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Quigley RM, Kearney M, Kennedy OD, Duncan HF. Tissue engineering approaches for dental pulp regeneration: The development of novel bioactive materials using pharmacological epigenetic inhibitors. Bioact Mater 2024; 40:182-211. [PMID: 38966600 PMCID: PMC11223092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The drive for minimally invasive endodontic treatment strategies has shifted focus from technically complex and destructive root canal treatments towards more conservative vital pulp treatment. However, novel approaches to maintaining dental pulp vitality after disease or trauma will require the development of innovative, biologically-driven regenerative medicine strategies. For example, cell-homing and cell-based therapies have recently been developed in vitro and trialled in preclinical models to study dental pulp regeneration. These approaches utilise natural and synthetic scaffolds that can deliver a range of bioactive pharmacological epigenetic modulators (HDACis, DNMTis, and ncRNAs), which are cost-effective and easily applied to stimulate pulp tissue regrowth. Unfortunately, many biological factors hinder the clinical development of regenerative therapies, including a lack of blood supply and poor infection control in the necrotic root canal system. Additional challenges include a need for clinically relevant models and manufacturing challenges such as scalability, cost concerns, and regulatory issues. This review will describe the current state of bioactive-biomaterial/scaffold-based engineering strategies to stimulate dentine-pulp regeneration, explicitly focusing on epigenetic modulators and therapeutic pharmacological inhibition. It will highlight the components of dental pulp regenerative approaches, describe their current limitations, and offer suggestions for the effective translation of novel epigenetic-laden bioactive materials for innovative therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross M. Quigley
- Division of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), University of Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michaela Kearney
- Division of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), University of Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oran D. Kennedy
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- The Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering (TCBE) and the Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) and Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Henry F. Duncan
- Division of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), University of Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin, Ireland
- The Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering (TCBE) and the Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) and Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Yu J, Hsu YC, Lee JK, Cheng NC. Enhanced angiogenic potential of adipose-derived stem cell sheets by integration with cell spheroids of the same source. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:276. [PMID: 35765015 PMCID: PMC9241243 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02948-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) has been considered as a desirable source for cell therapy. In contrast to combining scaffold materials with cells, ASCs can be fabricated into scaffold-free three-dimensional (3D) constructs to promote regeneration at tissue level. However, previous reports have found decreased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in ASC sheets. In this study, we aimed to integrate ASC spheroids into ASC sheets to enhance the angiogenic capability of cell sheets. Methods ASCs were seeded in agarose microwells to generate uniform cell spheroids with adjustable size, while extracellular matrix deposition could be stimulated by ascorbic acid 2-phosphate to form ASC sheets. RNA sequencing was performed to identify the transcriptomic profiles of ASC spheroids and sheets relative to monolayer ASCs. By transferring ASC spheroids onto ASC sheets, the spheroid sheet composites could be successfully fabricated after a short-term co-culture, and their angiogenic potential was evaluated in vitro and in ovo. Results RNA sequencing analysis revealed that upregulation of angiogenesis-related genes was found only in ASC spheroids. The stimulating effect of spheroid formation on ASCs toward endothelial lineage was demonstrated by enhanced CD31 expression, which maintained after ASC spheroids were seeded on cell sheets. Relative to ASC sheets, enhanced expression of VEGF and hepatocyte growth factor was also noted in ASC spheroid sheets, and conditioned medium of ASC spheroid sheets significantly enhanced tube formation of endothelial cells in vitro. Moreover, chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay showed a significantly higher capillary density with more branch points after applying ASC spheroid sheets, and immunohistochemistry also revealed a significantly higher ratio of CD31-positive area. Conclusion In the spheroid sheet construct, ASC spheroids can augment the pro-angiogenesis capability of ASC sheets without the use of exogenous biomaterial or genetic manipulation. The strategy of this composite system holds promise as an advance in 3D culture technique of ASCs for future application in angiogenesis and regeneration therapies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-02948-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashing Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, 1 Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiung Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, 300 Zhongda Rd., Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Kuang Lee
- Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, 7 Chung-Shan S. Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Chen Cheng
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, 7 Chung-Shan S. Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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3
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Stengelin E, Thiele J, Seiffert S. Multiparametric Material Functionality of Microtissue-Based In Vitro Models as Alternatives to Animal Testing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105319. [PMID: 35043598 PMCID: PMC8981905 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
With the definition of the 3R principle by Russel and Burch in 1959, the search for an adequate substitute for animal testing has become one of the most important tasks and challenges of this time, not only from an ethical, but also from a scientific, economic, and legal point of view. Microtissue-based in vitro model systems offer a valuable approach to address this issue by accounting for the complexity of natural tissues in a simplified manner. To increase the functionality of these model systems and thus make their use as a substitute for animal testing more likely in the future, the fundamentals need to be continuously improved. Corresponding requirements exist in the development of multifunctional, hydrogel-based materials, whose properties are considered in this review under the aspects of processability, adaptivity, biocompatibility, and stability/degradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stengelin
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg‐University MainzD‐55128MainzGermany
| | - Julian Thiele
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Hohe Straße 6D‐01069DresdenGermany
| | - Sebastian Seiffert
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg‐University MainzD‐55128MainzGermany
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4
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Richert R, Ducret M, Alliot-Licht B, Bekhouche M, Gobert S, Farges JC. A critical analysis of research methods and experimental models to study pulpitis. Int Endod J 2022; 55 Suppl 1:14-36. [PMID: 35034368 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pulpitis is the inflammatory response of the dental pulp to a tooth insult, whether it is microbial, chemical, or physical in origin. It is traditionally referred to as reversible or irreversible, a classification for therapeutic purposes that determines the capability of the pulp to heal. Recently, new knowledge about dental pulp physiopathology led to orientate therapeutics towards more frequent preservation of pulp vitality. However, full adoption of these vital pulp therapies by dental practitioners will be achieved only following better understanding of cell and tissue mechanisms involved in pulpitis. The current narrative review aimed to discuss the contribution of the most significant experimental models developed to study pulpitis. Traditionally, in vitro two(2D)- or three(3D)-dimensional cell cultures or in vivo animal models were used to analyse the pulp response to pulpitis inducers at cell, tissue or organ level. In vitro 2D cell cultures were mainly used to decipher the specific roles of key actors of pulp inflammation such as bacterial by-products, pro-inflammatory cytokines, odontoblasts or pulp stem cells. However, these simple models did not reproduce the 3D organisation of the pulp tissue and, with rare exceptions, did not consider interactions between resident cell types. In vitro tissue/organ-based models were developed to better reflect the complexity of the pulp structure. Their major disadvantage is that they did not allow the analysis of blood supply and innervation participation. On the contrary, in vivo models have allowed researchers to identify key immune, vascular and nervous actors of pulpitis and to understand their function and interplay in the inflamed pulp. However, inflammation was mainly induced by iatrogenic dentine drilling associated with simple pulp exposure to the oral environment or stimulation by individual bacterial by-products for short periods. Clearly, these models did not reflect the long and progressive development of dental caries. Lastly, the substantial diversity of the existing models makes experimental data extrapolation to the clinical situation complicated. Therefore, improvement in the design and standardization of future models, for example by using novel molecular biomarkers, databased models and artificial intelligence, will be an essential step in building an incremental knowledge of pulpitis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Richert
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service d'Odontologie, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté d'Odontologie, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire de Mécanique des Contacts et Structures, UMR 5259, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maxime Ducret
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service d'Odontologie, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté d'Odontologie, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS, Université, UMS, Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 3444 BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, Lyon, France
| | - Brigitte Alliot-Licht
- Université de Nantes, Faculté d'Odontologie, Nantes, France.,CHU de Nantes, Odontologie Conservatrice et Pédiatrique, Service d, Nantes, France
| | - Mourad Bekhouche
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté d'Odontologie, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS, Université, UMS, Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 3444 BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphanie Gobert
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS, Université, UMS, Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 3444 BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Farges
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service d'Odontologie, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté d'Odontologie, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS, Université, UMS, Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 3444 BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, Lyon, France
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5
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Li B, Ouchi T, Cao Y, Zhao Z, Men Y. Dental-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: State of the Art. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:654559. [PMID: 34239870 PMCID: PMC8258348 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could be identified in mammalian teeth. Currently, dental-derived MSCs (DMSCs) has become a collective term for all the MSCs isolated from dental pulp, periodontal ligament, dental follicle, apical papilla, and even gingiva. These DMSCs possess similar multipotent potential as bone marrow-derived MSCs, including differentiation into cells that have the characteristics of odontoblasts, cementoblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, epithelial cells, neural cells, hepatocytes, and adipocytes. Besides, DMSCs also have powerful immunomodulatory functions, which enable them to orchestrate the surrounding immune microenvironment. These properties enable DMSCs to have a promising approach in injury repair, tissue regeneration, and treatment of various diseases. This review outlines the most recent advances in DMSCs' functions and applications and enlightens how these advances are paving the path for DMSC-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Takehito Ouchi
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yubin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Men
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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6
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Janjić K, Schädl B, Andrukhov O, Agis H. The response of gingiva monolayer, spheroid, and ex vivo tissue cultures to collagen membranes and bone substitute. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:1307-1317. [PMID: 32652865 PMCID: PMC7539981 DOI: 10.1002/term.3102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Collagen membranes and bone substitute are popular biomaterials in guided tissue regeneration for treatment of traumatized or diseased periodontal tissue. Development of these biomaterials starts in monolayer cell culture, failing to reflect in vivo tissue organization. Spheroid cultures potentially mimic in vivo tissues in structure and functionality. This study aims to compare gingiva cell (GC) monolayers and spheroids to ex vivo gingiva. Human GC monolayers, spheroids and gingiva ex vivo tissues were cultured on plastic surfaces, collagen membranes or bone substitute. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, immunohistochemistry for KI67 and caspase 3 (CASP3), resazurin-based toxicity assays, quantitative polymerase chain reaction for collagen I (COL1A1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiogenin (ANG), interleukin (IL)6 and IL8 and ELISA for COL1A1, VEGF, ANG, IL6 and IL8 were performed in all cultures. Morphology was different in all culture set-ups. Staining of KI67 was positive in monolayers and staining of CASP3 was positive in spheroids. All culture set-ups were viable. COL1A1 production was modulated in monolayers and ex vivo tissues at mRNA levels, VEGF in monolayers and ex vivo tissues at mRNA levels and in spheroids at protein levels, ANG in spheroids at mRNA levels and in monolayers and spheroids at protein levels, IL6 in monolayers and spheroids at mRNA levels and in spheroids and ex vivo tissues at protein levels and IL8 in monolayers and ex vivo tissues at mRNA levels. Modulations were surface-dependent. In conclusion, each culture model is structurally and functionally different. Neither GC monolayers nor spheroids mimicked gingiva ex vivo tissue in all measured aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Janjić
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of DentistryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Barbara Schädl
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of DentistryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
- AUVA Research CenterLudwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical TraumatologyViennaAustria
| | - Oleh Andrukhov
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of DentistryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Hermann Agis
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of DentistryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
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7
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Janjić K, Samiei M, Moritz A, Agis H. The Influence of Pro-Inflammatory Factors on Sclerostin and Dickkopf-1 Production in Human Dental Pulp Cells Under Hypoxic Conditions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:430. [PMID: 31921831 PMCID: PMC6927906 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin (Sost) and dickkopf (Dkk)-1 are inhibitors of the Wnt signaling pathway that plays a role in regenerative processes. Hypoxia-based strategies are used for regenerative approaches, but the influence of hypoxia on Sost and Dkk-1 production in a pro-inflammatory environment is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess if pro-inflammatory molecules have an influence on Sost and Dkk-1 production in dental pulp cells (DPC) under normoxia and hypoxia. Human DPC were treated with interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α or transforming growth factor (TGF)β, with L-mimosine (L-MIM) or hypoxia or a combination. Sost and Dkk-1 mRNA and protein levels were measured with qPCR and western blot, respectively. TNFα, TGFβ, L-MIM, or combined treatment did not modulate Sost and Dkk-1. IL-1β downregulated Sost at the mRNA level. Hypoxia alone and together with inflammatory markers downregulated Dkk-1 at the mRNA level. Sost and Dkk-1 protein production was below the detection limit. In conclusion, there is a differential effect of hypoxia and IL-1β on the mRNA production of Sost and Dkk-1. Pro-inflammatory molecules do not further modulate the effects of L-MIM or hypoxia on Sost and Dkk-1 production in DPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Janjić
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohammad Samiei
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Agis
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Contraction dynamics of dental pulp cell rod microtissues. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 24:631-638. [PMID: 31115693 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-02917-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The factors that contribute to the morphological changes of dental pulp cell-derived microtissues are unknown. Here, we investigated the contraction dynamics of rod-shaped microtissues derived from dental pulp cells and examined the underlying cell signaling pathways. METHODS Human dental pulp cells were seeded into agarose molds to assemble into rod-shaped microtissues. Resazurin- and tetrazolium-based cytotoxicity assays, Live/Dead staining, and hematoxylin and eosin staining for histological evaluation of rods were performed. Rod contraction was evaluated and measured for a period of 10 days. The role of TGF-β, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was analyzed. RESULTS Dental pulp cells readily assembled into rods, maintaining the geometric shape for 48 h. Following this period, they condensed to form stable spheroidal structures that remained vital for 10 days from seeding. Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathway by LY294002 significantly prolonged the diminution in the length of rods formed by dental pulp cells. TGF-β and pharmacological inhibition of TGF-β signaling did not show pronounced effects. CONCLUSION Overall, dental pulp cells readily formed rod-shaped patterns of microtissues which, over a period of time, condensed into more stable spheroidal structures. Hence, technologies like bioprinting, using direct fabrication of microtissues need to consider the contraction dynamics. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The field of regenerative endodontology will benefit from our findings as it can be applied as a novel platform to test the impact of pharmacological agents, biomaterials, and regenerative approaches including bioprinting.
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9
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Janjić K, Kurzmann C, Moritz A, Agis H. Core circadian clock gene expression in human dental pulp-derived cells in response to L-mimosine, hypoxia and echinomycin. Eur J Oral Sci 2019; 126:263-271. [PMID: 30006964 PMCID: PMC6585758 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Core circadian clock genes set the pace for a wide range of physiological functions, including regeneration. The role of these genes and their regulation in the dental pulp, in particular under hypoxic conditions, is unknown. Here we investigated if core clock genes are expressed in human dental pulp‐derived cells (DPC) and if their expression is modulated by the hypoxia mimetic agent, L‐mimosine (L‐MIM), hypoxia or echinomycin. Dental pulp‐derived cells in monolayers and spheroids were treated with L‐MIM, hypoxia or echinomycin. mRNA levels of the core circadian clock genes were analysed using quantitative PCR (qPCR) and their protein levels were analysed by western blot. All core clock genes and proteins were produced in DPC monolayer and spheroid cultures. The expression of cryptochrome circadian regulators and period circadian regulators was reduced by L‐MIM, hypoxia and echinomycin at mRNA, but not at protein levels. Time course experiments indicated that modulations were based on alterations in overall mRNA levels of core circadian clock genes. Our results suggest a potential role of the core circadian clock in the response of dental pulp to hypoxia. Future studies need to consider that regulation of the core circadian clock at mRNA levels might not be paralleled by modulation of protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Janjić
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Kurzmann
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Agis
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Oberoi G, Janjić K, Müller AS, Schädl B, Andrukhov O, Moritz A, Agis H. Contraction Dynamics of Rod Microtissues of Gingiva-Derived and Periodontal Ligament-Derived Cells. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1683. [PMID: 30622473 PMCID: PMC6308197 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering strategies using microtissues as "building blocks" have high potential in regenerative medicine. Cognition of contraction dynamics involved in the in vitro self-assembly of these microtissues can be conceived as the bedrock of an effective periodontal tissue regenerative therapy. Our study was directed at evaluating the shrinkage in the rod-shaped structure of a directed self-assembly of human gingiva-derived cells (GC) and periodontal ligament-derived cells (PDLC) and developing insights into the potential mechanisms responsible for the shrinkage. GC and PDLC were seeded in non-adherent agarose molds to form rod microtissues. Cells used for the experiments were characterized using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). To assess the viability, resazurin-based cytotoxicity assays, trypan blue dye exclusion assay, MTT and live/dead staining, and histological evaluation of rods based on hematoxylin and eosin staining were performed. Rod contraction was evaluated and measured at 0, 2, 6, and 24 h and compared to L-929 cells. The role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling was analyzed. Our results show that the rod microtissues were vital after 24 h. A reduction in the length of rods was seen in the 24 h period. While the recombinant TGF-β slightly reduced contraction, inhibition of TGF-β signaling did not interfere with the contraction of the rods. Interestingly, inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase by LY294002 significantly delayed contraction in GC and PDLC rods. Overall, GC and PDLC have the ability to form rod microtissues which contract over time. Thus, approaches for application of these structures as "building blocks" for periodontal tissue regeneration should consider that rods have the capacity to contract substantially. Further investigation will be needed to unravel the mechanisms behind the dynamics of contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunpreet Oberoi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klara Janjić
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Sonja Müller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Schädl
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oleh Andrukhov
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Agis
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Oberoi G, Nitsch S, Edelmayer M, Janjić K, Müller AS, Agis H. 3D Printing-Encompassing the Facets of Dentistry. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:172. [PMID: 30525032 PMCID: PMC6262086 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This narrative review presents an overview on the currently available 3D printing technologies and their utilization in experimental, clinical and educational facets, from the perspective of different specialties of dentistry, including oral and maxillofacial surgery, orthodontics, endodontics, prosthodontics, and periodontics. It covers research and innovation, treatment modalities, education and training, employing the rapidly developing 3D printing process. Research-oriented advancement in 3D printing in dentistry is witnessed by the rising number of publications on this topic. Visualization of treatment outcomes makes it a promising clinical tool. Educational programs utilizing 3D-printed models stimulate training of dental skills in students and trainees. 3D printing has enormous potential to ameliorate oral health care in research, clinical treatment, and education in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunpreet Oberoi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophie Nitsch
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Health Sciences, FH Wien, University of Applied Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Edelmayer
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Oral Surgery, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klara Janjić
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Sonja Müller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Agis
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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Janjić K, Cvikl B, Kurzmann C, Moritz A, Agis H. Do hypoxia and L-mimosine modulate sclerostin and dickkopf-1 production in human dental pulp-derived cells? Insights from monolayer, spheroid and tooth slice cultures. BMC Oral Health 2018. [PMID: 29523112 PMCID: PMC5845180 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To understand the responses of the dental pulp to hypoxia is of high relevance for regenerative endodontics and dental traumatology. Here, we aimed to reveal the effects of hypoxia and the hypoxia mimetic agent L-mimosine (L-MIM) on the production of sclerostin (SOST) and dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) in human dental pulp-derived cells (DPC). Methods DPC in monolayer, spheroid and tooth slice cultures were treated with L-MIM or hypoxia. Resazurin-based toxicity and MTT assays were performed to determine cell viability. mRNA and protein levels of SOST and DKK-1 were measured with quantitative reverse transcription PCR and ELISA, respectively. To validate the hypoxia-like response, SDF-1, VEGF and IL-8 were assessed. In addition Western blots for HIF-1α, HIF-2α and HIF-3α were done. Results Cells were vital upon treatment procedures and showed increased levels of HIF-1α, and HIF-2α. In monolayer cultures, mRNA levels of SOST and DKK-1 were downregulated by L-MIM and hypoxia, respectively. A significant downregulation of SOST by hypoxia was found at the protein level compared to untreated cells while the effect on DKK-1 and the impact of L-MIM on SOST and DKK-1 did not reach the level of significance at the protein level. In spheroid cultures, mRNA levels of SOST and DKK-1 were downregulated by L-MIM. A significant downregulation of DKK-1 upon hypoxia treatment was found at the protein level while the impact of hypoxia on SOST and the effect of L-MIM on SOST and DKK-1 did not reach the level of significance. SOST and DKK-1 were also produced in tooth slices, but no pronounced modulation by L-MIM or hypoxia was found. Evaluation of SDF-1, VEGF and IL-8 showed a hypoxia-like response in the culture models. Conclusions There is no pronounced influence of hypoxia and L-MIM on DPC viability, SOST and DKK-1 protein production. However, the specific response depends on the culture model and the level of evaluation (mRNA or protein). These results deepen our understanding about the role of hypoxia and the potential impacts of hypoxia-based strategies on dental pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Janjić
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstr. 13, Vienna, 1200, Austria
| | - Barbara Cvikl
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstr. 13, Vienna, 1200, Austria.,Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kurzmann
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstr. 13, Vienna, 1200, Austria
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstr. 13, Vienna, 1200, Austria
| | - Hermann Agis
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstr. 13, Vienna, 1200, Austria.
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13
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Mazzi-Chaves JF, Petean IBF, Soares IMV, Salles AG, Antunes LAA, Segato RAB, Silva LABD, Küchler EC, Antunes LS, Sousa-Neto MD. Influence Of Genetic Polymorphisms In Genes Of Bone Remodeling And Angiogenesis Process In The Apical Periodontitis. Braz Dent J 2018; 29:179-183. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201802260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Persistent apical periodontitis (AP) is a situation involving an inflammatory and immune response caused mainly by anaerobic polymicrobial infection of the root canal system and the outcome and follow-up of the root canal treatment has been reported as intimately related to host response. The apical periodontitis repair might be associated with genetic polymorphisms. This study aimed to evaluate the association between HIF1A genetic polymorphisms (rs2301113 and rs2057482) with PAP in Brazilian patients. Subjects with at least 1 year of follow-up after root canal therapy (RCT) were recalled. Sixty-four subjects with signs/symptoms of PAP and 84 subjects with root canal-treated teeth exhibiting healthy perirradicular tissues (healed) were included. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva and used for HIF1A genotyping by real-time PCR. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared by c2 or Fisher’s exact tests and odds ratio was implemented, using Epi Info 3.5.2. All tests were performed with an established alpha of 0.05. There was no association between allele and genotype distribution for HIF1As polymorphisms and PAP (p>0.05). The genetic polymorphisms in HIF1A were not associated with persistent apical periodontitis.
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