Investigation of umami and kokumi taste-active components in bovine bone marrow extract produced during enzymatic hydrolysis and Maillard reaction

Novel salty peptides derived from bovine bone: Identification, taste characteristic, and salt-enhancing mechanism

Excessive sodium intake is a major contributor to the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study was to prepare, isolate, and characterize peptides from bovine bone protein and investigate the salty/salt-enhancing mechanism of peptides. 1032 peptides were identified in the enzymatic hydrolysates of bovine bone protein and were further screened by the composition of amino acid residues and molecular docking analysis. 5 peptides were finally selected for solid-phase synthesis, and KER showed a better salty taste by sensory verification. Moreover, the synergistic effect of KER in NaCl and MSG solution could enhance the salty intensity by 65.26 %. The binding of KER to the salty receptor (TMC4) was driven by hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions with a binding energy of -88.0734 kcal/mol. This work may provide a new approach to efficiently screen salty peptides from natural food materials, which were expected as a taste enhancer used in salt-reducing foods.

The Effects of Assisted Freezing with Different Ultrasound Power Rates on the Quality and Flavor of Braised Beef

This study investigated the effects of ultrasound-assisted immersion freezing (UIF) at different power rates (0, 200, 400, and 600 W) on the changes in beef quality and flavor after braising. The results demonstrated that UIF treatment at 400 W significantly reduced the juice loss (cooking loss decreased from 49.04% to 39.74%) and fat oxidation (TBARS value decreased from 0.32 mg/kg to 0.20 mg/kg) of braised beef. In addition, the tenderness (hardness value decreased from 5601.50 g to 2849.46 g) and color stability of braised beef were improved after UIF treatment. The flavor characteristics of braised beef were characterized using an electronic nose and an electronic tongue. The PCA analysis data showed that the cumulative contribution rates of the first and second principal components were 85% and 93.2%, respectively, with the first principal component accounting for a higher proportion. The UIF-400 W group had the highest concentration for the first principal component, and the differentiation was not significant compared to the control group. The total amino acid values of different power UIF treatment groups were improved compared to the AF treatment group, indicating that UIF can effectively reduce the losses caused by freezing. The results demonstrate that ultrasound-assisted freezing treatment is beneficial in enhancing the tenderness and flavor attributes of beef after braising, providing new insights into the processing of meat products with desirable quality characteristics.

Novel kokumi peptides from yeast extract and their taste mechanism via an in silico study

Yeast extract, a widely utilized natural substance in the food industry and biopharmaceutical field, holds significant potential for flavor enhancement. Kokumi peptides within yeast extracts were isolated through ultrafiltration and gel chromatography, followed by identification using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Two peptides, IQGFK and EDFFVR, were identified and synthesized using solid-phase methods based on molecular docking outcomes. Sensory evaluations and electronic tongue analyses conducted with chicken broth solutions revealed taste thresholds of 0.12 mmol L-1 for IQGFK and 0.16 mmol L-1 for EDFFVR, respectively, and both peptides exhibited kokumi properties. Additionally, through molecular dynamics simulations, the binding mechanisms between these peptides and the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) were explored. The findings indicated stable binding of both peptides to the receptor. IQGFK primarily interacted through electrostatic interactions, with key binding sites including Asp275, Asn102, Pro274, Trp70, Tyr218, and Ser147. EDFFVR mainly engaged via van der Waals energy and polar solvation free energy, with key binding sites being Asp275, Ile416, Pro274, Arg66, Ala298, and Tyr218. This suggests that both peptides can activate the CaSR, thereby inducing kokumi activity. This study provides a theoretical foundation and reference for the screening and identification of kokumi peptides, successfully uncovering two novel kokumi peptides derived from yeast extract.

The Effect of Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Maillard Reaction on the Flavor of Chicken Osteopontin

To reveal the changes in the flavor quality of chicken osteopontin (CO) before and after enzymatic hydrolysis and a thermal reaction, the present study was carried out to evaluate the volatile compounds and non-volatile compounds in CO. The results show that the chicken boneset enzymatic solution (CBES) presented a notably richer aroma after the enzymatic hydrolysis treatment. At the same time, the concentrations of the total free amino acids (FAAs) and 5'-nucleotides in the CBES increased dramatically. The ERP (enzymatic reaction paste) scores and the ORC (osteopontin reactive cream) scores were exceptionally high in terms of the umami and salty flavor profiles. As precursors, FAAs and 5'-nucleotides also boosted the Maillard reaction, leading to the generation of wide volatile compounds. Compared to CO, CBES, and ORC, the sensory evaluation showed that ERP scored the highest. In summary, the enzymatic hydrolysis treatment coupled with the Maillard reaction significantly enhanced the flavor profile of CO. These findings offer valuable insights into the high-value utilization of bone by-products, making a significant advancement in the field.

Light-Colored Maillard Peptides: Formation from Reduced Fluorescent Precursors of Browning and Enhancement of Saltiness Perception

The browning formation and taste enhancement of peptides derived from soybean, peanut, and corn were studied in the light-colored Maillard reaction compared with the deep-colored reaction. The fluorescent compounds, as the browning precursors, were accumulated during the early Maillard reaction of peptides and subsequently degraded into dark substances, which resulted in a higher browning degree of deep-colored Maillard peptides (MPs), especially for the MPs derived from corn peptide. However, the addition of l-cysteine in light-colored Maillard reaction reduced the formation of deoxyosones and short-chain reactive α-dicarbonyls, thereby weakening the generation of fluorescent compounds and inhibited the browning of MPs. Synchronously, the peptides were thermally degraded into small peptides and amino acids, which were consumed less during light-colored thermal reaction due to its shorter reaction time at high temperature compared with deep-colored ones, thus contributing to a stronger saltiness perception of light-colored MPs than deep-colored MPs. Besides, the Maillard reaction products derived from soybean and peanut peptides possessed an obvious "kokumi" taste, making them suitable for enhancing the soup flavors.

Flavor mechanism of micro-nanoparticles and correlation analysis between flavor substances in thermoultrasonic treated fishbone soup

To study the physicochemical properties of micro-nanoparticles (MNPs) in thermoultrasonic treated fishbone soup, it was subjected to ultra-filtration with a 100 kDa ultrafiltration membrane to obtain large MNPs (LMNPs) and small MNPs (SMNPs). LMNPs and SMNPs were treated with force-breakers, and the interactions of the MNPs with five characteristic volatile compounds were investigated. LMNPs covered most proteins (222.66 mg/mL) and fatty acids (363.76 mg/g), while SMNPs was mostly soluble small molecules with taste substances like total free amino acids (85.26 mg/g), organic acids (2.55 mg/mL), and 5'-nucleotides (169.17 mg/100 mL). The stability of LMNPs is significantly higher than raw bone soup, and SMNPs can exist stably in the solution. Correlation analysis between flavor substance content and flavor suggested that the overall flavor profile of halibut bone soup was closely related to the content changes of 72 significant influence variables. The binding of LMNPs to characteristic flavor compounds was largely affected by hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and ionic effects. While the binding of SMNPs to characteristic flavor compounds was largely determined by hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding. This study explores the characteristics of MNPs and provides the possibility to clarify the interaction mechanism between MNPs and flavor.

Isolation, identification and sensory evaluation of kokumi peptides from by-products of enzyme-modified butter

BACKGROUND

Enzyme-modified butter is used as a common raw material to obtain a natural milk flavor. Butter protein is a by-product in butter processing that can be used as substrate to produce taste-active peptides, which can create additional value and new application opportunities, making the method more environmentally friendly.

RESULTS

Putative kokumi peptides from hydrolysates of protein by-products were isolated by gel filtration chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The isolated peptide fraction with the most pronounced kokumi taste was screened by sensory evaluation and electronic tongue analysis. Eleven peptides were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Six peptides were synthesized to verify their taste characteristics. Five synthetic peptides (FTKK, CKEVVRNANE, EELNVPG, VPNSAEER and YPVEPFTER) showed different intensity levels of kokumi taste. Of these peptides, the decapeptide CKEVVRNANE had the highest kokumi intensity.

CONCLUSION

The newly identified kokumi peptides increased the kokumi taste intensity and showed some synergistic effect with umami taste. Both termini of the peptides seem to play an important role in taste characteristic. Glu residue at both termini can increase the kokumi taste intensity. This work indicated that it was feasible to produce kokumi peptides by enzymatic hydrolysis of the protein by-products of butter. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of different drying methods on free amino acid and flavor nucleotides of scallop (patinopecten yessoensis) adductor muscle

The effects of hot air drying (HAD), vacuum hot air drying (VHAD), microwave drying (MWD), and vacuum freeze drying (VFD) on free amino acids (FAAs) and flavor nucleotides in scallop adductor muscle (SAM) were studied. The liquid chromatography and multidimensional infrared spectroscopy (MM-IR) were used. Compared with fresh SAM, the main FAAs were glycine, alanine, arginine, and glutamic acid in dried SAM. The total FAAs content in VFD group was 1.40-1.90 times of the other group. The umami taste nucleotides (IMP and AMP) content in the VFD and MWD groups was significantly higher than that in HAD and VHAD groups. Equivalent umami concentrations were found: VFD > MWD > VHAD > HAD. MM-IR analysis was an efficient method for identifying taste components. The results revealed FAAs and flavor nucleotides and the mutual adjustment of compounds were related to drying method, and VFD was preferred for taste substance retention in scallops.

Comprehensive Review of γ-Glutamyl Peptides (γ-GPs) and Their Effect on Inflammation Concerning Cardiovascular Health

γ-Glutamyl peptides (γ-GPs) are a group of peptides naturally found in various food sources. The unique γ-bond potentially enables them to resist gastrointestinal digestion and offers high stability in vivo with a longer half-life. In recent years, these peptides have caught researchers' attention due to their ability to impart kokumi taste and elicit various physiological functions via the allosteric activation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). This review discusses the various food sources of γ-glutamyl peptides, different synthesis modes, allosteric activation of CaSR for taste perception, and associated multiple biological functions they can exhibit, with a special emphasis on their role in modulating chronic inflammation concerning cardiovascular health.

Preparation and Taste Characteristics of Kokumi N-Lactoyl Phenylalanine in the Presence of Phenylalanine and Lactate

N-l-Lactoyl phenylalanine (N-l-lactoyl-Phe) has been identified as a taste-active contributor in many fermented foods. However, its preparation, taste property, and content in foodstuffs are little known to date. In the current study, two preparation technologies of N-l-lactoyl-Phe including heating and enzymatic methods were investigated. Other investigations include its taste property and quantification in several fermented foods. The results indicated that the heating preparation and enzymatic preparation only produced N-l-lactoyl-Phe instead of N-d-lactoyl-Phe in the presence of l-lactate/d-lactate and l-phenylalanine (Phe). A high yield (58.0% ± 0.7%) of N-l-lactoyl-Phe was achieved under the following conditions: Phe, lactate, CaO, and water at molar ratios of 1:8:0.3:9 kept at 100 °C for 3 h. With nine enzymes, a maximum yield of 21.2% ± 0.3% was achieved in the aqueous solution under mild operating conditions: 0.18 M Phe, 0.90 M lactate, 5 g/L Debitrase HYW 20, pH 8, and 55 °C for 24 h. The sensory evaluation revealed that N-l-lactoyl-Phe in water enhanced the salty and umami intensity. It also enhanced the thickness, mouthfulness, and continuity of salt solution, model broth, and chicken broth, revealing that N-l-lactoyl-Phe was a kokumi-active compound. The kokumi thresholds of N-l-lactoyl-Phe in these solutions were 50, 50, and 25 mg/L, respectively. N-l-Lactoyl-Phe was quantified in traditional Chinese fermented foods as 30.12 ± 0.28 mg/kg in preserved pickles, 14.11 ± 0.14 mg/kg in soybean paste, 4.87 ± 0.16 mg/kg in fermented bean, 0.71 ± 0.11 mg/kg in rice vinegar, and 20.34 ± 0.18 mg/kg in soy sauce. These results revealed the potential of N-l-lactoyl-Phe as a taste enhancer, presenting a new opportunity for the food industry.

Characterization of Peanut Protein Hydrolysate and Structural Identification of Umami-Enhancing Peptides

Umami peptides are naturally found in various foods and have been proven to be essential components contributing to food taste. Defatted peanut powder hydrolysate produced by a multiprotease (Flavorzyme, Alcalase, and Protamex) was found to elicit an umami taste and umami-enhancing effect. The taste profiles, hydrolysis efficiency, amino acids, molecular weight distribution, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and separation fractions obtained by ultrafiltration were evaluated. The results showed that peanut protein was extensively hydrolyzed to give mainly (up to 96.84%) free amino acids and peptides with low molecular weights (<1000 Da). Furthermore, β-sheets were the major secondary structure. Fractions of 1−3000 Da and <1000 Da prominently contributed to the umami taste and umami enhancement. To obtain umami-enhancing peptides, these two fractions were further purified by gel filtration chromatography, followed by sensory evaluation. These peptides were identified as ADSYRLP, DPLKY, EAFRVL, EFHNR, and SDLYVR by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), and had estimated thresholds of 0.107, 0.164, 0.134, 0.148, and 0.132 mmol/L, respectively. According to the results of this work, defatted peanut powder hydrolysate had an umami taste and umami-enhancing effect, and is a potential excellent umami peptide precursor material for the food industry.

Formation of colloidal micro-nano particles and flavor characteristics of Greenland halibut bone soup

In this study, halibut bone, a byproduct of Greenland halibut processing, was prepared into a thick soup through a non-frying process. The formation of colloidal micro-nano particles and flavor characteristics in halibut bone soup was explored. The results showed that the nutrients in halibut bones migrated to the soup continuously with the cooking process and reached the highest concentration (total sugars, 38.16 mg/100 ml; water-soluble proteins, 25.71 mg/ml; fatty acids, 2.15 g/100 ml; solids, 1.14 g/100 ml) at 150 min. Taste substances such as organic acids, 5'-nucleotides and total free amino acids (TFAAs) content in halibut bone soup also reached maximum at 150 min. At this time, results for particle size showed that MNPs with uniform size (725.62 nm) were formed, which made the bone soup milky white, stable, and had good tasting. Headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry results showed that a total of 59 volatile substances were detected from the halibut bone soup. The content of volatile flavor substances in the 150 min group was lower than that in the 90-120 min group. Meanwhile, aldehydes and ketones gradually became esters. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Soup is an indispensable part of the world food culture. In order to increase the added value of Greenland halibut, halibut bone soup was studied in this paper. This study found that halibut bone soup that had not been fried, formed the MNPs and has a more harmonious and pleasant flavor. Thus, non-fried halibut bone soup is a good processing method and can improve economic efficiency.

Effects of thermoultrasonic treatment on characteristics of micro-nano particles and flavor in Greenland halibut bone soup

In order to investigate the effects of thermoultrasonic treatment (TUT) on the formation of colloidal micro-nano particles (MNPs) and the quality of halibut bone soup, nutrients, particle characteristics, and flavor characteristics were analyzed. The morphology of MNPs was studied using an optical microscope. Results showed that TUT could increase the nutrient content (total sugars, 22.15 mg/100 mL; water soluble proteins, 173.24 mg/mL; fatty acids, 1779.7 mg/100 mL; solids, 3.16 g/100 mL), reduce the particle size (605.92 nm) and interfacial tension. Meanwhile, TUT make the halibut bone soup has better emulsifying characteristics and stability. The contents of flavor substances, such as esters, 5'-nucleotides, organic acids in the halibut bone soup were more abundant, while the contents of hexanal and 1-octen-3-ol and fishy off-flavor were reduced in TUT group. The overall odor and taste outline were more harmonious. Therefore, TUT can be used in the production of high quality fish bone soup, and TUT could be considered as a good deep processing technology for halibut bone and improve economic efficiency.

Relationship between Micromolecules and Quality Changes of Tilapia Fillets after Partial Freezing Treatment with Polyphenols

The study investigated the main characteristic micromolecular changes in tilapia fillets after partial freezing treatment with polyphenols by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) analysis. A total of 2121 metabolite ion features were identified. The result suggested that procyanidin treatment increased the sweet, salty, and thick peptides' contents and suppressed the formation of bitter peptides. The levels of cis-4-octenedioic acid, 2-amino-heptanoic acid, indoleacrylic acid, and 2-amino-3-methyl-1-butanol in polyphenol treatments were significantly lower compared to those in the control group (P < 0.05), which delayed the formation of micromolecule of acids and alcohols associated with spoilage and inhibited the protein and lipid oxidation and degradation. Polyphenol treatments suppressed the formation of biogenic amines (lower levels of spermidine and 1-naphthylacetylspermine) and reduced fillet quality deterioration. It provided critical novel insights into the understanding of the molecular mechanism for inhibiting the quality deterioration of fillets treated with polyphenols during storage.

Formation of beef-like odorants from glutathione-enriched yeast extract via Maillard reaction

The application of yeast extract (YE) in foods has widely evolved in recent decades. Generally, YE is added to foods because of its characteristic meaty and savory flavor notes. The composition of YE has made it an important ingredient for the production of meat-like flavors. This study focuses on the simulation of beef-like odorants from yeast extract through the Maillard reaction. Additionally, an optimization process was conducted via the central composite design (CCD) to optimize the Maillard reaction conditions. Glutathione-enriched yeast extract (GSH-YE) was utilized as the precursor with the partial addition of cysteine and ribose to form beef-like aroma compounds. The key odorants generated through the Maillard reaction were characterized via HS-SPME-GCMS and the contents of the Maillard precursors were analyzed via HPLC. The optimized conditions produced numerous pyrazines, furans, thiazoles, and sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds responsible for mimicking beef-like aromas. 2,5-Dimethyl-furan, 2,5-dimethyl-pyrazine, thiazole, 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, dimethyl trisulfide, 3,5-diethyl-2-methyl-pyrazine, 3,3'-dithiobis[2-methyl-furan] and 2-methyl-3-(methylthio) furan were the predominant odorants generated through the Maillard reaction. Moreover, the individual effect of initial pH and thermal temperature showed dramatic changes in the overall volatile profile. The content of cysteine and other amino acids decreased rapidly at higher thermal temperatures. The amount of larger peptides (1500-5000 Da) decreased at a thermal temperature of 160 °C, while the contents of smaller peptides (<500) increased. Thus, the sensory and instrumental data validate the potential application of GSH-YE in generating beef-like odorants, and furthermore, these outcomes can aid future pragmatic studies for further insight into beef flavor chemistry.

Fractionation and identification of salty peptides from yeast extract

Abstract

Salty taste is an important sensory attribute in many foods, which stimulates the appetite. But high-salt diets bring many health risks, and salty alternatives should be explored to solve this problem. The salt-reducing agents may impart new odors in food. Therefore, the research should focus on developing a novel agent, which would replace the salt without affecting the taste of the food. Generally, some yeast extracts taste salty and can be used for replacing salts in foods without imparting any additional odor. In this study, we fractionated salty peptides from FA31 (Angel Yeast) by ultrafiltration, gel permeation chromatography, preparative liquid chromatography (pre-HPLC), with the combination of sensory evaluation, and the peptide sequence was identified by ESI-Q-TOF LC/MS as Asp-Asp, Glu-Asp, Asp-Asp-Asp, Ser-Pro-Glu, and Phe-Ile.

Graphic abstract

Antioxidative activity of oyster protein hydrolysates Maillard reaction products

A two-step process of enzymatic hydrolyzation followed by Maillard reaction was used to produce oyster meat hydrolysate Maillard reaction products (MRPs). The flavor of oyster meat hydrolysate MRPs was significantly improved through an optimized orthogonal experimental design. Comparisons between the antioxidative activities of oyster meat hydrolysates and their MRPs were made using lipid peroxidation inhabitation, hydroxyl radical scavenging radical activity, and radical scavenging activity of 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). These methods indicated that an improvement of Maillard reaction on the oyster meat hydrolysates antioxidative activity. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry illustrated that the increase was due to the newly formed antioxidative compounds after Maillard reaction, mainly of acids from 22.45% to 37.77% and phenols from 0% to 9.88%.

Sensory attribute and antioxidant capacity of Maillard reaction products from enzymatic hydrolysate of bovine bone marrow extract

Abstract

Maillard reaction and Maillard reaction products (MRPs) are commonly used in food industry, with various sensory and functional properties. Bovine bone marrow extract (BBME) was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis, followed by the Maillard reaction to enhance its sensory attributes. The antioxidant and antihypertensive activities of BBME, its hydrolysate and their MRPs were assessed. (3⁷) orthogonal experimental design was used to obtain the optimal reaction conditions for generation of MRPs with improved sensory characteristics. The optimal conditions were: processing temperature, 120 °C; processing time, 60 min; xylose concentration, 2.5% (w/v); cysteine concentration, 2%; Vitamin B1, 1.2%; Hydrolyzed vegetable protein, 6%; and sample to liquid ratio, 1:1. The total content of free amino acid in BBME decreased from 86.18 to 25.50 g L^-1 in EH-BBME-MRPs. In addition, EH-BBME and EH-BBME-MRPs contained significantly higher amount of low molecular weight peptides (< 1000 Da; 47.2% and 21.84%, respectively) compared to other samples. They also exhibited enhanced antioxidant activities against DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl free radicals, and presented improved FRAP activity and reducing power. EH-BBME-MRPs also exhibited higher antihypertensive activity compared to other samples. The results indicate that MRPs derived from BBME hydrolysate are promising components for improving food flavor and also provide health benefits.

Graphic abstract

Identification of the Non-Volatile Taste-Active Components in Crab Sauce

Crab sauce is a traditional umami seasoning in the coastal cities in South East China. The putative non-volatile taste-active components in crab sauce were measured, and their impacts on the taste were evaluated on the basis of the taste activity value (TAV), omission test, addition test and equivalent umami concentration (EUC). The EUC used to evaluate the synergistic effect of the flavor nucleotides and umami amino acids was 19.3 g monosodium glutamate (MSG)/100 mL, which illuminated that crab sauce had a very intense umami taste. The key non-volatile taste-active components in crab sauce demonstrated by the omission test and addition test were glutamic acid (Glu), aspartic acid (Asp), glycine (Gly), alanine (Ala), lysine (Lys), histidine (His), 5'-inosine monophosphate (IMP), 5'-guanosine monophosphate (GMP), NaCl, KCl, serine (Ser) and valine (Val), and most of these components also had a higher TAV. So, the TAV could be a high-efficiency tool to predict the taste-active components, and the TAV combined with the omission test and addition test could be a very useful method to determine the taste-active components in crab sauce.