) or cancer initiating cells (CICs) maintain self-renewal and multilineage differentiation properties of various tumors, as well as the cellular heterogeneity consisting of several subpopulations within tumors. CSCs display the malignant phenotype, self-renewal ability, altered genomic stability, specific epigenetic signature, and most of the time can be phenotyped by cell surface markers (e.g., CD133, CD24, and CD44). Numerous studies support the concept that non-stem cancer cells (non-CSCs) are sensitive to cancer therapy while CSCs are relatively resistant to treatment. In glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs), there is clonal heterogeneity at the genetic level with distinct tumorigenic potential, and defined GSC marker expression resulting from clonal evolution which is likely to influence disease progression and response to treatment. Another level of complexity in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors is the dynamic equilibrium between GSCs and differentiated non-GSCs, and the potential for non-GSCs to revert (dedifferentiate) to GSCs due to epigenetic alteration which confers phenotypic plasticity to the tumor cell population. Moreover, exposure of the differentiated GBM cells to therapeutic doses of temozolomide (TMZ) or ionizing radiation (IR) increases the GSC pool both in vitro and in vivo. This review describes various subtypes of GBM, discusses the evolution of CSC models and epigenetic plasticity, as well as interconversion between GSCs and differentiated non-GSCs, and offers strategies to potentially eliminate GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R. Safa
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mohammad Reza Saadatzadeh
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, IU School of Medicine and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Aaron A. Cohen-Gadol
- Department of Neurosurgery, IU School of Medicine and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Karen E. Pollok
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Khadijeh Bijangi-Vishehsaraei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Erfani P, Tome-Garcia J, Canoll P, Doetsch F, Tsankova NM. EGFR promoter exhibits dynamic histone modifications and binding of ASH2L and P300 in human germinal matrix and gliomas. Epigenetics 2015; 10:496-507. [PMID: 25996283 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2015.1042645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Several signaling pathways important for the proliferation and growth of brain cells are pathologically dysregulated in gliomas, including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Expression of EGFR is high in neural progenitors during development and in gliomas but decreases significantly in most adult brain regions. Here we show that EGFR expression is maintained in the astrocyte ribbon of the adult human subventricular zone. The transcriptional regulation of EGFR expression is poorly understood. To investigate the role of epigenetics on EGFR regulation in the contexts of neural development and gliomagenesis, we measured levels of DNA methylation and histone H3 modifications at the EGFR promoter in human brain tissues, glioma specimens, and EGFR-expressing neural cells, acutely isolated from their native niche. While DNA was constitutively hypomethylated in non-neoplastic and glioma samples, regardless of their EGFR-expression status, the activating histone modifications H3K27ac and H3K4me3 were enriched only when EGFR is highly expressed (developing germinal matrix and gliomas). Conversely, repressive H3K27me3 marks predominated in adult white matter where EGFR is repressed. Furthermore, the histone methyltransferase core enzyme ASH2L was bound at EGFR in the germinal matrix and in gliomas where levels of H3K4me3 are high, and the histone acetyltransferase P300 was bound in samples with H3K27ac enrichment. Our studies use human cells and tissues undisturbed by cell-culture artifact, and point to an important, locus-specific role for chromatin remodeling in EGFR expression in human neural development that may be dysregulated during gliomagenesis, unraveling potential novel targets for future drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parsa Erfani
- a Department of Pathology & Cell Biology; Columbia University Medical Center ; New York , NY , USA
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Sooman L, Freyhult E, Jaiswal A, Navani S, Edqvist PH, Pontén F, Tchougounova E, Smits A, Elsir T, Gullbo J, Lennartsson J, Bergqvist M, Ekman S. FGF2 as a potential prognostic biomarker for proneural glioma patients. Acta Oncol 2015; 54:385-94. [PMID: 25263081 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2014.951492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The survival of high-grade glioma patients is poor and the treatment of these patients can cause severe side effects. This fosters the necessity to identify prognostic biomarkers, in order to optimize treatment and diminish unnecessary suffering of patients. The aim of this study was to identify prognostic biomarkers for high-grade glioma patients. METHODS Eleven proteins were selected for analysis due to their suggested importance for survival of patients with other types of cancers and due to a high variation in protein levels between glioma patients (according to the Human Protein Atlas, www.proteinatlas.org). Protein expression patterns of these 11 proteins were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in tumor samples from 97 high-grade glioma patients. The prognostic values of the proteins were analyzed with univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for the high-grade glioma patients, including subgroup analyses of histological subtypes and immunohistochemically defined molecular subtypes. RESULTS The proteins with the most significant (univariate and multivariate p<0.05) correlations were analyzed further with cross-validated Kaplan-Meier analyses for the possibility of predicting survival based on the protein expression pattern of the corresponding candidate. Random Forest classification with variable subset selection was used to analyze if a protein signature consisting of any combination of the 11 proteins could predict survival for the high-grade glioma patients and the subgroup with glioblastoma patients. The proteins which correlated most significantly (univariate and multivariate p<0.05) to survival in the Cox regression analyses were Myc for all high-grade gliomas and FGF2, CA9 and CD44 for the subgroup of proneural gliomas, with FGF2 having a strong negative predictive value for survival. No prognostic signature of the proteins could be found. CONCLUSION FGF2 is a potential prognostic biomarker for proneural glioma patients, and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sooman
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Sciences, Section of Oncology, Rudbeck Laboratory , Uppsala , Sweden
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Conroy S, Kruyt FAE, Joseph JV, Balasubramaniyan V, Bhat KP, Wagemakers M, Enting RH, Walenkamp AME, den Dunnen WFA. Subclassification of newly diagnosed glioblastomas through an immunohistochemical approach. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115687. [PMID: 25546404 PMCID: PMC4278713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular signatures in Glioblastoma (GBM) have been described that correlate with clinical outcome and response to therapy. The Proneural (PN) and Mesenchymal (MES) signatures have been identified most consistently, but others including Classical (CLAS) have also been reported. The molecular signatures have been detected by array techniques at RNA and DNA level, but these methods are costly and cannot take into account individual contributions of different cells within a tumor. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether subclasses of newly diagnosed GBMs could be assessed and assigned by application of standard pathology laboratory procedures. 123 newly diagnosed GBMs were analyzed for the tumor cell expression of 23 pre-identified proteins and EGFR amplification, together allowing for the subclassification of 65% of the tumors. Immunohistochemistry (IHC)-based profiling was found to be analogous to transcription-based profiling using a 9-gene transcriptional signature for PN and MES subclasses. Based on these data a novel, minimal IHC-based scheme for subclass assignment for GBMs is proposed. Positive staining for IDH1R132H can be used for PN subclass assignment, high EGFR expression for the CLAS subtype and a combined high expression of PTEN, VIM and/or YKL40 for the MES subclass. The application of the proposed scheme was evaluated in an independent tumor set, which resulted in similar subclass assignment rates as those observed in the training set. The IHC-based subclassification scheme proposed in this study therefore could provide very useful in future studies for stratification of individual patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Conroy
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (Division of Pathology), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Frank A. E. Kruyt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Justin V. Joseph
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Veerakumar Balasubramaniyan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Krishna P. Bhat
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michiel Wagemakers
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roelien H. Enting
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemiek M. E. Walenkamp
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred F. A. den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (Division of Pathology), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Trépant AL, Bouchart C, Rorive S, Sauvage S, Decaestecker C, Demetter P, Salmon I. Identification of OLIG2 as the most specific glioblastoma stem cell marker starting from comparative analysis of data from similar DNA chip microarray platforms. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:1943-53. [PMID: 25384509 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in surgical and adjuvant treatments, overall survival of glioblastoma (GBM) patients remains poor. The cancer stem cell concept suggests that a rare stem cell population, called glioma stem cells (GSCs), has high ability to self-renewal leading to recurrence in GBM. The identification of specific markers of GSCs would provide a powerful tool to detect and to characterise them in order to develop targeted therapies. We carried out a comparative analysis based on the identification of inter-study concordances to identify the genes that exhibit at best differential levels of expression between GSC-enriched cell cultures and differentiated tumour cell cultures from independent studies using DNA chip microarray technologies. We finally studied the protein expression of the marker we considered the most specific by immunohistochemistry and semi-quantitative analysis on a retrospective series of 18 GBMs. Of the selected studies, 32 genes were retained. Among them, eight genes were identified to be overexpressed in GSC-enriched cultures compared to differentiated tumour cell cultures. Finally, among the eight genes, oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factor 2 (OLIG2) was characterised by the most different expression level in the "GSC model" compared to the "differentiated tumour cells model". Our approach suggests that OLIG2 is the most specific GSC marker; additional investigations with careful considerations about methodology and strategies of validation are, however, mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Trépant
- Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Human cytomegalovirus tegument protein pp65 is detected in all intra- and extra-axial brain tumours independent of the tumour type or grade. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108861. [PMID: 25268364 PMCID: PMC4182568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been indicated being a significant oncomodulator. Recent reports have suggested that an antiviral treatment alters the outcome of a glioblastoma. We analysed the performance of commercial HCMV-antibodies applying the immunohistochemical (IHC) methods on brain sample obtained from a subject with a verified HCMV infection, on samples obtained from 14 control subjects, and on a tissue microarray block containing cores of various brain tumours. Based on these trials, we selected the best performing antibody and analysed a cohort of 417 extra- and intra-axial brain tumours such as gliomas, medulloblastomas, primary diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, and meningiomas. HCMV protein pp65 immunoreactivity was observed in all types of tumours analysed, and the IHC expression did not depend on the patient's age, gender, tumour type, or grade. The labelling pattern observed in the tumours differed from the labelling pattern observed in the tissue with an active HCMV infection. The HCMV protein was expressed in up to 90% of all the tumours investigated. Our results are in accordance with previous reports regarding the HCMV protein expression in glioblastomas and medulloblastomas. In addition, the HCMV protein expression was seen in primary brain lymphomas, low-grade gliomas, and in meningiomas. Our results indicate that the HCMV protein pp65 expression is common in intra- and extra-axial brain tumours. Thus, the assessment of the HCMV expression in tumours of various origins and pathologically altered tissue in conditions such as inflammation, infection, and even degeneration should certainly be facilitated.
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