1
|
Lorde N, Elgharably A, Kalaria T. Impact of Variation between Assays and Reference Intervals in the Diagnosis of Endocrine Disorders. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3453. [PMID: 37998589 PMCID: PMC10670091 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13223453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Method-related variations in the measurement of hormones and the reference intervals used in the clinical laboratory can have a significant, but often under-appreciated, impact on the diagnosis and management of endocrine disorders. This variation in laboratory practice has the potential to lead to an errant approach to patient care and thus could cause harm. It may also be the source of confusion or result in excessive or inadequate investigation. It is important that laboratory professionals and clinicians know about these impacts, their sources, and how to detect and mitigate them when they do arise. In this review article, we describe the historical and scientific context from which inconsistency in the clinical laboratory arises. Examples from the published literature of the impact of the method, reference interval, and clinical decision threshold-related discordances on the assessment and monitoring of various endocrine disorders are discussed to illustrate the sources, causes, and effects of this variability. Its potential impact on the evaluation of growth hormone deficiency and excess, thyroid and parathyroid disorders, hyperandrogenism, hypogonadism, glucocorticoid excess and deficiency, and diabetes mellitus is elaborated. Strategies for assessment and mitigation of the discordance are discussed. The clinical laboratory has a responsibility to recognise and address these issues, and although a lot has been accomplished in this area already, there remains more to be done.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Lorde
- Black Country Pathology Services, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton WV10 0QP, UK; (A.E.); (T.K.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Seger C, Kessler A, Taibon J. Establishing metrological traceability for small molecule measurands in laboratory medicine. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:1890-1901. [PMID: 36622091 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
For molecules that can be well described metrologically in the sense of the definition of measurands, and which can also be recorded analytically as individual substances, reference measurement service traceability to a metrologically sound foundation is a necessity. The establishment of traceability chains must be initiated by National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) according to applicable standards; they are at the top and leading position in this concept. If NMIs are not in the position to take up this task, alternative approaches must be sought. Traceability initiatives established by in vitro device industry or academia must meet the quality standards of NMIs. Adherence to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) procedure 15193 must be a matter of course for the establishment of reference measurement procedures (RMPs). Certified reference material (CRM) characterization must be thorough, e.g., by the application of quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance measurements and by adherence to ISO 15194. Both for RMPs and CRMs Joint Committee for Traceability in Laboratory Medicine (JCTLM) listing must be the ultimate goal. Results must be shared in a transparent manner to allow other stakeholders including NMIs to reproduce and disseminate the reference measurement procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Seger
- Labordiagnostic St. Gallen West AG, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmacy, CCB - Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine, CMBI - Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anja Kessler
- Stiftung für Pathobiochemie und Molekulare Diagnostik, Bonn, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jayasena CN, de Silva NL, O'Reilly MW, MacKenzie F, Marrington R, Jones H, Livingston M, Downie P, Hackett G, Ramachandran S, Tomlinson J, David J, Boot C, Patel M, Tarling J, Wu F, Quinton R. Standardising the biochemical confirmation of adult male hypogonadism: A joint position statement by the Society for Endocrinology and Association of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2023. [PMID: 37393195 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inter-assay variation between different immunoassays and different mass spectrometry methods hampers the biochemical confirmation of male hypogonadism. Furthermore, some laboratories utilise assay manufacturer reference ranges that do not necessarily mirror assay performance characteristics, with the lower limit of normality ranging from 4.9 nmol/L to 11 nmol/L. The quality of the normative data underlying commercial immunoassay reference ranges is uncertain. DESIGN A working group reviewed published evidence and agreed upon standardised reporting guidance to augment total testosterone reports. RESULTS Evidence-based guidance on appropriate blood sampling, clinical action limits, and other major factors likely to affect the interpretation of results are provided. CONCLUSIONS This article aims to improve the quality of the interpretation of testosterone results by non-specialist clinicians. It also discusses approaches for assay harmonisation which have been successful in some but not all healthcare systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Channa N Jayasena
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Nipun L de Silva
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Michael W O'Reilly
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Finlay MacKenzie
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rachel Marrington
- Birmingham Quality (UK NEQAS), University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hugh Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mark Livingston
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Black Country Pathology Services, Walsall Manor Hospital, Walsall, UK
- School of Medicine and Clinical Practice, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Paul Downie
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK
| | - Geoff Hackett
- Department of Urology, Spire Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sud Ramachandran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton Coldfield, UK
| | - Jeremy Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Oxford, UK
| | - Janine David
- Department of Urology, Porthcawl Medical Centre, Princess of Wales Hospital, Bridgend, UK
| | - Christopher Boot
- Department of Blood Sciences, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mayur Patel
- Great Western Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Swindon, UK
| | - Julie Tarling
- Bedfordshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Fredrick Wu
- School of Medical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Quinton
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust & Translational & Clinical Research Institute, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Casals G, Costa RF, Rull EU, Escobar-Morreale HF, Argente J, Sesmilo G, Biagetti B. Recommendations for the measurement of sexual steroids in clinical practice. A position statement of SEQC ML/SEEN/SEEP. ADVANCES IN LABORATORY MEDICINE 2023; 4:52-69. [PMID: 37359897 PMCID: PMC10197192 DOI: 10.1515/almed-2023-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The proper clinical approach to a wide range of disorders relies on the availability of accurate, reproducible laboratory results for sexual steroids measured using methods with a high specificity and sensitivity. The chemiluminescent immunoassays currently available have analytical limitations with significant clinical implications. This position statement reviews the current limitations of laboratory techniques for the measurement of estradiol and testosterone and their impact on diverse clinical scenarios. A set of recommendations are provided to incorporate steroid hormone analysis by mass spectrometry in national health systems. International societies have recommended this methodology for a decade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregori Casals
- Servicio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Ferrer Costa
- Servicio de Bioquímica, Laboratoris Clínics, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eulàlia Urgell Rull
- Servicio de Bioquímica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Héctor F. Escobar-Morreale
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS y CIBER Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Departamento de Pediatría y Endocrinología Pediátrica, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Sesmilo
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Betina Biagetti
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kaufman JM. Diagnosis of hypogonadism in ageing men. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:1139-1150. [PMID: 36355322 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09763-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To make the diagnosis of hypogonadism in an ageing man, in absence of rare organic cause often referred to as functional or late onset hypogonadism (LOH), he should present with a clinical syndrome suggestive of androgen deficiency and have consistently low serum testosterone (T) levels. This does not differ from the diagnosis of any other form of hypogonadism. Particular to LOH diagnostic are uncertainties surrounding this entity: signs and symptoms of androgen deficiency (including sexual symptoms) are nonspecific in older men; clinical significance of only moderately low T levels is uncertain; comorbidity plays a substantial role with potential for reversibility; the place of T therapy in these men is debatable. This context demands for a pragmatic, but appropriately conservative approach to diagnosis. Evaluation should be stepwise with clinical evaluation, if suggestive for androgen deficiency, followed by measurement of a fasting morning serum T, if unequivocally low to be confirmed in a separate morning sample by a second low T or, if initial T borderline low or in presence of factors known to affect SHBG, by a low calculated free T level. All other (free) T results make hypogonadism an unlikely cause of the patient's symptoms. In the absence of consensus cut-off levels for total and free T in the published clinical guidelines for diagnosis of hypogonadism, it seems appropriate in the context of LOH to use stringent criteria indicating a convincingly low serum T. The approach to the diagnosis of LOH is not fundamentally different from that of other forms of hypogonadism but should put extra weight on prioritizing the shunning of overdiagnosis above the risk of underdiagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Kaufman
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Matsumoto AM. Diagnosis and Evaluation of Hypogonadism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2022; 51:47-62. [PMID: 35216720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A systematic approach to diagnose hypogonadism initially establishes the presence of symptoms/signs of testosterone deficiency, considers other potential causes of manifestations, and excludes conditions that transiently suppress testosterone. Hypogonadism is confirmed by measuring fasting serum total testosterone in the morning on at least 2 separate days, or free testosterone by equilibrium dialysis or calculated free testosterone in men with conditions that alter sex hormone-binding globulin or serum total testosterone near lower limit of normal. To guide management, further evaluation is performed to identify the specific cause of hypogonadism and whether it is potentially reversible or an irreversible pathologic disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvin M Matsumoto
- Division of Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, V.A. Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 South Columbian Way (S-182-GRECC), Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sharma A, Ul-Haq Z, Sindi E, Al-Sharefi A, Kamalati T, Dhillo WS, Minhas S, Jayasena CN. Clinical characteristics and comorbidities associated with testosterone prescribing in men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2022; 96:227-235. [PMID: 34816471 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is recommended for the treatment of symptomatic hypogonadism in men. Data on prescription behaviours are, however, limited and conflicting. The objective of this study was to investigate clinical characteristics associated with the likelihood of being prescribed TRT by general practitioners (GP) in North-West London (NWL). DESIGN Retrospective cohort study using Discover database of GP-registered patients in NWL between 2015 and 2019. PATIENTS We identified 20,299 men aged ≥18 years with serum total testosterone measurement (TT) and without prior TRT prescription records. MEASUREMENTS We determined whether TRT was subsequently commenced, while analysing clinical characteristics related to hypogonadism. RESULTS Of all men having TT measurement, 19,583 (96.4%) were not commenced on TRT (Group A) and 716 (3.5%) men were commenced on TRT (Group B). Men prescribed TRT (Group B) had higher mean age, body mass index (BMI) and higher risks of hypertension, depression type 2 diabetes and ischaemic heart disease; conversely, men in Group B had lower mean pretreatment TT and were less likely to have prostate cancer. Four-hundred and thirty-six men (24.3%) with TT < 8 nmol/L and symptoms of low libido were not prescribed TRT. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights several factors which may influence the decisions made by clinicians when initiating TRT in primary care. Clearer guidance for clinicians may help to improve the consistency of treatment of men with hypogonadism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Sharma
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Zia Ul-Haq
- Imperial College Health Partners, London, UK
| | - Emad Sindi
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ahmed Al-Sharefi
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Suks Minhas
- Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Channa N Jayasena
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Livingston M, Hackett G, Ramachandran S, Heald A. Is a fasting testosterone level really necessary for the determination of androgen status in men? Clin Chim Acta 2021; 521:64-69. [PMID: 34181890 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As circulating testosterone may be suppressed in the post-prandial state, it has been recommended that measurements are carried out with the patient fasted. OBJECTIVES In this regard, we assessed the effect of fasting/non-fasting status on total testosterone (T) levels in men. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data was collected in a single UK Hospital in men with two serum T requests taken within a 6-month period of each other and sampled at a time of day ≤ 2 h apart. Three groups were established, with T levels compared via signed-rank test in men with both a fasting and non-fasting sample (Group 1; n = 69), and in men with paired non-fasting (Group 2; n = 126) and paired fasting (Group 3; n = 18) samples. The differences in T levels between the paired samples was compared between the three groups using the rank-sum test and also via multiple regression analysis with the groups factorised. RESULTS Median (Interquartile Range, IQR) age did not vary significantly between Groups 1, 2 and 3 at 49 (38-56), 51.5 (42-60) and 51.5 (40-59) years, respectively. No significant difference (p = 0.89) was found between the T levels in Group 1 with non-fasting (median (IQR) T = 11.1 (9.3-13.6) nmol/L) versus fasting samples T = 10.8 (8.9-14.1) nmol/L). Paired T levels did not significantly differ in each of the other two groups (2 and 3). There was no significant association between the differences in paired T levels between the three groups, even when the model was adjusted for age and time, with Group 1 (as reference) versus Group 2 (p = 0.79) and versus Group 3 (p = 0.63). DISCUSSION We found no significant differences between fasting and non-fasting T levels. A definitive confirmatory study is required to determine whether fasting status is necessary to diagnose hypogonadism. CONCLUSION Non-requirement of fasting status when checking testosterone levels would remove a major hurdle in the diagnosis of hypogonadism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Livingston
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Black Country Pathology Services, Walsall Manor Hospital, Walsall, United Kingdom; School of Medicine and Clinical Practice, Faculty of Science & Engineering, The University of Wolverhampton, United Kingdom.
| | - Geoffrey Hackett
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, England, United Kingdom
| | - Sudarshan Ramachandran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton Coldfield, West Midlands, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospitals of North Midlands/ Institute of Science and Technology, Keele University / Faculty of Health Sciences, Staffordshire University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom; College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Heald
- The School of Medicine and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Heald AH, Stedman M, Whyte M, Livingston M, Albanese M, Ramachandran S, Hackett G. Lessons learnt from the variation across 6741 family/general practices in England in the use of treatments for hypogonadism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2021; 94:827-836. [PMID: 33420743 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We have previously reported rates of diagnosis of male hypogonadism in United Kingdom (UK) general practices. We aimed to identify factors associated with testosterone prescribing in UK general practice. METHODS We determined for 6741 general practices in England, the level of testosterone prescribing in men and the relation between volume of testosterone prescribing and (1) demographic characteristics of the practice, (2) % patients with specific comorbidities and (3) national GP patient survey results. RESULTS The largest volume (by prescribing volume) agents were injectable preparations at a total cost in the 12-month period 2018/19 of £8,172,519 with gel preparations in second place: total cost £4,795,057. Transdermal patches, once the only alternative to testosterone injections or implants, were little prescribed: total cost £222,022. The analysis accounted for 0.27 of the variance in testosterone prescribing between general practices. Thus, most of this variance was not accounted for by the analysis. There was a strong univariant relation (r = .95, P < .001) between PDE5-I prescribing and testosterone prescribing. Other multivariant factors independently linked with more testosterone prescribing were as follows: HIGHER proportion of men with type 2 diabetes(T2DM) on target control (HbA1c ≤ 58 mmol/mol) and HIGHER overall practice rating on the National Patient Survey for good experience, while non-white ethnicity and socio-economic deprivation were associated with less testosterone prescribing. There were a number of comorbidity factors associated with less prescribing of testosterone (such as T2DM, hypertension and stroke/TIA). CONCLUSION Our analysis has indicated that variation between general practices in testosterone prescribing in a well developed health economy is only related to small degree (r2 = 0.27) to factors that we can define. This suggests that variation in amount of testosterone prescribed is largely related to general practitioner choice/other factors not studied and may be amenable to measures to increase knowledge/awareness of male hypogonadism, with implications for men's health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian H Heald
- The School of Medicine and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | | | - Martin Whyte
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
| | - Mark Livingston
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Black Country Pathology Services, Walsall, UK
- School of Medicine and Clinical Practice & Department of Biomedical Science and Physiology, Faculty of Science & Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Marco Albanese
- Herzzentrum Hirslanden Zentralschweiz, Luzern, Switzerland
| | - Sud Ramachandran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospitals of North Midlands/Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hsu PS, Hung CL, Tu SK, Chen HH, Yang DH, Liao CC. Waist Circumference Is More Closely Associated with Hypogonadism than Is Hyperglycemia, Independent of BMI in Middle-Aged Men. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:1347588. [PMID: 34966822 PMCID: PMC8712173 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1347588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To evaluate whether waist circumference (WC) or hyperglycemia is more closely associated with hypogonadism in middle-aged men. Research Design and Methods. This cross-sectional study analyzed male participants under 65 years old from the MJ Health Screening Center in Taiwan from 2007 to 2016. Basic patient characteristics with relevant parameters were obtained. We used the chi-square test to perform a correlation analysis for HbA1c and WC between participants with and without hypogonadism. A one-way ANOVA with post hoc Scheffe's method was applied to compare the mean testosterone (T) among the HbAlc and WC groups (normal blood sugar with normal WC (NBSNW), abnormal blood sugar with normal WC (ABSNW), normal blood sugar with abnormal WC (NBSAW), and abnormal blood sugar with abnormal waist circumference (ABSAW)). RESULTS The 5,680 participants were divided into two groups based on the presence (n = 599) or absence of hypogonadism (n = 5,081), which was defined as total testosterone (TT) < 300 ng/dL. The mean TT of group NBSAW (443.71 ± 220.59 ng/dl) was significantly lower than that of group ABSNW (506.64 ± 191.08 ng/dl, p < 0.001). Moreover, the mean TT of group ABSAW (398.89 ± 146.24 ng/dl) was significantly lower than that of group ABSNW (506.64 ± 191.08 ng/dl, p < 0.001). The ORs after adjusting for BMI, TG, HDL, SBP, and DBP were statistically significant when comparing NBSAW vs. NBSNW (OR = 2.846; 95%CI = 2.266-3.575; p < 0.001), ABSNW vs. NDNW (OR = 1.693; 95%CI = 1.309-2.189; p < 0.001), and ABSAW vs. NBSNW (OR = 4.613; 95%CI = 3.634-5.856; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The current study showed that WC should be the risk factor that is more closely associated with hypogonadism than hyperglycemia in middle-aged men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Sheng Hsu
- Department of Family Medicine, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lien Hung
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Kai Tu
- Department of Family Medicine, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hung Chen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Chung Sheng Clinic, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Ho Yang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Cheng Liao
- Department of Family Medicine, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhong SR, Yang HH, Liao CH, Yang DH, Tu SK, Hung CL, Liao CC. Association Between Low Serum Testosterone and the Development of Metabolic Syndrome in Elderly Taiwanese Men. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:99-106. [PMID: 33469327 PMCID: PMC7810670 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s282832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the association between serum testosterone (T) and metabolic syndrome (MS) in different age groups in Taiwanese men. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male participants, regardless of age or any underlying disease, were identified from MJ Health Screening Center in Taiwan from 2007 to 2016 for this cross-sectional study. They were divided into three groups according to age, and further classified according to MS diagnosis. Basic patient characteristics with relevant parameters were obtained. One-way ANOVA of mean T values between different numbers of measures that exceeds the cut-off values of MS components was performed to assess the relationship of T and MS. Logistic regression analysis was also used to estimate the risk for MS with each increment in T, age, and BMI. RESULTS A total of 4,931 men were included. The MS group had significantly lower serum T levels compared to the non-MS group in each age group. The one-way ANOVA found the mean value of T was significantly higher in patients without MS component (6.19±2.12 ng/mL) than those with 1-5 MS components (with one MS component: 5.48±2.13 ng/mL, two MS components: 4.93±2.03 ng/mL, three MS components: 4.37±1.60 ng/mL, four MS components: 4.13±2.89 ng/mL, five MS components: 3.74±1.27 ng/mL, and P<0.001). There was no significant difference between the patients with three components and the patients with four or five components. Logistic regression models with age stratification showed T with lower odds ratio (OR) for MS after adjusting for BMI in those ≥65 years old (OR=0.693; 95% CI=0.559-0.858; P<0.001); 50-64 years old (OR=0.868; 95% CI=0.802-0.940; P<0.001) and <50 years old (OR=0.810; 95% CI=0.758-0.865; P<0.001). CONCLUSION Lower serum T was strongly associated with MS, with the predictive value increasing with age in Taiwanese men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Rong Zhong
- Department of Family Medicine, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Han-Hsuan Yang
- Department of Family Medicine, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Professional Education and Continuing Studies, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsi Liao
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Ho Yang
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Kai Tu
- Department of Family Medicine, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lien Hung
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Cheng Liao
- Department of Family Medicine, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Correspondence: Chun-Cheng Liao Email
| |
Collapse
|