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Farley E, Karinja MN, Lawal AM, Olaleye M, Muhammad S, Umar M, Gaya FK, Mbaeri SC, Sherlock M, Kabila DW, Peters M, Samuel J, Maloba G, Usman R, van der Kam S, Ritmeijer K, Ariti C, Amirtharajah M, Lenglet A, Falq G. Proportion of paediatric admissions with any stage of noma at the Anka General Hospital, northwest Nigeria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011508. [PMID: 37889919 PMCID: PMC10645368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Noma is a rapidly spreading infection of the oral cavity which mainly affects young children. Without early treatment, it can have a high mortality rate. Simple gingivitis is a warning sign for noma, and acute necrotizing gingivitis is the first stage of noma. The epidemiology of noma is not well understood. We aimed to understand the prevalence of all stages of noma in hospitalised children. METHODS We conducted a prospective observational study from 1st June to 24th October 2021, enrolling patients aged 0 to 12 years who were admitted to the Anka General Hospital, Zamfara, northwest Nigeria. Consenting parents/ guardians of participants were interviewed at admission. Participants had anthropometric and oral examinations at admission and discharge. FINDINGS Of the 2346 patients, 58 (2.5%) were diagnosed with simple gingivitis and six (n = 0.3%) with acute necrotizing gingivitis upon admission. Of those admitted to the Inpatient Therapeutic Feeding Centre (ITFC), 3.4% (n = 37, CI 2.5-4.7%) were diagnosed with simple gingivitis upon admission compared to 1.7% of those not admitted to the ITFC (n = 21, CI 1.1-2.6%) (p = 0.008). Risk factors identified for having simple gingivitis included being aged over two years (2 to 6 yrs old, odds ratio (OR) 3.4, CI 1.77-6.5; 7 to 12 yrs OR 5.0, CI 1.7-14.6; p = <0.001), being admitted to the ITFC (OR 2.1; CI 1.22-3.62) and having oral health issues in the three months prior to the assessment (OR 18.75; CI 10.65, 33.01). All (n = 4/4) those aged six months to five years acute necrotizing gingivitis had chronic malnutrition. CONCLUSION Our study showed a small proportion of children admitted to the Anka General Hospital had simple or acute necrotizing gingivitis. Hospital admission with malnutrition was a risk factor for both simple and acute necrotizing gingivitis. The lack of access to and uptake of oral health care indicates a strong need for oral examinations to be included in routine health services. This provision could improve the oral status of the population and decrease the chance of patients developing noma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Farley
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Noma Children’s Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Michael Olaleye
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Noma Children’s Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Sadiya Muhammad
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Nigeria Mission, Zamfara and Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Maryam Umar
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Nigeria Mission, Zamfara and Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | - Miriam Peters
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Nigeria Mission, Zamfara and Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Joseph Samuel
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Noma Children’s Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Guy Maloba
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Nigeria Mission, Zamfara and Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Rabi Usman
- Zamfara Ministry of Health, Zamfara, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Cono Ariti
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Asuquo BB, Chukwu EH, Onyejaka NK, Uguru NP, Amobi EO. Assessment of Oral Health Knowledge of Pharmacists in Two Tertiary Hospitals in Enugu, Nigeria. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2023; 15:126-131. [PMID: 37705857 PMCID: PMC10496853 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_312_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oral health is defined as a state of being free of mouth and facial pain, oral infections and sores, and other diseases that limit an individual's capacity for biting, chewing, smiling, speaking, and psychosocial well-being. This study assessed the knowledge, barriers, and facilitators of oral health knowledge among Pharmacists in Enugu, Nigeria. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of 163 pharmacists in two tertiary hospitals in Enugu, South East, Nigeria. Data on sociodemographic profiles, knowledge of oral health care, barriers, and facilitators of oral health knowledge was collected. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 and P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results There were more female 96 (58.9%) than male pharmacists 67 (41.1%). Their mean age was 32.98 ± 8.33 years. The majority of respondents, 56 (34.4%) graduated between 2010 and 2019, and 44 (27%) had additional qualifications. Many of the pharmacists 88 (54%) believed that oral health is part of general health. Also, 107 (65.6%) of the respondents had a good knowledge of oral health while 56 (34.4%) had poor knowledge. There was a significant association between academic qualification (P = 0.04) and having good knowledge of oral health care among pharmacists with those with additional qualifications having better knowledge than the others. Poor creation of oral health awareness by dentists 106 (65.0%) was considered as the main barrier to having good oral health knowledge by the pharmacists. Conclusion More than half of the pharmacists had good knowledge of oral health and academic qualification was associated with having a good knowledge of oral health care among pharmacists in the study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassey B. Asuquo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Ezinne H. Chukwu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin, Edo, Nigeria
| | - Nneka K. Onyejaka
- Department of Child Dental Health Faculty of Dentistry, University of Nigeria, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Nkoli P. Uguru
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Nigeria, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel O. Amobi
- Department of Child Dental Health Faculty of Dentistry, University of Nigeria, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria
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Ozler CO, Dalgara T, Sahne BS, Yegenoglu S, Turgut MD, Baydar T, Tekcicek MU. Oral Care and Maintenance Habits Among Pharmacy Students. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2023; 87:ajpe9104. [PMID: 35500922 PMCID: PMC10159017 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe9104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective. This study aimed to identify and evaluate oral care habits, awareness, and knowledge of oral dental health among a group of pharmacy students.Methods. An e-questionnaire on oral care habits, awareness, and knowledge was completed by students in a university pharmacy.Results. A total of 484 students with a mean (SD) age of 21.4 (1.6) years participated. Of all participants, 9.3% were not regularly brushing their teeth. The percentage of regular fluoridated toothpaste usage was 44.8%. Three in 5 (64.5%) participants had visited a dentist for a complaint. When answering questions on the possible effects of dental plaque accumulation on teeth, the causative factors for dental decay and signs of periodontal disease, the percentages of students who indicated they "did not know" were 16.3%, 4.8%, and 43.2%, respectively. Among participants, 38.7% were unaware of the cariogenic or erosive effects of pediatric syrups or suspensions. Of all the pharmacy students, 32% stated they have been consulted about some issue related to oral health.Conclusion. The oral care habits, awareness, and oral health knowledge of pharmacy students in one program needs to be improved. Improvement of these measures is a multi-layered issue, not limited only to the quality of life but also to increased awareness associated with public health-related issues related to dental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu O Ozler
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry, Altindag, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tugba Dalgara
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry, Altindag, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bilge S Sahne
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Altindag, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selen Yegenoglu
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Altindag, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Melek D Turgut
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry, Altindag, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Terken Baydar
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Altindag, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meryem U Tekcicek
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry, Altindag, Ankara, Turkey
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Amedari MI, Ogunbodede EO, Uti OG, Aborisade AO, Amedari IK. Strengthening the oral health system in Nigeria: A health systems building block approach. Niger Postgrad Med J 2022; 29:173-182. [PMID: 35900452 DOI: 10.4103/npmj.npmj_127_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM The present study aimed to describe the building blocks of the oral health system, including the role that the community plays in strengthening the oral health system in Nigeria. METHODOLOGY This research was a scoping review of the existing literature retrieved from search engines and databases. Thus, we utilised grey literature, peer-reviewed literature, policy documents and websites. The oral health system was analysed using the World Health Organisation's Health systems framework, and we adapted this framework by introducing a seventh block, community participation. We also inserted the links between the oral health service delivery and oral health workforce blocks of the framework to improve the oral health outcomes. RESULTS More dental clinics are required to improve the availability and accessibility of oral health services. Dental workforce expansion is imperative. This can be approached by training of junior cadre dental professionals and incorporating community health practitioners to deliver basic oral care. There is an unregulated access to medication to treat dental conditions; hence, oral disease treatments need to be included in the country's treatment guidelines to improve standard of care. The government needs to improve on overall health spending and invariably increase oral health care allocation urgently. Furthermore, the country's stewardship of oral health care is hinged on well disseminated and implemented national policies on oral health. The oral health system can achieve its overall goals with community participation, engagement and ownership. CONCLUSION Strengthening the oral health system in Nigeria requires urgent attention on each building block and cross-cutting interventions across the system's building blocks. The role of the community will need to be recognised because it is vital in sustaining any organisational change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mcking Izeiza Amedari
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Eyitope O Ogunbodede
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Omolara G Uti
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Adetayo O Aborisade
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Ifeoma Katerine Amedari
- Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
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Owens CT, Baergen R. Pharmacy Practice in High-Volume Community Settings: Barriers and Ethical Responsibilities. PHARMACY 2021; 9:pharmacy9020074. [PMID: 33916737 PMCID: PMC8167746 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy9020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical care describes a philosophy and practice paradigm that calls upon pharmacists to work with other healthcare professionals and patients to achieve optimal health outcomes. Among the most accessible health professionals, pharmacists have responsibilities to individual patients and to public health, and this has been especially evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pharmacists in high-volume community settings provide a growing number of clinical services (i.e., immunizations and point-of-care testing), but according to job satisfaction and workplace survey data, demands related to filling prescriptions, insufficient staffing, and working conditions are often not optimal for these enhanced responsibilities and lead to job dissatisfaction. Professional codes of ethics require a high level of practice that is currently difficult to maintain due to a number of related barriers. In this paper, we summarize recent changes to the scope of practice of pharmacists, cite ethical responsibilities from the American Pharmacists Association Code of Ethics, review data and comments from workplace surveys, and make a call for change. Corporate managers, state boards of pharmacy, and professional organizations have a shared responsibility to work with community pharmacists in all settings to find solutions that ensure optimal and ethical patient care. Attention to these areas will enhance patient care and increase job satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Owens
- Kasiska Division of Health Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-208-406-4161
| | - Ralph Baergen
- Department of Philosophy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA;
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Blebil A, Dujaili J, Elkalmi R, Tan HLK, Tai MS, Khan TM. Community Pharmacist's Role in Providing Oral Health-care Services: Findings from Malaysia. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2020; 12:64-71. [PMID: 32801602 PMCID: PMC7397998 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_152_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pharmacists have been well recognized as an active and have a more integrated role in the preventive services within the National Health Services. This study assessed the community pharmacists' attitudes, beliefs, and practices toward oral health in the Malaysian setting. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional survey-based study was used to conduct this project. An anonymous self-administered questionnaire was developed and distributed among community pharmacists within Kuala Lumpur and Selangor states areas, Malaysia. The data collection was carried out from the beginning of November to the end of December 2018. Results Of the 255 pharmacists, 206 agreed to participate in the study, yielding a response rate of 80.8%. Overall, approximately half of the pharmacists provided two to five oral health consultations per week and two to five over the counter (OTC) oral health products recommendations per week. The main services provided by community pharmacists in were the provision of OTC treatments (93.7%), referral of consumers to dental or medical practitioners when appropriate (82.5%), and identify signs and symptoms of oral health problems in patients (77.2%). In addition, more than 80% of the pharmacists viewed positively and supported integrating oral health promotion and preventive measures into their practices. The most commonly reported barriers to extending the roles of pharmacists in oral health care include lack of knowledge or training in this field, lack of training resources, and lack of oral health educational promotion materials. Conclusion The study shows that community pharmacists had been providing a certain level of oral health services and play an important role in oral health. The findings highlighted the need of an interprofessional partnership between the pharmacy professional bodies with Malaysian dental associations to develop, and evaluate evidence-based resources, guidelines, the scope of oral health in pharmacy curricula and services to deliver improved oral health care within Malaysian communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Blebil
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Juman Dujaili
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ramadan Elkalmi
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Ming S Tai
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tahir Mehmood Khan
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Hajj A, Hallit S, Azzo C, Abdou F, Akel M, Sacre H, Salameh P, Rabbaa Khabbaz L. Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice among community pharmacists towards dental care: A national cross sectional survey. Saudi Pharm J 2019; 27:475-483. [PMID: 31061615 PMCID: PMC6488811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Community pharmacists' contribution in health maintenance and promotion is significant but more studies are still needed to evaluate their role as healthcare providers. Objectives Our primary objective was to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice among community pharmacists in Lebanon towards dental care. Secondary objectives included assessing the barriers to a good dental care practice and assess their educational needs for oral health counseling. Methods A national cross-sectional study was carried out using an online questionnaire and targeting community pharmacists in Lebanon. Five, three and six questions were used to assess pharmacists' perceived knowledge, attitude and practice respectively. Stepwise linear regressions were conducted taking each time a different scale score as the dependent variable. Results 497 (78.88%) pharmacists completed the survey (62% females). More than half (53.3%) exhibited good perceived knowledge, 39% a positive attitude and 47.3% a good practice regarding oral health. Pharmacists reported a good perceived knowledge regarding common oral conditions (good, very good and excellent knowledge: 73.2%). Most of the pharmacists (86.52%) perceived oral health promotion as an important part of their services. Moreover, 28.77% (n = 143) of pharmacists declared having difficulties in obtaining oral health information. The main barriers to a good practice included limited interaction between dentists and pharmacists and lack of training regarding oral health. The multivariable analyses showed a significant positive intercorrelation between perceived knowledge, attitude and practice. Working in the pharmacy for more than 40 h a week was associated with higher perceived knowledge (Beta = 2.846). Having a PhD degree was associated with lower practice scores (Beta = 3.676), whereas female gender was associated with lower practice scores (Beta = 2.334). Conclusions Pharmacists have the overall required knowledge and attitude to play an important role in the patients' counseling towards dental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Hajj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacy and Drug Quality Control Laboratory, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.,INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d 'Epid émiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie - Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Christel Azzo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Frederic Abdou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d 'Epid émiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie - Liban), Beirut, Lebanon.,School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hala Sacre
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d 'Epid émiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie - Liban), Beirut, Lebanon.,Drug Information Center, Lebanese Order of Pharmacists, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Pascale Salameh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d 'Epid émiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie - Liban), Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lydia Rabbaa Khabbaz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacy and Drug Quality Control Laboratory, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
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