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Masci M, Caproni R, Nevigato T. Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Glyphosate in Cereals Together with a Discussion of Its Occurrence, Accumulation, Fate, Degradation, and Regulatory Status. Methods Protoc 2024; 7:38. [PMID: 38804332 PMCID: PMC11130892 DOI: 10.3390/mps7030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Union's recent decision to renew the authorization for the use of glyphosate until 15 December 2033 has stimulated scientific discussion all around the world regarding its toxicity or otherwise for humans. Glyphosate is a chemical of which millions of tons have been used in the last 50 years worldwide to dry out weeds in cultivated fields and greenhouses and on roadsides. Concern has been raised in many areas about its possible presence in the food chain and its consequent adverse effects on health. Both aspects that argue in favor of toxicity and those that instead may indicate limited toxicity of glyphosate are discussed here. The widespread debate that has been generated requires further investigations and field measurements to understand glyphosate's fate once dispersed in the environment and its concentration in the food chain. Hence, there is a need for validated analytical methods that are available to analysts in the field. In the present review, methods for the analytical determination of glyphosate and its main metabolite, AMPA, are discussed, with a specific focus on chromatographic techniques applied to cereal products. The experimental procedures are explained in detail, including the cleanup, derivatization, and instrumental conditions, to give the laboratories involved enough information to proceed with the implementation of this line of analysis. The prevalent chromatographic methods used are LC-MS/MS, GC-MS/SIM, and GC-MS/MS, but sufficient indications are also given to those laboratories that wish to use the better performing high-resolution MS or the simpler HPLC-FLD, HPLC-UV, GC-NPD, and GC-FPD techniques for screening purposes. The concentrations of glyphosate from the literature measured in wheat, corn, barley, rye, oats, soybean, and cereal-based foods are reported, together with its regulatory status in various parts of the world and its accumulation mechanism. As for its accumulation in cereals, the available data show that glyphosate tends to accumulate more in wholemeal flours than in refined ones, that its concentration in the product strictly depends on the treatment period (the closer it is to the time of harvesting, the higher the concentration), and that in cold climates, the herbicide tends to persist in the soil for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Masci
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy (T.N.)
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de Araujo LG, Zordan DF, Celzard A, Fierro V. Glyphosate uses, adverse effects and alternatives: focus on the current scenario in Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:9559-9582. [PMID: 37776469 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01763-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Brazil, a global frontrunner in pesticide consumption and sales, particularly glyphosate, appears to be at odds with other countries that increasingly ban these products in their territories. This study gathers the values of Acceptable Daily Intake and Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) in the European Union for dozens of substances and subsequently contrasts them with the corresponding benchmarks upheld in Brazil concerning its predominant crops. Furthermore, this study delves into the toxicity levels and the potential health ramifications of glyphosate on humans through the ingestion of food containing its residues. The findings from this research underscore a notable surge in glyphosate and pesticide sales and usage within Brazil over the past decade. In stark contrast to its European counterparts, Brazil not only sanctioned the sale and application of 474 new pesticides in 2019, but extended the authorization for glyphosate sales while downgrading its toxicity classification. Finally, this review not only uncovers disparities among research outcomes but also addresses the complexities of replacing glyphosate and introduces environmentally friendlier alternatives that have been subject to evaluation in the existing literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alain Celzard
- Institut Jean Lamour, Université de Lorraine, Epinal, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Fierro
- Institut Jean Lamour, Université de Lorraine, Epinal, France.
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Ganesan S, Keating AF. Maternal impacts of pre-conceptional glyphosate exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 478:116692. [PMID: 37708915 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Maternal glyphosate (GLY) impacts remain unclear despite associations between urinary GLY and birth outcomes. Whether maternal pre-conceptional GLY exposure would have phenotypic and molecular impacts in the dam and offspring was tested. Female C57BL6 mice (6 wk) were exposed to saline (CT; n = 20) or GLY (2 mg/kg; n = 20) per os five d per week for 20 wk. Females were housed with males and on gestation day (GD) 14, divided into: CT non-pregnant (CNP), CT pregnant (CP), GLY non-pregnant (GNP), GLY pregnant (GP). Another cohort (CT; n = 10 or GLY; n = 10) completed three pregnancy rounds and pregnancy index (PI), number of pups per litter and pups surviving to postnatal day (PND) 5 calculated. The PI in GLY mice was higher in breeding rounds 1 and 2, but lower in round 3. Pregnancy increased (P ≤ 0.1) GD14 liver and ovary weight. Spleen weight was increased (P < 0.05) in GP relative to GNP mice. No offspring phenotypic impacts were observed. Approximately six months after cessation of exposure, secondary follicle number was reduced (P < 0.05) by pre-conceptional GLY exposure. The ovarian proteome analyzed by LC-MS/MS was altered (P < 0.05) by pregnancy (49 increased, 43 decreased) and GLY exposure (non-pregnant: 75 increased, 22 decreased, pregnant: 27 increased, 29 decreased; aged dams: 60 increased, 98 decreased) with several histone proteins being altered. These findings support ovarian transient and persistent impacts of GLY exposure and identify pathways as potential modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi Ganesan
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Aileen F Keating
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Tittlemier SA, Bestvater L, Chan J, Timofeiev V, Richter A, Wang K, Ruan Y, Izydorczyk M, Fu BX. Diverging fates of cadmium and glyphosate during pasta cooking. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1459-1469. [PMID: 37812147 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2264976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Durum wheat cultivars with varying abilities to accumulate cadmium were grown and treated in the field with a glyphosate-containing herbicide at different stages of maturity to produce grain with higher and lower concentrations of cadmium (0.066-0.214 mg/kg) and glyphosate (0.474-0.874 mg/kg). The grain was milled, and fractions were analysed for cadmium and glyphosate. The highest concentrations for both cadmium and glyphosate were associated with bran and shorts, although the percentage of total cadmium mass in bran (23-25%) was less than glyphosate (38%). The preparation of dried pasta from semolina and flour milling fractions reduced concentrations by a factor of 1.8 for glyphosate and 1.4 for cadmium. Dried pasta was cooked and analysed along with the cooking water for cadmium and glyphosate at seven-time points from 0 to 15 min. Concentrations of glyphosate in cooked pasta decreased significantly with cooking time; no decrease was observed for cadmium concentrations. Analysis of cooking water demonstrated that glyphosate migrated from pasta to the cooking water. After 15 min of cooking, approximately 73% of the total glyphosate mass had transferred from pasta to cooking water. Over the same time period, only 5% of the total cadmium mass had transferred from pasta to cooking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl A Tittlemier
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lianna Bestvater
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jason Chan
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Valentina Timofeiev
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Anja Richter
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kun Wang
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yuefeng Ruan
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Marta Izydorczyk
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Bin Xiao Fu
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Kadžienė G, Pranaitienė S, Auškalnienė O, Veršulienė A, Supronienė S, Žvirdauskienė R, Gecaitė V, Cesevičienė J, Semaškienė R. Oilseed Rape, Wheat, and Barley Grain Contamination as Affected by Different Glyphosate Usage. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1335. [PMID: 36987023 PMCID: PMC10056239 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides, but is still in the spotlight due to its controversial impact on the environment and human health. The main purpose of this study was to explore the effects of different glyphosate usages on harvested grain/seed contamination. Two field experiments of different glyphosate usage were carried out in Central Lithuania during 2015-2021. The first experiment was a pre-harvest application, with two timings, the first according to the label (14-10 days), and the other applied 4-2 days before harvest (off-label), performed in winter wheat and spring barley in 2015 and 2016. The second experiment consisted of glyphosate applications at label rate (1.44 kg ha-1) and double dose rate (2.88 kg ha-1) at two application timings (pre-emergence of crop and at pre-harvest), conducted in spring wheat and spring oilseed rape in 2019-2021. The results suggest that pre-emergence application at both dose rates did not affect the harvested spring wheat grain or spring oilseed rape seeds-no residues were found. The use of glyphosate at pre-harvest, despite the dosage and application timing, led to glyphosate's, as well as its metabolite, aminomethosphonic acid's, occurrence in grain/seeds, but the amounts did not reach the maximum residue levels according to Regulation (EC) No. 293/2013. The grain storage test showed that glyphosate residues remain in grain/seeds at steady concentrations for longer than one year. A one year study of glyphosate distribution within main and secondary products showed that glyphosate residues were mainly concentrated in wheat bran and oilseed rape meal, while no residues found in cold-pressed oil and wheat white flour, when glyphosate used at pre-harvest at the label rate.
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Lacroix R, Kurrasch DM. Glyphosate Toxicity: In Vivo, In Vitro, and Epidemiological Evidence. Toxicol Sci 2023; 192:kfad018. [PMID: 36857578 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most applied agricultural chemical worldwide and has become nearly ubiquitous throughout the environment. Glyphosate is an effective herbicide because it disrupts the shikimate pathway, which is responsible for the synthesis of essential amino acids in plants and microorganisms. Given that there is no known target for glyphosate in higher animals, its toxicity to humans and other animals is heavily debated, especially after the 2015 IARC ruling that glyphosate is carcinogenic. Today, a growing body of literature shows in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological evidence for the toxicity of glyphosate across animal species. With the application of glyphosate increasing globally, it is important to discuss these reports to enable a broader conversation on glyphosate toxicity and its impact on human and environmental health. Here, we summarize the recent glyphosate literature and discuss its implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Lacroix
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Deborah M Kurrasch
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Ferreira GAP, Donato LMS, Souza RF, Montes WG, Vaz V, Tuffi Santos LD. Adequacy of glyphosate doses in the Merremia cissoides (Lam.) Hallier f. control as a function of light intensity in the growth environments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2022; 57:960-969. [PMID: 36482764 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2022.2151790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Shading interferes with the weed's biology, which can change their sensitivity to post-emergence herbicides. The objective was to evaluate the control of Merremia cissoides with glyphosate in full sunlight and shade conditions in two plant growth stages (30 and 73 days after sowing (DAS)). At 30 and 73 DAS, treatments were established in a 2 × 5 and 2 × 6 factorial scheme, respectively. In both experiments, the growth environments constituted the first factor, and the glyphosate doses the second factor. Shading promoted 50 and 40% reductions in glyphosate doses at 30 and 73 DAS, respectively. At 73 DAS, M. cissoides is 177.77 and 131.48% more tolerant to glyphosate than 30 DAS in shading and full sunlight, respectively. Due to the increase in glyphosate tolerance as the plant grows, the management of M. cissoides should be carried out until the stage of six fully expanded leaves. Increasing glyphosate doses reduced the quantum yield of photosystem II and electron transport rate (ETR) in both growth environments, with ETR data showing a high negative correlation with the control. The doses reductions promoted by shading and glyphosate application in the initial growth stage of M. cissoides reduces costs and the negative environmental impacts of this herbicide use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luan M S Donato
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Richardson F Souza
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - William G Montes
- Celulose Nipo Brasileira S.A, Belo Oriente, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Valter Vaz
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Leonardo D Tuffi Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Chen K, Liu JB, Tie CZ, Wang L. Trehalose prevents glyphosate-induced testicular damage in roosters via its antioxidative properties. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:314-322. [PMID: 36084373 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLY), an active ingredient of the most commonly used herbicide, when in crops and feed, is deleterious to male reproductive health. Trehalose (Tre), a naturally non-reducing disaccharide, is shown to counteract the adverse stresses due to its antioxidation effect. Thus, this study was designed to investigate whether Tre can improve GLY-induced testicular damage via suppressing oxidative stress. 60 healthy Hy-Line Brown breeder roosters were utilized to assess the protective effects of Tre supplementation against testicular oxidative damage caused by GLY. Data showed that Tre administration significantly alleviated GLY- induced reduction in testis weight, decreased GLY level in the testis tissues, and alleviated GLY-caused testicular pathological damage. Concurrently, GLY treatment significantly elevated serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and testicular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, decreased serum total anti-oxidation capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels, which were all notably reversed by Tre administration. Moreover, GLY- inhibited nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in rooster testis, a master regulator of oxidative stress, was markedly recovered by Tre administration. In summary, these findings demonstrated that Tre can prevent GLY-induced testicular damage in roosters by ameliorating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- New Drug Evaluation Center of Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 989 Xinluo Street, Ji'nan City 250101, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Artificial Phage Drug, 989 Xinluo Street, Ji'nan City 250101, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing-Bo Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Cheng-Zhu Tie
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, China.
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Gélinas P, McKinnon C, Gagnon F, Rémillard N, Sabik H. Pesticides dissipation in crackers and pan bread. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.16027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gélinas
- Saint‐Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Saint‐Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - Carole McKinnon
- Saint‐Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Saint‐Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - Fleur Gagnon
- Saint‐Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Saint‐Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - Nathalie Rémillard
- Saint‐Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Saint‐Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - Hassan Sabik
- Saint‐Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Saint‐Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
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Gélinas P, Rémillard N. Pesticides and gas production by baker's yeast in bread dough. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gélinas
- Saint‐Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada Saint‐Hyacinthe QC Canada
| | - Nathalie Rémillard
- Saint‐Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada Saint‐Hyacinthe QC Canada
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Fu H, Gao F, Wang X, Tan P, Qiu S, Shi B, Shan A. Effects of glyphosate-based herbicide-contaminated diets on reproductive organ toxicity and hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis hormones in weaned piglets. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115596. [PMID: 33243543 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
At present, glyphosate (GLP) is the most produced and used herbicide in the world. With the large-scale use of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs), their toxic effects on animals and plants have increasingly become a concern. Based on the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CODEX) dose (20 mg kg-1) and the dose set by the government (40 mg kg-1), four experimental groups in which Roundup® (R) herbicide was added to the feed of weaned piglets at GLP concentrations of 0, 10, 20, and 40 mg kg-1 were designed. The results showed that R had no significant effect on the vulvar size or index of reproductive organs but that it could affect the tissue morphology and ultrastructure of the uterus and ovary. With the increase in GLP concentration, the activities of antioxidant enzymes [SOD (P < 0.05) and GPx (P = 0.002)] in the uterus showed significant increases. Compared with the control group, the content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the treatment groups increased significantly (P < 0.05), the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the 10 mg kg-1 treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group. We measured hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis (HPOA) hormones and also found that GLP significantly increased luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and testosterone (T) content (P < 0.05) and decreased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) content (P < 0.05). In summary, although R does not affect the vulvar size or reproductive organ index of weaned piglets, it changes the morphology and ultrastructure of the uterus and ovaries, interferes with the synthesis and secretion of HPOA hormones, and causes changes in the balance of the antioxidant system of uterus. This study provided a theoretical basis for preventing reproductive system harm caused by GBHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyang Fu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Feng Gao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Peng Tan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Shengnan Qiu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Baoming Shi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
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Duke SO. Glyphosate: Uses Other Than in Glyphosate-Resistant Crops, Mode of Action, Degradation in Plants, and Effects on Non-target Plants and Agricultural Microbes. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 255:1-65. [PMID: 33895876 DOI: 10.1007/398_2020_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most used herbicide globally. It is a unique non-selective herbicide with a mode of action that is ideal for vegetation management in both agricultural and non-agricultural settings. Its use was more than doubled by the introduction of transgenic, glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops. All of its phytotoxic effects are the result of inhibition of only 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), but inhibition of this single enzyme of the shikimate pathway results in multiple phytotoxicity effects, both upstream and downstream from EPSPS, including loss of plant defenses against pathogens. Degradation of glyphosate in plants and microbes is predominantly by a glyphosate oxidoreductase to produce aminomethylphosphonic acid and glyoxylate and to a lesser extent by a C-P lyase to produce sarcosine and phosphate. Its effects on non-target plant species are generally less than that of many other herbicides, as it is not volatile and is generally sprayed in larger droplet sizes with a relatively low propensity to drift and is inactivated by tight binding to most soils. Some microbes, including fungal plant pathogens, have glyphosate-sensitive EPSPS. Thus, glyphosate can benefit GR crops by its activity on some plant pathogens. On the other hand, glyphosate can adversely affect some microbes that are beneficial to agriculture, such as Bradyrhizobium species, although GR crop yield data indicate that such an effect has been minor. Effects of glyphosate on microbes of agricultural soils are generally minor and transient, with other agricultural practices having much stronger effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O Duke
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.
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Tittlemier SA, Bestvater L, Carlson J, Kletke J, Izydorczyk M, Fu BX. Fate of glyphosate in wheat during milling and bread production. Cereal Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lianna Bestvater
- Grain Research Laboratory Canadian Grain Commission Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - Jules Carlson
- Grain Research Laboratory Canadian Grain Commission Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - Jerry Kletke
- Grain Research Laboratory Canadian Grain Commission Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - Marta Izydorczyk
- Grain Research Laboratory Canadian Grain Commission Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - Bin Xiao Fu
- Grain Research Laboratory Canadian Grain Commission Winnipeg MB Canada
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14
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Brennan CS. Research priorities for the globalisation of food science and technology 2020 onwards. Int J Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Stephen Brennan
- Wine Food and Molecular Sciences Lincoln University Ellesmere Junction Road Lincoln7647New Zealand
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Zhao L, Xie L, Huang J, Su Y, Zhang C. Proper Glyphosate Application at Post-anthesis Lowers Grain Moisture Content at Harvest and Reallocates Non-structural Carbohydrates in Maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:580883. [PMID: 33362811 PMCID: PMC7758537 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.580883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GP)-based herbicides have been widely applied to crops for weed control and pre-harvest desiccation. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of pre-harvest GP application on maize or how it physiologically alters this crop. Here, we applied four GP treatment (Control, GP150, GP200, and GP250) on maize lines of Z58 and PH6WC belonging to different maturity groups at grain-filling stages form DAP30 to DAP45. GP application significantly decreased the grain moisture content at harvest by 22-35% for Z58 and by 15-41% for PH6WC. However, the responses of grain weight to glyphosate vary with inbred lines and application time. A high concentration of glyphosate (GP250) reduced the grain weight of Z58 and low concentrations (GP150 and GP200) did not affect, while the grain weight of PH6WC significantly decreased under glyphosate treatment. In summary, our results revealed that timely and appropriate GP application lowers grain moisture content without causing seed yield and quality loss. GP application adversely affected photosynthesis by promoting maturation and leaf senescence. Meanwhile, it also enhanced non-structural carbohydrate (soluble sugars and starch) remobilization from the vegetative organs to the grains. Hence, GP treatment coordinates plant senescence and assimilate remobilization. RNA sequencing revealed that glyphosate regulated the transcript levels of sugar signaling-related genes and induced assimilate repartitioning in grains. This work indicates the practical significance of GP application for maize seed production and harvest, which highlights the contributions of source-sink communication to maize yield in response to external stress or pre-harvest desiccant application.
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