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Profiling long noncoding RNA alterations during the stromal cell-derived factor-1α-induced odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 137:105393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhang SY, Ren JY, Yang B. Priming strategies for controlling stem cell fate: Applications and challenges in dental tissue regeneration. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1625-1646. [PMID: 34909115 PMCID: PMC8641023 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i11.1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have attracted intense interest in the field of dental tissue regeneration. Dental tissue is a popular source of MSCs because MSCs can be obtained with minimally invasive procedures. MSCs possess distinct inherent properties of self-renewal, immunomodulation, proangiogenic potential, and multilineage potency, as well as being readily available and easy to culture. However, major issues, including poor engraftment and low survival rates in vivo, remain to be resolved before large-scale application is feasible in clinical treatments. Thus, some recent investigations have sought ways to optimize MSC functions in vitro and in vivo. Currently, priming culture conditions, pretreatment with mechanical and physical stimuli, preconditioning with cytokines and growth factors, and genetic modification of MSCs are considered to be the main strategies; all of which could contribute to improving MSC efficacy in dental regenerative medicine. Research in this field has made tremendous progress and continues to gather interest and stimulate innovation. In this review, we summarize the priming approaches for enhancing the intrinsic biological properties of MSCs such as migration, antiapoptotic effect, proangiogenic potential, and regenerative properties. Challenges in current approaches associated with MSC modification and possible future solutions are also indicated. We aim to outline the present understanding of priming approaches to improve the therapeutic effects of MSCs on dental tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jia-Yin Ren
- Department of Oral Radiology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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Endocannabinoids Regulate Stem Cells of the Apical Papilla via a Cannabinoid Receptor and TRPV1-Independent Mechanism. J Endod 2021; 47:1617-1624. [PMID: 34293356 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids [eCBs]) have been shown to have a multitude of functions including neurotransmission and immune modulatory effects. This study aimed to evaluate if stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAP) express the receptors and enzymes of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and whether eCBs regulate their proliferation and mineralization potential. METHODS Gene expression of the main components of the ECS and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) was evaluated in SCAP cultures. SCAP were treated with 2 concentrations of eCBs and/or capsazepine, a TRPV1 antagonist. SCAP viability was evaluated after 1, 4, and 7 days. Osteogenic differentiation was assessed after 14 days, and the gene expression of mineralization markers was assessed after 7 days. RESULTS The enzymes of ECS and TRPV1 but not the cannabinoid receptors (cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2) were expressed in SCAP. Anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, and N-arachidonoylphenolamine (AM-404) reduced SCAP viability in all experimental periods at the highest concentration compared with the group with no treatment. Anandamide and AM-404 did not inhibit SCAP differentiation potential, but 2-arachidonoylglycerol at the highest concentration did. SCAP treated with AM-404 presented a down-regulation in gene expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP-1), and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) compared with the proliferation medium group but not with control group. CONCLUSIONS SCAP expressed the genes of the main components of ECS and TRPV1, and eCBs can affect SCAP viability, mineralization, and gene expression.
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He Q, Li R, Hu B, Li X, Wu Y, Sun P, Jia Y, Guo Y. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 promotes osteoblastic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via the lncRNA-H19/miR-214-5p/BMP2 axis. J Gene Med 2021; 23:e3366. [PMID: 34032330 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) plays an important role in the osteoblastic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSCs), but the specific mechanism remains unclear. Our study aimed to clarify the role of the lncRNA-H19/miR-214-5p/BMP2 axis in the osteoblastic differentiation of hBMMSCs induced by SDF-1. METHODS We used reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, alkaline phosphatase activity test, and Alizarin red staining to evaluate the osteoblastic differentiation of primary hBMMSCs and the luciferase reporter assay to determine if lncRNA-H19 binds with miR-214-5p. RESULTS Our results indicated that SDF-1 (50 ng/mL) promotes the osteoblastic differentiation of hBMMSCs, significantly upregulates osteoblastogenic genes (OCN, OSX, RUNX2, and ALP), and increases Alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase activity, and lncRNA-H19 expression. Luciferase reporter assay verified that lncRNA-H19 binds with and represses miR-214-5p, thereby upregulating BMP2 expression. Use of miR-214-5p inhibitor or overexpression of lncRNA-H19 can promote the osteoblastic differentiation of hBMMSCs, but miR-214-5p or shH19 inhibits the osteoblastic differentiation of hBMMSCs. Treatment with an miR-214-5p inhibitor could rescue the inhibitory effect of shH19 on the osteoblastic differentiation of hBMMSCs. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, SDF-1 promotes the osteoblastic differentiation of hBMMSCs through the lncRNA-H19/miR-214-5p/BMP2 axis. Increased osteoblastic differentiation by an miR-214-5p inhibitor reveals a new possible strategy for the treatment of bone defect and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiting He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ruibin Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Linyi central hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Beibei Hu
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xuezhou Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yunpeng Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Pengfei Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuhua Jia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yongyuan Guo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Distinct Expression Patterns of Cxcl12 in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Niches of Intact and Injured Rodent Teeth. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063024. [PMID: 33809663 PMCID: PMC8002260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific stem cell populations within dental mesenchymal tissues guarantee tooth homeostasis and regeneration throughout life. The decision between renewal and differentiation of stem cells is greatly influenced by interactions with stromal cells and extracellular matrix molecules that form the tissue specific stem cell niches. The Cxcl12 chemokine is a general marker of stromal cells and plays fundamental roles in the maintenance, mobilization and migration of stem cells. The aim of this study was to exploit Cxcl12-GFP transgenic mice to study the expression patterns of Cxcl12 in putative dental niches of intact and injured teeth. We showed that endothelial and stromal cells expressed Cxcl12 in the dental pulp tissue of both intact molars and incisors. Isolated non-endothelial Cxcl12+ dental pulp cells cultured in different conditions in vitro exhibited expression of both adipogenic and osteogenic markers, thus suggesting that these cells possess multipotent fates. Taken together, our results show that Cxcl12 is widely expressed in intact and injured teeth and highlight its importance as a key component of the various dental mesenchymal stem cell niches.
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Meneses CCB, Pizzatto LN, Andrade FFF, Sipert CR. Prostaglandin E2 Affects Interleukin 6 and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1/CCL2 Production by Cultured Stem Cells of Apical Papilla. J Endod 2020; 46:413-418. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Diagnostic Cytokines and Comparative Analysis Secreted from Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth, Dental Pulp, and Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Functional Cell-Based Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235900. [PMID: 31771293 PMCID: PMC6928984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to clarify the distinctive features of stem cells for effective cell-based therapy strategies in regenerative medicine. The expression levels of cytokines secreted from stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED), dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), and bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) were examined to identify the details of their characteristics. A total of 174 cytokines were analyzed using cytokine antibody array, and their expression levels were confirmed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These results indicated that 11 cytokines that were related to tissue regeneration, including growth factors, chemokines, and inflammatory cytokines, were identical in SHED, DPSCs, and BMMSCs. The comparative analyses between SHED and BMMSCs revealed that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), matrix metalloproteinase-3, and stromal cell derived factor 1 (SDF-1) were expressed 6.7-, 2.5-, and 2.1-fold higher, respectively, in SHEDs. HGF was also expressed 3.4-fold higher in DPSCs than BMMSCs. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and-3 were expressed more strongly in BMMSCs. SHED contained significantly higher SDF-1 levels than DPSCs. The distinct cytokine secretion indicated that they had different character besides basic MSC features. This knowledge of diagnostic cytokines analysis secreted from SHED, DPSCs, and BMMSCs extends our understanding, and can provide a novel therapeutic paradigm shift for functional cell-based therapy.
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Kim Y, Park JY, Park HJ, Kim MK, Kim YI, Kim HJ, Bae SK, Bae MK. Pentraxin-3 Modulates Osteogenic/Odontogenic Differentiation and Migration of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225778. [PMID: 31744201 PMCID: PMC6887979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentraxin-3 (PTX3) is recognized as a modulator of inflammation and a mediator of tissue repair. In this study, we characterized the role of PTX3 on some biological functions of human dental pulp stem cells (HDPSCs). The expression level of PTX3 significantly increased during osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation of HDPSCs, whereas the knockdown of PTX3 decreased this differentiation. Silencing of PTX3 in HDPSCs inhibited their migration and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) expression. Our present study indicates that PTX3 is involved in osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation and migration of HDPSCs, and may contribute to the therapeutic potential of HDPSCs for regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.-Y.P.); (H.-J.P.); (M.-K.K.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Joo-Yeon Park
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.-Y.P.); (H.-J.P.); (M.-K.K.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Hyun-Joo Park
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.-Y.P.); (H.-J.P.); (M.-K.K.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Mi-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.-Y.P.); (H.-J.P.); (M.-K.K.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Yong-Il Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea;
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.-Y.P.); (H.-J.P.); (M.-K.K.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Soo-Kyung Bae
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea
| | - Moon-Kyoung Bae
- Department of Oral Physiology, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.-Y.P.); (H.-J.P.); (M.-K.K.); (H.J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-510-8239
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Surface Pre-Reacted Glass Filler Contributes to Tertiary Dentin Formation through a Mechanism Different Than That of Hydraulic Calcium-Silicate Cement. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091440. [PMID: 31514356 PMCID: PMC6780685 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of tissue mineralization and the mechanism by which surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) cement influences pulpal healing remain unclear. We evaluated S-PRG cement-induced tertiary dentin formation in vivo, and its effect on the pulp cell healing process in vitro. Induced tertiary dentin formation was evaluated with micro-computed tomography (μCT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The distribution of elements from the S-PRG cement in pulpal tissue was confirmed by micro-X-ray fluorescence (μXRF). The effects of S-PRG cement on cytotoxicity, proliferation, formation of mineralized nodules, and gene expression in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) were assessed in vitro. μCT and SEM revealed that S-PRG induced tertiary dentin formation with similar characteristics to that induced by hydraulic calcium-silicate cement (ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)). μXRF showed Sr and Si ion transfer into pulpal tissue from S-PRG cement. Notably, S-PRG cement and MTA showed similar biocompatibility. A co-culture of hDPSCs and S-PRG discs promoted mineralized nodule formation on surrounding cells. Additionally, S-PRG cement regulated the expression of genes related to osteo/dentinogenic differentiation. MTA and S-PRG regulated gene expression in hDPSCs, but the patterns of regulation differed. S-PRG cement upregulated CXCL-12 and TGF-β1 gene expression. These findings showed that S-PRG and MTA exhibit similar effects on dental pulp through different mechanisms.
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Xiao M, Yao B, Zhang BD, Bai Y, Sui W, Wang W, Yu Q. Stromal-derived Factor-1α signaling is involved in bone morphogenetic protein-2-induced odontogenic differentiation of stem cells from apical papilla via the Smad and Erk signaling pathways. Exp Cell Res 2019; 381:39-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Xiao M, Qiu J, Kuang R, Zhang B, Wang W, Yu Q. Synergistic effects of stromal cell-derived factor-1α and bone morphogenetic protein-2 treatment on odontogenic differentiation of human stem cells from apical papilla cultured in the VitroGel 3D system. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 378:207-220. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Gong ZM, Tang ZY, Sun XL. LncRNA PRNCR1 regulates CXCR4 expression to affect osteogenic differentiation and contribute to osteolysis after hip replacement. Gene 2018; 673:251-261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Orti V, Collart-Dutilleul PY, Piglionico S, Pall O, Cuisinier F, Panayotov I. Pulp Regeneration Concepts for Nonvital Teeth: From Tissue Engineering to Clinical Approaches. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2018; 24:419-442. [PMID: 29724156 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2018.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Following the basis of tissue engineering (Cells-Scaffold-Bioactive molecules), regenerative endodontic has emerged as a new concept of dental treatment. Clinical procedures have been proposed by endodontic practitioners willing to promote regenerative therapy. Preserving pulp vitality was a first approach. Later procedures aimed to regenerate a vascularized pulp in necrotic root canals. However, there is still no protocol allowing an effective regeneration of necrotic pulp tissue either in immature or mature teeth. This review explores in vitro and preclinical concepts developed during the last decade, especially the potential use of stem cells, bioactive molecules, and scaffolds, and makes a comparison with the goals achieved so far in clinical practice. Regeneration of pulp-like tissue has been shown in various experimental conditions. However, the appropriate techniques are currently in a developmental stage. The ideal combination of scaffolds and growth factors to obtain a complete regeneration of the pulp-dentin complex is still unknown. The use of stem cells, especially from pulp origin, sounds promising for pulp regeneration therapy, but it has not been applied so far for clinical endodontics, in case of necrotic teeth. The gap observed between the hope raised from in vitro experiments and the reality of endodontic treatments suggests that clinical success may be achieved without external stem cell application. Therefore, procedures using the concept of cell homing, through evoked bleeding that permit to recreate a living tissue that mimics the original pulp has been proposed. Perspectives for pulp tissue engineering in the near future include a better control of clinical parameters and pragmatic approach of the experimental results (autologous stem cells from cell homing, controlled release of growth factors). In the coming years, this therapeutic strategy will probably become a clinical reality, even for mature necrotic teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Orti
- LBN, Université de Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Orsolya Pall
- LBN, Université de Montpellier , Montpellier, France
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Janjić K, Cvikl B, Kurzmann C, Moritz A, Agis H. Do hypoxia and L-mimosine modulate sclerostin and dickkopf-1 production in human dental pulp-derived cells? Insights from monolayer, spheroid and tooth slice cultures. BMC Oral Health 2018. [PMID: 29523112 PMCID: PMC5845180 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To understand the responses of the dental pulp to hypoxia is of high relevance for regenerative endodontics and dental traumatology. Here, we aimed to reveal the effects of hypoxia and the hypoxia mimetic agent L-mimosine (L-MIM) on the production of sclerostin (SOST) and dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) in human dental pulp-derived cells (DPC). Methods DPC in monolayer, spheroid and tooth slice cultures were treated with L-MIM or hypoxia. Resazurin-based toxicity and MTT assays were performed to determine cell viability. mRNA and protein levels of SOST and DKK-1 were measured with quantitative reverse transcription PCR and ELISA, respectively. To validate the hypoxia-like response, SDF-1, VEGF and IL-8 were assessed. In addition Western blots for HIF-1α, HIF-2α and HIF-3α were done. Results Cells were vital upon treatment procedures and showed increased levels of HIF-1α, and HIF-2α. In monolayer cultures, mRNA levels of SOST and DKK-1 were downregulated by L-MIM and hypoxia, respectively. A significant downregulation of SOST by hypoxia was found at the protein level compared to untreated cells while the effect on DKK-1 and the impact of L-MIM on SOST and DKK-1 did not reach the level of significance at the protein level. In spheroid cultures, mRNA levels of SOST and DKK-1 were downregulated by L-MIM. A significant downregulation of DKK-1 upon hypoxia treatment was found at the protein level while the impact of hypoxia on SOST and the effect of L-MIM on SOST and DKK-1 did not reach the level of significance. SOST and DKK-1 were also produced in tooth slices, but no pronounced modulation by L-MIM or hypoxia was found. Evaluation of SDF-1, VEGF and IL-8 showed a hypoxia-like response in the culture models. Conclusions There is no pronounced influence of hypoxia and L-MIM on DPC viability, SOST and DKK-1 protein production. However, the specific response depends on the culture model and the level of evaluation (mRNA or protein). These results deepen our understanding about the role of hypoxia and the potential impacts of hypoxia-based strategies on dental pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Janjić
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstr. 13, Vienna, 1200, Austria
| | - Barbara Cvikl
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstr. 13, Vienna, 1200, Austria.,Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kurzmann
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstr. 13, Vienna, 1200, Austria
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstr. 13, Vienna, 1200, Austria
| | - Hermann Agis
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstr. 13, Vienna, 1200, Austria.
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Kim JY, Kim DS, Auh QS, Yi JK, Moon SU, Kim EC. Role of Protein Phosphatase 1 in Angiogenesis and Odontoblastic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Cells. J Endod 2018; 43:417-424. [PMID: 28231980 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aims of this study were to examine the immunolocalization of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) in developing mouse pulp tissue and to explore the role of PP1 in odontoblastic differentiation and in vitro angiogenesis in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). METHODS Immunolocalization of PP1 was assessed in developing mouse pulp tissue. Odontogenic differentiation was examined by alkaline phosphatase activity, alizarin red staining, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Angiogenesis was evaluated by endothelial cell migration and capillary tube formation. Signaling pathways were analyzed by Western blotting and confocal immunofluorescence. RESULTS PP1 expression was detected in preodontoblasts, odontoblasts, dental pulp cells, and endothelial cells within pulp tissue during the crown formed, root formation, and root completion stages. PP1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels were up-regulated at the late mineralization stage during odontogenic differentiation of HDPCs. The PP1 activator C2 ceramide increased alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralized nodule formation, and mRNA expression of dentin matrix protein 1 and dentin sialophosphoprotein. In contrast, knockdown by PP1 small interfering RNA inhibited odontoblastic differentiation. Moreover, PP1 activator up-regulated mRNA expression of angiogenic genes in HDPCs and increased the migration and capillary tube formation of endothelial cells, whereas PP1 small interfering RNA showed opposite effects. C2 ceramide increased levels of bone morphogenetic protein 2, phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8, and mRNA expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 and osterix. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence that PP1 might be a potent regulator of developing pulp tissue in vivo and odontoblastic differentiation and angiogenesis in HDPCs in vitro and may have clinical implications for pulp/dentin regeneration or reparative dentinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Youn Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry and Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk-Su Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Q-Schick Auh
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Yi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ung Moon
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry and Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Cheol Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry and Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Janjić K, Lilaj B, Moritz A, Agis H. Formation of spheroids by dental pulp cells in the presence of hypoxia and hypoxia mimetic agents. Int Endod J 2017; 51 Suppl 2:e146-e156. [PMID: 28656722 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the impact of hypoxia and hypoxia mimetic agents (HMA) on the formation and activity of spheroids by dental pulp cells (DPC). METHODOLOGY DPC on agarose-coated plates were treated with hypoxia and the HMA dimethyloxallyl glycine (DMOG), desferrioxamine (DFO) and L-mimosine (L-MIM). Images of spheroids were taken directly after seeding and at 6 h and 24 h. Spheroid sizes were quantified by area measurement with ImageJ software. Viability was assessed with Live-Dead staining, MTT and resazurin-based toxicity assay. Production of VEGF, IL-8 and SDF-1 was evaluated using immunoassays. Data were analysed using Kruskal-Wallis test and post hoc Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS DPC formed spheroids in the presence of hypoxia, HMA and combined treatment with hypoxia and HMA. No pronounced difference in spheroid size was found in the groups treated with hypoxia, DMOG, DFO, L-MIM and the combination of hypoxia and the HMA relative to their normoxic controls (P > 0.05). Spheroids appeared vital in Live-Dead and MTT staining and the resazurin-based toxicity assay. Evaluation of protein production with immunoassays revealed significantly enhanced levels of VEGF and IL-8 (P < 0.05), but there was no significant effect on SDF-1 production (P > 0.05). Treatment with a combination of hypoxia and HMA did not further boost VEGF and IL-8 production (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Pre-conditioning with hypoxia and HMA increased the pro-angiogenic capacity of spheroids whilst not interfering with their formation. Pre-clinical studies will reveal whether pre-conditioning of spheroids with hypoxia and HMA can effectively improve the efficiency of cell transplantation approaches for regenerative endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Janjić
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - B Lilaj
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Moritz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - H Agis
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Human DPSCs fabricate vascularized woven bone tissue: a new tool in bone tissue engineering. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:699-713. [PMID: 28209631 PMCID: PMC5383003 DOI: 10.1042/cs20170047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) are mesenchymal stem cells that have been successfully used in human bone tissue engineering. To establish whether these cells can lead to a bone tissue ready to be grafted, we checked DPSCs for their osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation capabilities with the specific aim of obtaining a new tool for bone transplantation. Therefore, hDPSCs were specifically selected from the stromal–vascular dental pulp fraction, using appropriate markers, and cultured. Growth curves, expression of bone-related markers, calcification and angiogenesis as well as an in vivo transplantation assay were performed. We found that hDPSCs proliferate, differentiate into osteoblasts and express high levels of angiogenic genes, such as vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor A. Human DPSCs, after 40 days of culture, give rise to a 3D structure resembling a woven fibrous bone. These woven bone (WB) samples were analysed using classic histology and synchrotron-based, X-ray phase-contrast microtomography and holotomography. WB showed histological and attractive physical qualities of bone with few areas of mineralization and neovessels. Such WB, when transplanted into rats, was remodelled into vascularized bone tissue. Taken together, our data lead to the assumption that WB samples, fabricated by DPSCs, constitute a noteworthy tool and do not need the use of scaffolds, and therefore they are ready for customized regeneration.
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18
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Spina A, Montella R, Liccardo D, De Rosa A, Laino L, Mitsiadis TA, La Noce M. NZ-GMP Approved Serum Improve hDPSC Osteogenic Commitment and Increase Angiogenic Factor Expression. Front Physiol 2016; 7:354. [PMID: 27594842 PMCID: PMC4990559 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs), selected from the stromal-vascular fraction of dental pulp, are ecto-mesenchymal stem cells deriving from neural crests, successfully used in human bone tissue engineering. For their use in human therapy GMP procedures are required. For instance, the use of fetal bovine serum (FBS) is strongly discouraged in clinical practice due to its high risk of prions and other infections for human health. Alternatively, clinical grade sera have been suggested, including the New Zealand FBS (NZ-FBS). Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of hDPSCs expanded in culture medium containing NZ-FBS. Since it was widely demonstrated hDPSCs display relevant capabilities to differentiate into osteogenic and angiogenic lineages, we performed a comparative study to assess if these features are also retained by cultivating the cells with a safer serum never tested on this cell line. hDPSCs were grown using NZ-FBS and conventional (C-FBS) for 7, 14, and 21 days, in both 2D and 3D cultures. Growth curves, expression of bone-related markers, calcification and angiogenesis were evaluated. NZ-FBS induced significant cell growth with respect to C-FBS and promoted an earlier increase expression of osteogenic markers, in particular of those involved in the formation of mineralized matrix (BSP and OPN) within 14 days. In addition, hDPSCs cultured in presence of NZ-FBS were found to produce higher mRNA levels of the angiogenic factors, such as VEGF and PDGFA. Taken together, our results highlight that hDPSCs proliferate, enhance their osteogenic commitment and increase angiogenic factors in NZ-FBS containing medium. These features have also been found when hDPSC were seeded on the clinical-grade collagen I scaffold (Bio-Gide®), leading to the conclusion that for human therapy some procedures and above all the use of GMP-approved materials have no negative impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Spina
- Sezione di Biotecnologie, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Istologia Medica e Biologia Molecolare, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Montella
- Sezione di Biotecnologie, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Istologia Medica e Biologia Molecolare, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli Napoli, Italy
| | - Davide Liccardo
- Sezione di Biotecnologie, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Istologia Medica e Biologia Molecolare, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli Napoli, Italy
| | - Alfredo De Rosa
- Sezione di Odontostomatologia, Dipartimento Multidisciplinare Medico-chirurgico, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Laino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Thimios A Mitsiadis
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration, ZZM, Institute of Oral Biology, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcella La Noce
- Sezione di Biotecnologie, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Istologia Medica e Biologia Molecolare, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli Napoli, Italy
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19
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Du L, Feng R, Ge S. PTH/SDF-1α cotherapy promotes proliferation, migration and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:599-608. [PMID: 27523567 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) plays an important role in tissue regeneration in various tissues including the periodontium. A potential limitation for its use derives from its sensitivity to cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). Parathyroid hormone (PTH) reduces enzymatic activity of DPP-IV and is suggested to be a promising agent for periodontal tissue repair. The purpose of this study was to provide insight into how SDF-1α and intermittent PTH treatment might affect proliferation, migration and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS PDLSCs were isolated by the limiting dilution method. Surface markers were quantified by flow cytometry. Cell-counting kit-8 (CCK8), cell migration assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay, alizarin red staining and RT-PCR were used to determine viability, migration and osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. RESULTS PDLSCs were positive for CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD166 and STRO-1 and negative for CD14, CD34 and CD45. PTH/SDF-1α cotherapy significantly promoted cell proliferation, chemotactic capability, ALP activity and mineral deposition (P<.05). Gene expression level of bone sialoprotein (BSP), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and osteocalcin (OCN) were all up-regulated (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS PTH/SDF-1α cotherapy promoted proliferation, migration and osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs in vitro. Cotherapy seemed to have potential to promote periodontal tissue regeneration by facilitating chemotaxis of PDLSCs to the injured site, followed by promoting proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqian Du
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ruijuan Feng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shaohua Ge
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China. .,Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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20
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Qiu F, Li Y, Fu Q, Fan YY, Zhu C, Liu YH, Mi WD. Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 1 Increases Tetrodotoxin-Resistant Sodium Currents Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons via Different Mechanisms. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1587-603. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1873-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Yang JW, Zhang YF, Wan CY, Sun ZY, Nie S, Jian SJ, Zhang L, Song GT, Chen Z. Autophagy in SDF-1α-mediated DPSC migration and pulp regeneration. Biomaterials 2015; 44:11-23. [PMID: 25617122 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Critical morphological requirements for pulp regeneration are tissues replete with vascularisation, neuron formation, and dentin deposition. Autophagy was recently shown to be related to angiogenesis, neural differentiation, and osteogenesis. The present study aimed to investigate the involvement of autophagy in stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α)-mediated dental pulp stem cell (DPSC) migration and pulp regeneration, and identify its presence during pulp revascularisation of pulpectomised dog teeth with complete apical closure. In vitro studies showed that SDF-1α enhanced DPSCs migration and optimised focal adhesion formation and stress fibre assembly, which were accompanied by autophagy. Moreover, autophagy inhibitors significantly suppressed, whereas autophagy activator substantially augmented SDF-1α-stimulated DPSCs migration. Furthermore, after ectopic transplantation of tooth fragment/silk fibroin scaffold with DPSCs into nude mice, pulp-like tissues with vascularity, well-organised fibrous matrix formation, and new dentin deposition along the dentinal wall were generated in SDF-1α-loaded samples accompanied by autophagy. More importantly, in a pulp revascularisation model in situ, SDF-1α-loaded silk fibroin scaffolds improved the de novo ingrowth of pulp-like tissues in pulpectomised mature dog teeth, which correlated with the punctuated LC3 and Atg5 expressions, indicating autophagy. Our findings provide novel insights into the pulp regeneration mechanism, and SDF-1α shows promise for future clinical application in pulp revascularisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Chun-Yan Wan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhe-Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Shuai Nie
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Shu-Juan Jian
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Guang-Tai Song
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China.
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22
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Jin Q, Giannobile WV. SDF-1 enhances wound healing of critical-sized calvarial defects beyond self-repair capacity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97035. [PMID: 24800841 PMCID: PMC4011888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Host blood circulating stem cells are an important cell source that participates in the repair of damaged tissues. The clinical challenge is how to improve the recruitment of circulating stem cells into the local wound area and enhance tissue regeneration. Stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) has been shown to be a potent chemoattractant of blood circulating stem cells into the local wound microenvironment. In order to investigate effects of SDF-1 on bone development and the repair of a large bone defect beyond host self-repair capacity, the BMP-induced subcutaneous ectopic bone formation and calvarial critical-sized defect murine models were used in this preclinical study. A dose escalation of SDF-1 were loaded into collagen scaffolds containing BMP, VEGF, or PDGF, and implanted into subcutaneous sites at mouse dorsa or calvarial critical-sized bone defects for 2 and 4 weeks. The harvested biopsies were examined by microCT and histology. The results demonstrated that while SDF-1 had no effect in the ectopic bone model in promoting de novo osteogenesis, however, in the orthotopic bone model of the critical-sized defects, SDF-1 enhanced calvarial critical-sized bone defect healing similar to VEGF, and PDGF. These results suggest that SDF-1 plays a role in the repair of large critical-sized defect where more cells are needed while not impacting de novo bone formation, which may be associated with the functions of SDF-1 on circulating stem cell recruitment and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Jin
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - William V. Giannobile
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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