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Marcellini F, Varrella S, Ghilardi M, Barucca G, Giorgetti A, Danovaro R, Corinaldesi C. Inorganic UV filter-based sunscreens labelled as eco-friendly threaten sea urchin populations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 351:124093. [PMID: 38703981 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Although the negative effects of inorganic UV filters have been documented on several marine organisms, sunscreen products containing such filters are available in the market and proposed as eco-friendly substitutes for harmful, and already banned, organic UV filters (e.g. octinoxate and oxybenzone). In the present study, we investigated the effects of four sunscreen products, labelled by cosmetic companies as "eco-friendly", on the early developmental stages of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, a keystone species occurring in vulnerable coastal habitats. Among sunscreens tested, those containing ZnO and TiO2 or their mix caused severe impacts on sea urchin embryos. We show that inorganic UV filters were incorporated by larvae during their development and, despite the activation of defence strategies (e.g. phagocytosis by coelomocytes), generated anomalies such as skeletal malformations and tissue necrosis. Conversely, the sunscreen product containing only new-generation organic UV filters (e.g. methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethyl, ethylhexyl triazone, butylphenol diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate) did not affect sea urchins, thus resulting actually eco-compatible. Our findings expand information on the impact of inorganic UV filters on marine life, corroborate the need to improve the eco-friendliness assessment of sunscreen products and warn of the risk of bioaccumulation and potential biomagnification of inorganic UV filters along the marine food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marcellini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Centre, Italy
| | - S Varrella
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Centre, Italy
| | - M Ghilardi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - G Barucca
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - A Giorgetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - R Danovaro
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Centre, Italy
| | - C Corinaldesi
- National Biodiversity Future Centre, Italy; Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
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Bruhns T, Sánchez-Girón Barba C, König L, Timm S, Fisch K, Sokolova IM. Combined effects of organic and mineral UV-filters on the lugworm Arenicola marina. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142184. [PMID: 38697569 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Pollution from personal care products, such as UV-filters like avobenzone and nano-zinc oxide (nZnO), poses a growing threat to marine ecosystems. To better understand this hazard, especially for lesser-studied sediment-dwelling marine organisms, we investigated the physiological impacts of simultaneous exposure to nZnO and avobenzone on the lugworm Arenicola marina. Lugworms were exposed to nZnO, avobenzone, or their combination for three weeks. We assessed pollutant-induced metabolic changes by measuring key metabolic intermediates in the body wall and coelomic fluid, and oxidative stress by analyzing antioxidant levels and oxidative lesions in proteins and lipids of the body wall. Exposure to UV filters resulted in shifts in the concentrations of Krebs' cycle and urea cycle intermediates, as well as alterations in certain amino acids in the body wall and coelomic fluid of the lugworms. Pathway enrichment analyses revealed that nZnO induced more pronounced metabolic shifts compared to avobenzone or their combination. Exposure to avobenzone or nZnO alone prompted an increase in tissue antioxidant capacity, indicating a compensatory response to restore redox balance, which effectively prevented oxidative damage to proteins or lipids. However, co-exposure to nZnO and avobenzone suppressed superoxide dismutase and lead to accumulation of lipid peroxides and methionine sulfoxide, indicating oxidative stress and damage to lipids and proteins. Our findings highlight oxidative stress as a significant mechanism of toxicity for both nZnO and avobenzone, especially when combined, and underscores the importance of further investigating the fitness implications of oxidative stress induced by these common UV filters in benthic marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Bruhns
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Candela Sánchez-Girón Barba
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Lilian König
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Timm
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kathrin Fisch
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany; Department of Maritime Systems, Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 21, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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Mathew RA, Mowla M, Shakiba S, Berté TB, Louie SM. Prediction of Nanoparticle Photoreactivity in Mixtures of Surface Foulants Requires Kinetic (Non-equilibrium) Adsorption Considerations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:8542-8553. [PMID: 38682869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The adsorption of foulants on photocatalytic nanoparticles can suppress their reactivity in water treatment applications by scavenging reactive species at the photocatalyst surface, screening light, or competing for surface sites. These inhibitory effects are commonly modeled using the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model, assuming that adsorbed layer compositions follow Langmuirian (equilibrium) competitive adsorption. However, this assumption has not been evaluated in complex mixtures of foulants. This study evaluates the photoreactivity of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles toward a target compound, phenol, in the presence of two classes of foulants ─ natural organic matter (NOM) and a protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA) ─ and mixtures of the two. Langmuir adsorption models predict that BSA should strongly influence the nanoparticle photoreactivity because of its higher adsorption affinity relative to phenol and NOM. However, model evaluation of the experimental phenol decay rates suggested that neither the phenol nor foulant surface coverages are governed by Langmuirian competitive adsorption. Rather, a reactivity model incorporating kinetic predictions of adsorbed layer compositions (favoring NOM adsorption) outperformed Langmuirian models in providing accurate, unbiased predictions of phenol degradation rates. This research emphasizes the importance of using first-principles models that account for adsorption kinetics when assumptions of equilibrium adsorption do not apply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya A Mathew
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Marfua Mowla
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Sheyda Shakiba
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Tchemongo B Berté
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Stacey M Louie
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
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Keller AA, Zheng Y, Praetorius A, Quik JTK, Nowack B. Predicting environmental concentrations of nanomaterials for exposure assessment - a review. NANOIMPACT 2024; 33:100496. [PMID: 38266914 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2024.100496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
There have been major advances in the science to predict the likely environmental concentrations of nanomaterials, which is a key component of exposure and subsequent risk assessment. Considerable progress has been since the first Material Flow Analyses (MFAs) in 2008, which were based on very limited information, to more refined current tools that take into account engineered nanoparticle (ENP) size distribution, form, dynamic release, and better-informed release factors. These MFAs provide input for all environmental fate models (EFMs), that generate estimates of particle flows and concentrations in various environmental compartments. While MFA models provide valuable information on the magnitude of ENP release, they do not account for fate processes, such as homo- and heteroaggregation, transformations, dissolution, or corona formation. EFMs account for these processes in differing degrees. EFMs can be divided into multimedia compartment models (e.g., atmosphere, waterbodies and their sediments, soils in various landuses), of which there are currently a handful with varying degrees of complexity and process representation, and spatially-resolved watershed models which focus on the water and sediment compartments. Multimedia models have particular applications for considering predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) in particular regions, or for developing generic "fate factors" (i.e., overall persistence in a given compartment) for life-cycle assessment. Watershed models can track transport and eventual fate of emissions into a flowing river, from multiple sources along the waterway course, providing spatially and temporally resolved PECs. Both types of EFMs can be run with either continuous sources of emissions and environmental conditions, or with dynamic emissions (e.g., temporally varying for example as a new nanomaterial is introduced to the market, or with seasonal applications), to better understand the situations that may lead to peak PECs that are more likely to result in exceedance of a toxicological threshold. In addition, bioaccumulation models have been developed to predict the internal concentrations that may accumulate in exposed organisms, based on the PECs from EFMs. The main challenge for MFA and EFMs is a full validation against observed data. To date there have been no field studies that can provide the kind of dataset(s) needed for a true validation of the PECs. While EFMs have been evaluated against a few observations in a small number of locations, with results that indicate they are in the right order of magnitude, there is a great need for field data. Another major challenge is the input data for the MFAs, which depend on market data to estimate the production of ENPs. The current information has major gaps and large uncertainties. There is also a lack of robust analytical techniques for quantifying ENP properties in complex matrices; machine learning may be able to fill this gap. Nevertheless, there has been major progress in the tools for generating PECs. With the emergence of nano- and microplastics as a leading environmental concern, some EFMs have been adapted to these materials. However, caution is needed, since most nano- and microplastics are not engineered, therefore their characteristics are difficult to generalize, and there are new fate and transport processes to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo A Keller
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, United States of America.
| | - Yuanfang Zheng
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Praetorius
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joris T K Quik
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Sustainability Health and Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Bernd Nowack
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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