APOA5 and APOA1 polymorphisms are associated with triglyceride levels in Mexican children

Association of rs662799 and rs5070 genetic polymorphisms with hypertriglyceridemia and atherogenic dyslipidemia in pediatric patients in Southeast Mexico

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Triglycerides are the initiators of the metabolic changes that lead to atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD). The APOA5 and APOA1 genes are involved in the response and metabolism of serum lipids and lipoproteins, where single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) rs662799 (promoter region) and rs5070 (intronic region) have been associated with the susceptibility to dyslipidemia. Until now, few studies evaluate the association of these polymorphisms with the presentation of hypertriglyceridemia and AD among Mexican children. Therefore, the objective was to determine the association between rs662799 and rs5070 with hypertriglyceridemia and AD in a pediatric population of southeastern Mexico.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A case-control analysis was performed including 268 infants aged 2-16 years, anthropometric, clinical variables, and serum lipid profiles were analyzed. DNA was extracted from blood samples and genotyping of polymorphisms was executed with the TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. Allele and genotypic frequencies were calculated. For genetic association analysis, logistic regression models were fitted according to models of inheritance.

RESULTS

The SNP rs662799 (C) was significantly associated with hypertriglyceridemia in the overdominant model (OR=3.89, p=0.001) and AD in the dominant model (OR=4.01, p=0.001). The SNP rs5070 (T) has a protective effect against hypertriglyceridemia in the additive risk model (OR=0.68, p=0.03).

CONCLUSION

Polymorphism rs662799 was significantly associated with cases of hypertriglyceridemia and AD in minors in southeastern Mexico. On the other hand, rs5070 polymorphism was not associated with cases of hypertriglyceridemia or AD.

Atherogenic indices in pediatric population in South-Southeast region of Mexico

BACKGROUND

Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease, highly predictable, and associated with different atherogenic indices (AI) in adults. However, such indexes in the pediatric population are far less explored. The objective of this study was to evaluate the AI and the cardiovascular factors in the pediatric population in the South-Southeast of México.

METHODS

A total of 481 children between 2 and 17 years old were recruited. Anthropometric evaluation, blood pressure (BP), lipid profile, apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) were measured, and AI were calculated. The population was grouped by age, binary logistic regression analysis was performed to analysis for associations of AI and cardiovascular risk factors. Sensibility and specificity of AI to detect metabolic alteration were evaluated for curve ROC.

RESULTS

The atherogenic risk presented a high prevalence in the pediatric population, such as LDL-c/ApoB (86.9%), AIP (78%) and AC (36.6%). Preschoolers showed a higher risk of ApoB/ApoA-I and ApoB/LDL-c, while adolescents have a high risk of AIP. CRI-I and AC were associated with elements of lipid profile and body mass index (BMI). ROC curves analysis shows that AIP is the best index evaluating metabolic syndrome (MS) (0.87) and dyslipidemia (0.91).

CONCLUSION

Such pediatric population showed a high risk of AI, mainly by LDL-c/ApoB and AIP. The BMI was the cardiovascular risk factors most frequently related to AI, AIP is the best index for detecting cases of MS and dyslipidemia. This is the first study carried out in the pediatric population from the South-Southeast of Mexico that evaluated the AI.

Leveraging knowledge of HDLs major protein ApoA1: Structure, function, mutations, and potential therapeutics

Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) is a member of the Apolipoprotein family of proteins. It's a vital protein that helps in the production of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, which are crucial for reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). It also has anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, anti-apoptotic, and anti-thrombotic properties. These functions interact to give HDL particles their cardioprotective characteristics. ApoA1 has recently been investigated for its potential role in atherosclerosis, diabetes, neurological diseases, cancer, and certain infectious diseases. Since ApoA1's discovery, numerous mutations have been reported that affect its structural integrity and alter its function. Hence these insights have led to the development of clinically relevant peptides and synthetic reconstituted HDL (rHDL) that mimics the function of ApoA1. As a result, this review has aimed to provide an organized explanation of our understanding of the ApoA1 protein structure and its role in various essential pathways. Furthermore, we have comprehensively reviewed the important ApoA1 mutations (24 mutations) that are reported to be involved in various diseases. Finally, we've focused on the therapeutic potentials of some of the beneficial mutations, small peptides, and synthetic rHDL that are currently being researched or developed, since these will aid in the development of novel therapeutics in the future.

Severe Quantitative Scale of Acanthosis Nigricans in Neck is Associated with Abdominal Obesity, HOMA-IR, and Hyperlipidemia in Obese Children from Mexico City: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background. Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a clinical sign that commonly occurs in obesity; however, its specificity and sensitivity have been controversial. It is unknown if AN severity degree can be a useful marker for cardiometabolic disorders screening. We suggest that the stratified analysis of AN severity degree in neck by Burke’s scale could be a useful tool in the screening of cardiometabolic alterations in obese children. Objective. The aim of this study was the association of AN severity degree in neck by Burke’s scale with anthropometric, biochemical, and inflammatory parameters in obese school-age children from Mexico City. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted, including 95 obese school-age children stratified by AN severity degree in neck by Burke’s scale. Anthropometric and fasting biochemical measurements were determined. Variables were compared by x2 test for frequencies and one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni posttest for continuous variables. Linear regression analysis adjusted by gender, BMI, and age was performed to evaluate the association between AN severity degree and cardiometabolic alterations. Statistical significance was set at $p<0.05$ . Results. As AN severity degree in neck by Burke’s scale increased, diastolic blood pressure ( $p=0.001$ ) and triglycerides ( $p=0.02$ ) significantly increased and adiponectin significantly decreased ( $p=0.02$ ). Positive associations between grade 3 AN and waist circumference, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol were observed. Conclusion. Our findings could be used to identify an easier clinical tool to prevent obesity progression and its complications in pediatrics. There are no similar studies.

"GENYAL" Study to Childhood Obesity Prevention: Methodology and Preliminary Results

Objective

This article describes the methodology and summarizes some preliminary results of the GENYAL study aiming to design and validate a predictive model, considering both environmental and genetic factors, that identifies children who would benefit most from actions aimed at reducing the risk of obesity and its complications.

Design

The study is a cluster randomized clinical trial with 5-year follow-up. The initial evaluation was carried out in 2017. The schools were randomly split into intervention (nutritional education) and control schools. Anthropometric measurements, social and health as well as dietary and physical activity data of schoolchildren and their families are annually collected. A total of 26 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were assessed. Machine Learning models are being designed to predict obesity phenotypes after the 5-year follow-up.

Settings

Six schools in Madrid.

Participants

A total of 221 schoolchildren (6-8 years old).

Results

Collected results show that the prevalence of excess weight was 19.0, 25.4, and 32.2% (according to World Health Organization, International Obesity Task Force and Orbegozo Foundation criteria, respectively). Associations between the nutritional state of children with mother BMI [β = 0.21 (0.13-0.3), p (adjusted) <0.001], geographical location of the school [OR = 2.74 (1.24-6.22), p (adjusted) = 0.06], dairy servings per day [OR = 0.48 (0.29-0.75), p (adjusted) = 0.05] and 8 SNPs [rs1260326, rs780094, rs10913469, rs328, rs7647305, rs3101336, rs2568958, rs925946; p (not adjusted) <0.05] were found.

Conclusions

These baseline data support the evidence that environmental and genetic factors play a role in the development of childhood obesity. After 5-year follow-up, the GENYAL study pretends to validate the predictive model as a new strategy to fight against obesity.

Clinical Trial Registration

This study has been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov with the identifier NCT03419520, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03419520.

Genetically-engineered hamster models: applications and perspective in dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries, in which atherosclerosis triggered by dyslipidemia is the major pathological basis. Over the past 40 years, small rodent animals, such as mice, have been widely used for understanding of human atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) with the advantages of low cost and ease of maintenance and manipulation. However, based on the concept of precision medicine and high demand of translational research, the applications of mouse models for human ASCVD study would be limited due to the natural differences in metabolic features between mice and humans even though they are still the most powerful tools in this research field, indicating that other species with biological similarity to humans need to be considered for studying ASCVD in future. With the development and breakthrough of novel gene editing technology, Syrian golden hamster, a small rodent animal replicating the metabolic characteristics of humans, has been genetically modified, suggesting that gene-targeted hamster models will provide new insights into the precision medicine and translational research of ASCVD. The purpose of this review was to summarize the genetically-modified hamster models with dyslipidemia to date, and their potential applications and perspective for ASCVD.

Association Between ApoA1 Gene Polymorphisms and Antipsychotic Drug-Induced Dyslipidemia in Schizophrenia

PURPOSE

Dyslipidemia frequently occurs in schizophrenia patients treated with antipsychotic drugs (APDs), especially atypical APDs. Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) plays a key role in lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ApoA1 gene polymorphisms are associated with APD-induced dyslipidemia in schizophrenia patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 1987 patients with schizophrenia were enrolled in this study. Serum lipid profiles were determined with a biochemistry analyzer. Genotyping for the rs5072 polymorphism of ApoA1 was performed with TaqMan assay. Logistic regression analysis was carried out to evaluate the relationship between ApoA1 gene polymorphisms and APD-induced dyslipidemia. The effects of drug classification (typical vs atypical APD) and drug regimen (monotherapy vs combination therapy) on serum lipid levels were also analyzed.

RESULTS

A significant association was found between rs5072 and triglyceride (TG) levels in the recessive model of the logistic regression analysis (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=1.50, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03, 2.17; P<0.05). TG level was significantly higher in patients treated with combination therapy (1.03 (0.71, 1.51) mmol/l) compared to monotherapy (0.93 (0.67, 1.43) mmol/l) and was also associated with sex. There were significant differences in TG levels among the three genotypes of ApoA1 rs5072 (GG, GA, and AA) in the whole study population and in patients treated with atypical APDs.

CONCLUSION

The ApoA1 rs5072 variant is associated with dysregulated TG metabolism in schizophrenia patients treated with APDs, which may increase susceptibility to dyslipidemia.

The APOA5-rs662799 Polymorphism Is a Determinant of Dyslipidemia in Vietnamese Primary School Children

Apolipoprotein A-V encoded by apolipoprotein 5 (APOA5) gene plays an important role in lipid metabolism, especially in the regulation of plasma triglycerol levels. The study aimed to evaluate the association of the APOA5-rs662799 polymorphism with dyslipidemia in Vietnamese children and the potential modification of obesity-related traits (body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio) on this association. A case-control study was conducted with a total of 154 dyslipidemia cases and 389 controls at the age of 6 to 10 recruited at 31 primary schools in Hanoi city of Vietnam. Genotype for APOA5-rs662799 polymorphism was determined by the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The association of APOA5-rs662799 polymorphism with dyslipidemia adjusting for age, sex, residence, and obesity-related traits was analyzed by binary logistic regression analysis. The results showed that in comparison with T/T and T/C carriers, the C/C carriers had a higher concentration of serum TAG in cases (p =0.049). Carriers of the C allele (C/C + T/C) had higher risk for developing dyslipidemia and hypertriglyceridemia than subjects with T/T genotype (odds ratio, OR = 1.7, p =0.0062 and OR = 1.6, p = 0.026, respectively). The association remained significant after adjusting for age, gender, residence, and obesity status (OR = 1.75, p = 0.006 and OR = 1.53, p = 0.049, respectively) or other obesity-related traits. The study suggested that the APOA5-rs662799 polymorphism may be a determinant of dyslipidemia and hypertriglyceridemia in Vietnamese children, independent of obesity-related traits.

Alcohol, Carbohydrate, and Calcium Intakes and Smoking Interactions with APOA5 rs662799 and rs2266788 were Associated with Elevated Plasma Triglyceride Concentrations in a Cross-Sectional Study of Korean Adults

BACKGROUND

Plasma triglyceride (TG) concentrations are markedly higher among Asians, which may be associated with the interaction of genetics and lifestyle factors.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic variants that have a strong association with plasma TG concentrations from genome-wide association study and to identify lifestyle interactions with the genetic variants that are associated with dyslipidemia in a cohort of Korean adults.

DESIGN

Korean genome and epidemiology study utilized a cross-sectional design of Koreans to determine genetic variants and lifestyle factors, including nutrient intakes, in a retrospective hospital-based city cohort conducted by the Korean Center for Disease and Control during 2004-2013.

PARTICIPANTS

Korean adults aged 40 to 77 years were participants (n=28,445).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The genetic variants that influence plasma TG concentrations were selected by genome-wide association study using an allele genetic model after adjusting for age, sex, area of residence, and body mass index. Lipid profiles and nutrient intakes from food frequency questionnaires were measured. The interactions between the single nucleotide polymorphisms and lifestyle factors were determined to influence plasma TG levels.

RESULTS

Carrying the minor alleles of APOA5 rs662799 and rs2266788 had an association with higher plasma TG concentrations by 1.86- and 1.51-fold, respectively, compared with those with the major allele (P=8.89E-150 and P=4.75E-68, respectively). Sex had an interaction with these single nucleotide polymorphisms, with males having higher plasma TG concentrations. The single nucleotide polymorphisms had significant interactions with carbohydrate, fat, and calcium intakes; alcohol consumption; and smoking status that were associated with plasma TG concentrations. Carriers with the minor allele of each single nucleotide polymorphisms had higher plasma TG concentrations when consuming-low fat (<15%) and high carbohydrate (≥72%) diets than those with major alleles. Carriers of the minor alleles with low calcium intakes (<500 mg/day) experienced elevated plasma TG concentrations compared with carriers of the major alleles. Smokers and alcohol drinkers with either of the minor alleles of APOA5, rs662799 or rs2266788, had higher plasma TG concentrations than those with its major allele.

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicated that carrying the minor alleles of APOA5 rs662799 and rs2266788, especially for men, was associated with elevated TG concentrations and suggested that Korean carriers of the minor alleles could be at increased risk of hypertriglyceridemia. Further research is needed to investigate the efficacy of modulating lifestyle factors to prevent dyslipidemia in people carrying the minor alleles of APOA5 rs662799 and rs2266788.

Association of Apolipoprotein e2 Allele with Insulin Resistance and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among an Admixed Population of Mexico

PURPOSE

This study aimed to analyze the association of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among the admixed population of West Mexico.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

ApoE genotypes were determined in 168 T2DM patients and 449 non-diabetic control subjects from the general admixed population of West Mexico. The non-diabetic subjects were stratified according to body mass index (BMI) in normal weight (n=186), overweight (n=138), and obesity (n=125). ApoE genotypes were assessed by using a TaqMan allelic discrimination assay, insulin resistance (IR) by HOMA-IR, and biochemistry with a dry chemistry assay.

RESULTS

The rate of dyslipidemias and IR increased by BMI category among the control subjects. The greater shift in the prevalence of dyslipidemia was observed from normal weight (51.4%) to overweight (76.6%), p<0.01. Normal weight or obese e4 allele carriers had a higher level of total cholesterol and hypercholesterolemia than non-e4 carriers. Among the T2DM patients, the e2 carriers had abnormal HOMA-IR value than the non-e2 carriers (p=0.002). Comparatively, between the T2DM patients vs non-diabetics, the e2e3 genotype or e2 allele conferred a higher risk for T2DM (adjusted OR= 2.36, 95% CI 1.28-4.34, p=0.006 and adjusted OR=2.1, 95% Cl 1.20-3.79, p=0.009, respectively).

CONCLUSION

The ApoE e2 allele was associated with IR and the risk of T2DM in subjects from the general admixed population of West Mexico.

Adiponectin is associated with cardio-metabolic traits in Mexican children

The adipocyte-derived adiponectin hormone bridges obesity and its cardio-metabolic complications. Genetic variants at the ADIPOQ locus, in ADIPOR1, and ADIPOR2 have been associated with adiponectin concentrations and cardio-metabolic complications in diverse ethnicities. However, no studies have examined these associations in Mexican children. We recruited 1 457 Mexican children from Mexico City. Six genetic variants in or near ADIPOQ (rs182052, rs2241766, rs266729, rs822393), ADIPOR1 (rs10920533), and ADIPOR2 (rs11061971) were genotyped. Associations between serum adiponectin, genetic variants, and cardio-metabolic traits were assessed using linear and logistic regressions adjusted for age, sex, and recruitment center. Serum adiponectin concentration was negatively associated with body mass index, waist to hip ratio, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and overweight/obesity status (7.76 × 10⁻⁴⁰ ≤ p ≤ 3.00 × 10⁻³). No significant associations between genetic variants in ADIPOQ, ADIPOR1, and ADIPOR2 and serum adiponectin concentration were identified (all p ≥ 0.30). No significant associations between the six genetic variants and cardio-metabolic traits were observed after Bonferroni correction (all p < 6.9 × 10⁻⁴). Our study suggests strong associations between circulating adiponectin concentration and cardio-metabolic traits in Mexican children.

Functional polymorphisms of the APOA1/C3/A4/A5-ZPR1-BUD13 gene cluster are associated with dyslipidemia in a sex-specific pattern

Background

Dyslipidemia contributes to the risk of many diseases, including stroke, cardiovascular disease and metabolic-related diseases. Previous studies have indicated that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with different levels of serum lipid. Therefore, this study explored the relationship between the APOA1/C3/A4/A5-ZPR1-BUD13 gene cluster gene polymorphisms and dyslipidemia in the total sample population and stratified by genders in a northeast Chinese population.

Methods

A total of 3,850 participants from Jilin Province, China, were enrolled in our study, and their serum lipid levels were measured. Six functional SNPs (APOA1 rs5072, APOC3 rs5128, APOA4 rs5104, APOA5 rs651821, ZPR1 rs2075294 and BUD13 rs10488698) were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction and MALDI-TOF-MS. Logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the relationship of APOA1/C3/A4/A5-ZPR1-BUD13 gene cluster gene polymorphisms with dyslipidemia. Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype analyses were performed with the SNPStats program and Haploview software.

Results

All SNPs conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Logistic regression analysis revealed that rs5072, rs5128 and rs651821 were associated with hypertriglyceridemia, rs5104 and rs651821 were associated with low-HDL cholesterolemia in overall group. rs651821 was associated with hypertriglyceridemia and low-HDL cholesterolemia in both the male and female group. However, among females, rs5072 was observed to be associated with hypertriglyceridemia. Haplotype analysis showed that haplotypes TGCCGC and CAGCGC were associated with dyslipidemia in the overall, male and female groups.

Conclusion

SNPs in the APOA1/C3/A4/A5-ZPR1-BUD13 gene cluster were associated with dyslipidemia. Furthermore, the association of APOA1 rs5072 in this gene cluster with dyslipidemia differed between genders; thus, additional studies are needed to confirm this conclusion, and the mechanisms underlying these results warrant further exploration.

ACE, APOA5, and MTP Gene Polymorphisms Analysis in Relation to Triglyceride and Insulin Levels in Pediatric Patients

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Obesity is a complex, chronic, and multifactorial disease that has become a major, and worldwide, public health problem contributing to an increased number of pathologies, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, and metabolic syndrome, thus suggesting a commolon origin. A diet high in sugar and fats coupled with a sedentary lifestyle has a major role in the development of obesity. However, the genetic background has also been associated with body fat accumulation. The aim of this study was to assess the effect ofACE-rs4646994, APOA5-rs662799, and MTP-rs1800591 gene polymorphisms on clinical and biochemical parameters and to evaluate the association with body phenotypes in children and adolescent population of Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico.

METHODS

Anthropometric, clinical, biochemical parameters and BMI were obtained from 405 children and adolescents. The BMI was used to determine the body phenotype. The rs4646994 gene polymorphism was determined by PCR, whereas rs662799 and rs1800591 were determined by PCR-RFLP. The obtained results were analyzed to determine their association of these single nucleotide polymorphisms with body phenotype and biochemical parameters.

RESULTS

TT genotype for APOA5-rs662799 was associated with increased levels of HDL-C in the analyzed population (p <0.05). The ACErs4646994gene polymorphism is associated with high Insulin levels, HOMAIR index, and triglyceride levels, mainly when presenting a I/I genotype (p <0.05).

CONCLUSION

The polymorphic allele of the ACE gene is capable of modulating triglyceride levels, insulin levels and HOMA-IR index in the evaluated population; it must be highlighted that this has not been reported in other studied populations elsewhere.