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Sivalogan K, Liang D, Accardi C, Diaz-Artiga A, Hu X, Mollinedo E, Ramakrishnan U, Teeny SN, Tran V, Clasen TF, Thompson LM, Sinharoy SS. Human Milk Composition Is Associated with Maternal Body Mass Index in a Cross-Sectional, Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis of Human Milk from Guatemalan Mothers. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:102144. [PMID: 38726027 PMCID: PMC11079463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal overweight and obesity has been associated with poor lactation performance including delayed lactogenesis and reduced duration. However, the effect on human milk composition is less well understood. Objectives We evaluated the relationship of maternal BMI on the human milk metabolome among Guatemalan mothers. Methods We used data from 75 Guatemalan mothers who participated in the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network trial. Maternal BMI was measured between 9 and <20 weeks of gestation. Milk samples were collected at a single time point using aseptic collection from one breast at 6 mo postpartum and analyzed using high-resolution mass spectrometry. A cross-sectional untargeted high-resolution metabolomics analysis was performed by coupling hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and reverse phase C18 chromatography with mass spectrometry. Metabolic features associated with maternal BMI were determined by a metabolome-wide association study (MWAS), adjusting for baseline maternal age, education, and dietary diversity, and perturbations in metabolic pathways were identified by pathway enrichment analysis. Results The mean age of participants at baseline was 23.62 ± 3.81 y, and mean BMI was 24.27 ± 4.22 kg/m2. Of the total metabolic features detected by HILIC column (19,199 features) and by C18 column (11,594 features), BMI was associated with 1026 HILIC and 500 C18 features. Enriched pathways represented amino acid metabolism, galactose metabolism, and xenobiotic metabolic metabolism. However, no significant features were identified after adjusting for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate procedure (FDRBH < 0.2). Conclusions Findings from this untargeted MWAS indicate that maternal BMI is associated with metabolic perturbations of galactose metabolism, xenobiotic metabolism, and xenobiotic metabolism by cytochrome p450 and biosynthesis of amino acid pathways. Significant metabolic pathway alterations detected in human milk were associated with energy metabolism-related pathways including carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02944682.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasthuri Sivalogan
- Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Donghai Liang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Carolyn Accardi
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Anaite Diaz-Artiga
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Xin Hu
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Erick Mollinedo
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Usha Ramakrishnan
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sami Nadeem Teeny
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - ViLinh Tran
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Thomas F Clasen
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lisa M Thompson
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sheela S Sinharoy
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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2
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Kebbe M, Shankar K, Redman LM, Andres A. Human Milk Components and the Infant Gut Microbiome at 6 Months: Understanding the Interconnected Relationship. J Nutr 2024; 154:1200-1208. [PMID: 38442855 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk oligosaccharides have been shown to relate to the infant gut microbiome. However, the impact of other human milk components on infant gut bacterial colonization remains unexplored. OBJECTIVES Our cross-sectional analysis aimed to investigate associations between human milk components (energy, macronutrients, free amino acids, inflammatory markers, and hormones) and infant gut microbiome diversity and composition (phylum, family, and genus) at 6 mo of age. METHODS Human milk and infant stool samples were collected at 6 mo postpartum. The infant gut microbiome was profiled using 16S rRNA sequencing. Linear regression models were performed to examine associations, adjusting for pregravid BMI (kg/m2), delivery mode, duration of human milk feeding, and infant sex, with q < 0.2 considered significant. RESULTS This analysis included a total of 54 mothers (100% exclusively feeding human milk) and infants (n = 28 male; 51.9%). Total energy in human milk showed a negative association with α-diversity measures (Chao1 and Shannon). Interleukin (IL)-8 in human milk was positively associated with Chao1 and observed operational taxonomic units. At the family level, human milk glutamine and serine levels showed a negative association with the abundance of Veillonellaceae, whereas isoleucine showed a positive association with Bacteroidaceae. Human milk IL-8 and IL-6 concentrations were positively associated with Bacteroidaceae abundance. IL-8 also had a positive relationship with Bifidobacteriaceae, whereas it had a negative relationship with Streptococcacea and Clostridiaceae. Human milk IL-8 was positively associated with the phylum Bacteroidetes, and negatively associated with Proteobacteria. At the genus level, human milk IL-8 exhibited a positive relationship with Bacteroides, whereas human milk isoleucine had a negative relationship with Bacteroides and Ruminococcus. Pregravid BMI and sex effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS IL-8 in human milk could potentially prepare the infant's immune system to respond effectively to various microorganisms, potentially promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria and protecting against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Kebbe
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Kartik Shankar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Leanne M Redman
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Aline Andres
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.
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Hashemi Javaheri FS, Karbin K, Senobari MA, Hakim HG, Hashemi M. The association between maternal body mass index and breast milk composition: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2024:nuad174. [PMID: 38273741 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Breast milk composition is influenced by many factors, ranging from maternal nutritional status to infant sex. Previous studies have explored the relationship between maternal body mass index (BMI) and breast milk composition; however, the findings have been inconsistent and controversial. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the evidence on the association of maternal weight and BMI with breast milk composition. DATA SOURCES The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched up to May 3, 2023, using the following search strategy: ("maternal weight" OR "maternal BMI" OR "mother's weight" OR "mother's BMI") AND ("maternal milk" OR "human milk" OR "breast milk"). DATA EXTRACTION A total of 83 publications, involving data from more than 11 310 lactating women, were identified. All extracted data were compiled, compared, and critically analyzed. DATA ANALYSIS Overall, maternal BMI was associated with higher levels of leptin and insulin, and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk. However, no conclusive associations were found between maternal BMI and the levels of energy, macronutrients, micronutrients, and other components of breast milk. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review provides robust evidence supporting a positive correlation between maternal BMI and breast milk concentrations of leptin, insulin, and the omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio. Nevertheless, disparities in findings are noticeable for other constituents of breast milk. To comprehensively grasp the influence of maternal weight and BMI on breast milk composition, further research endeavors are imperative. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023458667.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadat Hashemi Javaheri
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Karim Karbin
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mohammad Amin Senobari
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hakime Ghadiri Hakim
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Brockway MM, Daniel AI, Reyes SM, Granger M, McDermid JM, Chan D, Refvik R, Sidhu KK, Musse S, Patel PP, Monnin C, Lotoski L, Geddes D, Jehan F, Kolsteren P, Allen LH, Hampel D, Eriksen KG, Rodriguez N, Azad MB. Human Milk Macronutrients and Child Growth and Body Composition in the First Two Years: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100149. [PMID: 37981047 PMCID: PMC10831902 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Among exclusively breastfed infants, human milk (HM) provides complete nutrition in the first mo of life and remains an important energy source as long as breastfeeding continues. Consisting of digestible carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids, as well as fats and fatty acids, macronutrients in human milk have been well studied; however, many aspects related to their relationship to growth in early life are still not well understood. We systematically searched Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science to synthesize evidence published between 1980 and 2022 on HM components and anthropometry through 2 y of age among term-born healthy infants. From 9992 abstracts screened, 57 articles reporting observations from 5979 dyads were included and categorized based on their reporting of HM macronutrients and infant growth. There was substantial heterogeneity in anthropometric outcome measurement, milk collection timelines, and HM sampling strategies; thus, meta-analysis was not possible. In general, digestible carbohydrates were positively associated with infant weight outcomes. Protein was positively associated with infant length, but no associations were reported for infant weight. Finally, HM fat was not consistently associated with any infant growth metrics, though various associations were reported in single studies. Fatty acid intakes were generally positively associated with head circumference, except for docosahexaenoic acid. Our synthesis of the literature was limited by differences in milk collection strategies, heterogeneity in anthropometric outcomes and analytical methodologies, and by insufficient reporting of results. Moving forward, HM researchers should accurately record and account for breastfeeding exclusivity, use consistent sampling protocols that account for the temporal variation in HM macronutrients, and use reliable, sensitive, and accurate techniques for HM macronutrient analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Merilee Brockway
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Canada; Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Allison I Daniel
- Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Sarah M Reyes
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Matthew Granger
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Deborah Chan
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Canada
| | - Rebecca Refvik
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Karanbir K Sidhu
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Suad Musse
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Pooja P Patel
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Caroline Monnin
- Neil John Maclean Health Sciences Library, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Larisa Lotoski
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Donna Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fyezah Jehan
- Department of Pediatrics, Aga Khan University, Pakistan
| | - Patrick Kolsteren
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Lindsay H Allen
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Daniela Hampel
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Kamilla G Eriksen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natalie Rodriguez
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Meghan B Azad
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Canada.
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Mohr AE, Senkus KE, McDermid JM, Berger PK, Perrin MT, Handu D. Human Milk Nutrient Composition Data is Critically Lacking in the United States and Canada: Results from a Systematic Scoping Review of 2017-2022. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1617-1632. [PMID: 37758059 PMCID: PMC10721511 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the nutrients in human milk is important to understand the dietary and developmental requirements of infants. The objective of this review was to summarize the state-of-the-science on the nutrient composition of human milk in the United States and Canada published from 2017 to 2022. Four databases were searched for randomized controlled studies and others given the scoping nature of this review. We limited type to mature milk collected 21 d postpartum and beyond from lactating individuals in the United States and Canada who gave birth at 37-wk gestation or later (full-term). Outcomes of interest included traditional macro- and micronutrients, including human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), and milk volume. The publication date range was selected as January 1, 2017, to the day the literature search was performed. A total of 32 articles were included in the scoping review from primarily longitudinal cohort or cross-sectional designs. The most prevalent sample collection method was full-breast expression (n = 20) with most studies (n = 26) collecting samples from a single timepoint. Carbohydrates (HMOs [n = 12], glucose [n = 8], and lactose [n = 6]) and protein (n = 5) were the most frequently assessed nutrients in this body of work, with consensus among studies that glucose is present in limited concentrations compared to lactose (24-64 mg/dL compared with 6-7 g/dL) and that HMOs are influenced by temporality and secretor status. Included studies displayed an overall level of heterogeneity and sparsity paralleling previous reports and nutrient data in the USDA FoodData Central system. Much of the data extracted from retained articles generally provided analysis of a specific nutrient or group of nutrients. Moreover, many studies did not use the preferred analytical methods as outlined by the Human Milk Composition Initiative to increase measurement confidence. Up-to-date nutrient composition data of human milk is still greatly needed as it is paramount for the management of infant feeding, assessment of infant and maternal nutritional and health needs, and as a reference for infant formula development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E Mohr
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Katelyn E Senkus
- Department of Human Nutrition, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | | | - Paige K Berger
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maryanne T Perrin
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Deepa Handu
- Evidence Analysis Center, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Chicago, IL, United States.
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6
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Juncker HG, Naninck EFG, van Keulen BJ, Harinck JE, Schipper L, Lucassen PJ, van Goudoever JB, de Rooij SR, Korosi A. Maternal stress is associated with higher protein-bound amino acid concentrations in human milk. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1165764. [PMID: 37743929 PMCID: PMC10513938 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1165764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal stress in the postpartum period affects not only the mother but also her newborn child, who is at increased risk of developing metabolic and mental disorders later in life. The mechanisms by which stress is transmitted to the infant are not yet fully understood. Human milk (HM) is a potential candidate as maternal stress affects various components of HM, e.g., fat and immunoglobulin concentrations. To date, it is unknown whether maternal stress also affects the amino acids (AAs) in HM, even though this nutrient is of extreme importance to child health and development. This study aimed to investigate whether and how maternal stress is associated with the AA composition of HM. Methods In this observational cohort study (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), lactating women were recruited in two study groups: a high-stress (HS) group; women whose child was hospitalized (n = 24), and a control (CTL) group; women who gave birth to a healthy child (n = 73). HM was collected three times a day, on postpartum days 10, 17, and 24. Perceived psychological stress was measured using validated questionnaires, while biological stress measures were based on hair, saliva, and HM cortisol concentrations. HM protein-bound and free AAs were analyzed by liquid chromatography and compared between groups. Results Maternal perceived stress scores were higher in the HS group (p < 0.01). The concentrations of protein-bound AAs in HM were higher in the HS group compared to the CTL group (p = 0.028) and were positively associated with HM cortisol concentrations (p = 0.024). The concentrations of free AAs did not differ between study groups and were unrelated to cortisol concentrations. Conclusion Findings from this prospective cohort study suggest that maternal stress in the postpartum period is associated with an altered human milk amino acid composition, which could play a role in the transmission of maternal stress effects to her child. The physiological implications of these stress-induced changes for infant development await future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G. Juncker
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eva F. G. Naninck
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Britt J. van Keulen
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jolinda E. Harinck
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Paul J. Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johannes B. van Goudoever
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susanne R. de Rooij
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Aging and Later Life, Health Behaviors and Chronic Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Norrish I, Sindi A, Sakalidis VS, Lai CT, McEachran JL, Tint MT, Perrella SL, Nicol MP, Gridneva Z, Geddes DT. Relationships between the Intakes of Human Milk Components and Body Composition of Breastfed Infants: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102370. [PMID: 37242254 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk provides all of the elements necessary for infant growth and development. Previous studies have reported associations between breastfeeding and a reduced risk of developing obesity and late-onset metabolic disorders; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Recently, intakes of human milk components have been associated with infant body composition, which is likely partially implicated in the reduced risk of developing childhood obesity among breastfed infants. In this systematic review, we searched electronic bibliographic databases for studies that explored relationships between the 24 h intakes of human milk macronutrients and bioactive components and infant body composition and/or growth parameters. Of 13 eligible studies, 10 assessed relationships of infant body composition and growth outcomes with human milk macronutrients, while 8 studies assessed relationships with human milk bioactive components. Significant time-dependent relationships with infant anthropometrics and body composition were found for intakes and no relationships for concentrations of several human milk components, such as lactose, total protein, and human milk oligosaccharides, suggesting that measuring concentrations of human milk components without quantifying the intake by the infant may provide a limited understanding. Future studies investigating the effect of human milk components on infant growth and body composition outcomes should consider measuring the actual intake of components and employ standardised methods for measuring milk intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Norrish
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Azhar Sindi
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381-8156, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vanessa S Sakalidis
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ching Tat Lai
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jacki L McEachran
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Mya Thway Tint
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A * STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Sharon L Perrella
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Mark P Nicol
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Zoya Gridneva
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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