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Uren A, Dawson S, Cotterill N, Williams A, McLeod H, Chandler D, Watson M. The role of community pharmacy in the promotion of continence care: A systematic review. Res Social Adm Pharm 2024; 20:689-696. [PMID: 38772839 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Community pharmacies are convenient healthcare settings which provide a wide range of services in addition to medicine supply. Continence care is an area where there is an opportunity for the implementation of new innovations to improve clinical and service outcomes. The objective was to systematically evaluate evidence for the effectiveness, safety, acceptability and key determinants of interventions for the promotion and implementation of continence care in the community pharmacy setting. METHODS The protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews database (PROSPERO: CRD42022322558). The databases Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and CINAHL were searched and supplemented by grey literature searches, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses checklist. In total, 338 titles and abstracts were screened, 20 studies underwent full-text screening and four studies met the inclusion criteria and underwent quality assessment. The results are reported narratively due to the heterogeneity of study designs. RESULTS There was some evidence for the effectiveness of interventions, resulting in increased provision of consumer self-help advice and materials, referrals to other care providers, and an increase in staff knowledge and confidence in continence care. Evidence was inconclusive for clinical outcomes due to small sample sizes and poor follow-up rates. Acceptability of interventions to both pharmacy staff and consumers was generally positive with some frustrations with reimbursement procedures and time constraints. Facilitators of a successful pharmacy-based continence service are likely to include staff training, high-quality self-care resources, increased public awareness, and the establishment of effective referral pathways and appropriate reimbursement (of service providers). CONCLUSIONS There is a paucity of evidence regarding the contribution of the community pharmacy sector to continence care. The development of a new pharmacy bladder and bowel service should involve patients, healthcare professionals and policy stakeholders to address the potential barriers and build upon the facilitators identified by this review. PATIENT SUMMARY We identified research that had explored how community pharmacy (chemist) personnel might support people with continence problems (e.g. bladder and bowel leakage). Only four studies were identified, however, they reported that training for pharmacy personnel and providing self-help advice about continence can be successful and was well-received by patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Uren
- School of Health and Social Wellbeing, College of Health, Science and Society, University of the West of England, Blackberry Hill, Bristol, UK; Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.
| | - Shoba Dawson
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nikki Cotterill
- School of Health and Social Wellbeing, College of Health, Science and Society, University of the West of England, Blackberry Hill, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Hugh McLeod
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; National Institute for Health and Care Research Applied Research Collaboration West (NIHR ARC West) at University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Margaret Watson
- Watson Research and Training Limited, Aberdeen, AB15 8FL, UK; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 160 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
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Shcherbakova N, Desselle S, Bandiera C, Canedo J, Law AV, Aslani P. Drivers of citations in social pharmacy and practice research articles. Res Social Adm Pharm 2024; 20:590-596. [PMID: 38565426 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy has been expanding in the last decade. The recently published Granada Statements offer key recommendations to improve the quality of research in this field. OBJECTIVES To identify the factors associated with the citations of articles in the field of social, administrative, clinical pharmacy and practice research. METHODS This study was a retrospective, observational analysis of articles published in three leading journals. Per article Google Scholar citations was the dependent variable. Predictor variables were extracted from all articles published from 2013 to 2015. The dependent variable was dichotomized using sample's median Google Scholar citations. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of citations ≥ median. RESULTS The median number of citations per article was 17 (range 0-341), with a mean of 24.2 (SD 27.6). The number of references included in the articles (OR 1.03, CI 1.02-1.04), the year of publication (OR 0.31 CI 0.21-0.46 for articles published 2015), article social media mentions (OR = 1.01, CI 1.01-1.03 and OR 1.10 CI 1.04-1.18 for Facebook and X, respectively), the topic area of research namely pharmacy services (OR 1.65, CI 1.06-2.57) and medication adherence (OR 2.22 CI 1.13-4.33) were independently associated with article having citations ≥ median. CONCLUSIONS The number of references, the year of publication, social media mentions and the topic area of research, namely pharmacy services and medication adherence, were associated with citations above median in the leading journals of social and administrative pharmacy research. Authors may consider providing a thorough literature review in their articles, while researchers, editors, and publishers are advised to use social media to promote newly published work. This article complements the Granada Statements and may contribute to fostering wider dissemination of the discipline's outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Shcherbakova
- Western New England University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Springfield, MA, USA.
| | | | - Carole Bandiera
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Joanne Canedo
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Anandi V Law
- College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E 2nd St, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA.
| | - Parisa Aslani
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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3
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Vaezi A, Mirsaeidi M. Proposing the potential of utilizing the CAT score for early detection of COPD in asymptomatic patients, shifting towards a patient-centered approach: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37715. [PMID: 38608107 PMCID: PMC11018188 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) constitutes a significant public health challenge, with delayed diagnosis and underdiagnosis being pervasive issues. The United States Preventive Service Task Force recommends restricting COPD screening to symptomatic smokers, a focus that has exhibited limitations, leading to delayed diagnoses, and imposing a substantial burden on patients, their families, and the healthcare system. This paper explores an alternative approach, highlighting the potential utility of the COPD assessment test (CAT) score as a prescreening tool. A CAT score of 10 or higher could serve as an appropriate threshold for further diagnostic procedures, given its robust correlation with pulmonary function test parameters and is valuable capacity to quantify patients' symptoms. The utilization of CAT as a prescreening tool in primary care signifies a transition towards a more patient-centered and comprehensive approach to COPD diagnosis and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Vaezi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine-Jacksonville, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Mehdi Mirsaeidi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL
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Chang HC, Liu SF, Kuo HC, Chen KD, Liu JF, Tseng CW, Weng CM, Chou TC. Smoking cessation and influenza vaccination can reduce the healthcare burden of COPD. Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:108. [PMID: 37637228 PMCID: PMC10458000 DOI: 10.18332/tid/167962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza vaccination (INV) and smoking cessation (SC) have individual positive effects on COPD, but their synergistic impact has yet to be extensively studied. This retrospective study aimed to assess the combined effect of SC and IV on the medical burden of COPD, including medical visits, hospitalization, medical expenses, and the occurrence of respiratory failure. METHODS Patients with COPD who visited our medical center between January and October 2018 were included in the study. The patients were categorized into four groups: Group I (no SC or INV), Group II (INV only), Group III (SC only), and Group IV (both SC and INV). The outcomes analyzed were emergency utilization, hospital utilization, and occurrence of respiratory failure. Airflow limitation was stratified according to GOLD guidelines, and successful smoking cessation was defined as not smoking for at least one year. RESULTS A total of 357 patients were included in the study. Group I (119 patients) neither smoking cessation nor influenza vaccination; Group II (66 patients) had only influenza vaccination; Group III (94 patients), had only smoking cessation, Group IV (78 patients), with both smoking cessation and influenza vaccination. Group IV had lower odds of emergency utilization (OR=0.13; 95% CI: 0.07-0.25), hospital utilization (OR=0.13; 95% CI: 0.05-0.30, p<0.001), and occurrence of respiratory failure (OR=0.13; 95% CI: 0.04-0.40, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Combined smoking cessation and influenza vaccination are more effective in reducing the medical burden of COPD compared to either intervention alone or neither. These findings highlight the importance of promoting both smoking cessation and influenza vaccination in the management of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chuan Chang
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Feng Liu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Chang Kuo
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Den Chen
- Institute of Translation Research in Biomedicine, Liver Transplantation Center and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Fang Liu
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wan Tseng
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Mei Weng
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Ching Chou
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Are we missing lifetime COPD diagnosis among people with COPD recorded death? A population-based retrospective cohort study. BJGP Open 2022; 6:BJGPO.2022.0060. [PMID: 35788026 PMCID: PMC9904773 DOI: 10.3399/bjgpo.2022.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The British Lung Foundation (BLF) has previously estimated that there are 2.2 million people in the UK who have symptoms, but no diagnosis, of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). AIM To investigate the proportion of patients with a missed COPD diagnosis among those with COPD as the cause of death on their death certificate, and how this has changed over a period of 17 years (2000-2017). DESIGN & SETTING Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) Aurum and GOLD primary care data were linked with Office for National Statistics (ONS) mortality data and Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) data. Adults who died between 2000 and 2017 with COPD as their main cause of death were included. METHOD Using a range of diagnostic COPD criteria, the proportion of patients with a missed COPD diagnosis was estimated, and the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with and without prior COPD diagnosis were described, using a mixed-effect logistic regression model. RESULTS Depending on the COPD definition used, between 96% and 27% of the 78 621 patients included received a diagnosis of COPD before death. Using presence of a COPD Read or SNOMED CT code and performed spirometry as a main definition, just over half of the patients (52%) had received a COPD diagnosis overall, with a proportion of those who did not decreasing from 91% in 2000 to 31% in 2017 (Ptrend <0.001). CONCLUSION The proportion of people with COPD-recorded death and who had received a diagnosis of COPD has improved (increased) over time, and currently represents the majority of them. This suggests that few patients are now being missed.
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Valentino AS, Eddy E, Woods Z, Wilken L. Pharmacist Provided Spirometry Services: A Scoping Review. INTEGRATED PHARMACY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2021; 10:93-111. [PMID: 34485107 PMCID: PMC8409516 DOI: 10.2147/iprp.s248705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Despite international guidelines' recommendations, spirometry is underutilized in the diagnosis and management of asthma and COPD. Spirometry may be an opportunity for trained pharmacists to meet the needs of patients with suspected or diagnosed lung conditions. The aim of this scoping review is to describe the literature including pharmacist provided spirometry services, specifically to identify: 1) the models of pharmacist provided spirometry services, and additional services commonly offered alongside spirometry, 2) pharmacist training and capability to obtain quality results, and (3) pharmacist, physician, and patient perspectives. Methods In September 2020, a comprehensive literature search in PubMed and EMBASE was conducted to identify all relevant literature on the topic of pharmacist provided spirometry services using the search term: "pharmacist or pharmacy" and "spirometry or pulmonary function test or lung function test." Literature was screened using inclusion/exclusion criteria and selected articles were charted and analyzed using the themes above. Results A total of 27 records were included. The scoping review found that pharmacist provided spirometry has been conducted around the world in community pharmacies and clinic settings. Community pharmacists may increase access to spirometry screening; the lack of communication with primary care providers and remuneration are barriers that need to be overcome to optimize the utility of the service. Clinic-based services are interprofessional and collaborative, allowing a patient to receive the test, results, diagnosis, and medication changes in one visit. Following comprehensive training, pharmacists felt confident in their ability to perform spirometry and met quality standards at acceptable rates. Conclusion Spirometry is an opportunity for pharmacists to improve evidence-based practice for screening and diagnosing lung conditions along with providing comprehensive services to complement testing. Data around provider and patient perspectives is limited and should be further investigated to determine if providers and patients would value and collaborate with pharmacists providing spirometry services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Sevin Valentino
- Pharmacy Practice and Science, The Ohio State University College of Pharmacy, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Emily Eddy
- Pharmacy Practice, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH, USA
| | - Zachary Woods
- Pharmacy Education and Innovation, The Ohio State University College of Pharmacy, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lori Wilken
- Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
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7
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Hu Y, Yao D, Hu H, Ung COL. Factors Affecting Community Pharmacist's Knowledge About Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Management in China: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2020; 15:3171-3181. [PMID: 33293806 PMCID: PMC7718967 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s280333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has become a significant risk factor that threatens public health. Many studies have confirmed that the professional services for COPD patients by community pharmacists can improve comprehensive benefits. However, there's less research investigating the factors affecting community pharmacists' knowledge about COPD management. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the knowledge of COPD among community pharmacists in China and analyze the factors affecting community pharmacist's knowledge about COPD management. Methods This study employed a face-to-face, self-administered questionnaire survey targeting community pharmacists from three cities (Nanjing, Zhuhai, Qingyang) in China. Descriptive statistics, t-test and one-way ANOVA were used for data analysis. Results Out of the 794 pharmacists surveyed, 177 (22.3%) were completed and valid. The majority (91.0%) of participants had a positive attitude they were responsible for assisting patients to control the disease progression. Among 12 knowledge-related survey questions, only 34 (19.2%) pharmacists answered more than half of them correctly, showing that overall knowledge level of participants was generally low. The overall knowledge level was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with higher academic education, on-the-job training, and pharmacies selling drugs for treating COPD. Regarding medical knowledge, participants got higher accuracy rates at some questions as the symptoms of COPD and identifying the main causative factors but were weak in disease characteristics and guidelines for disease diagnosis. As for medication, participants had a certain understanding of different drugs for COPD and their adverse reactions. For non-drug treatment, participants could not entirely choose the best non-drug treatment for patients, while most of them recognize the importance of pulmonary rehabilitation. Conclusion This research indicated that community pharmacists in China lacked sufficient knowledge about COPD management. It is necessary to improve university education, strengthen on-the-job training, adjust the social insurance system, and develop service guidelines for licensed pharmacists to support their professional services for COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, MacaoPeople’s Republic of China
- National Licensed Pharmacist Development Research Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongning Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, MacaoPeople’s Republic of China
- National Licensed Pharmacist Development Research Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, MacaoPeople’s Republic of China
- National Licensed Pharmacist Development Research Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Carolina Oi Lam Ung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, MacaoPeople’s Republic of China
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8
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Sanyal C, Husereau D. Systematic Review of Economic Evaluations of Services Provided by Community Pharmacists. APPLIED HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH POLICY 2020; 18:375-392. [PMID: 31755015 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-019-00535-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community pharmacists' scope of practice has been evolving from a traditional dispensing role to providing patient-centered services. Given the constraints in healthcare budget and a need for efficient use of finite resources, decision makers may require convincing evidence of value to recommend these services for public funding. Several economic evaluations have aimed to demonstrate the value of services provided by community pharmacists. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to systematically review the reporting and methodological quality of full economic evaluations of services provided by community pharmacists. METHODS A literature search was conducted in the bibliographic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the NHS Economic Evaluations Database since their inception to February 2019. Two independent reviewers performed title, abstract, full text screening, and data abstraction and assessed the quality of reporting and methodological approaches using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) and Quality of Health Economic Studies (QHES) checklists. RESULTS Twenty full economic evaluations were included in the review. Most of these studies were conducted in the UK (40%), followed by the USA (35%), Canada (10%), the Netherlands (5%), Thailand (5%), and Australia (5%). The efficacy or effectiveness data were drawn from individual level or cluster randomized trials, or observational studies. About half of these studies (45%) adopted the perspective of the public healthcare system. Four studies used decision analytic modeling. We identified issues in these studies with selection of study population, efficacy or effectiveness data, time horizon, outcomes measured, measurement or resources used and cost estimation, analytical approaches, and handling of uncertainty with study parameters. The quality of reporting and methodological considerations was variable across these studies, with none of the studies adequately fulfilling all 24 items of CHEERS or 16 questions of QHES checklists. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest there are various issues related to the quality of conduct and reporting of economic evaluations of services provided by community pharmacists. Interpretation of these studies should be treated with caution to facilitate decision making in the local context. In an era of scarce resources and demand for evidence-informed decision making, there may be a need for guidance on methodological approaches to assess the value of these services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjeev Sanyal
- Canadian Pharmacists Association, 1785 Alta Vista Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1G 3Y6, Canada.
| | - Don Husereau
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, 600 Peter Morand Crescent, Ottawa, Ontario, K1G 5Z3, Canada
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9
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Frith PA. Detecting COPD using micro‐spirometry and/or questionnaire. Respirology 2019; 25:126-127. [DOI: 10.1111/resp.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Frith
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders University Adelaide SA Australia
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10
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López-Campos JL, Quintana Gallego E, Carrasco Hernández L. Status of and strategies for improving adherence to COPD treatment. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2019; 14:1503-1515. [PMID: 31371936 PMCID: PMC6628097 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s170848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the wide application of adherence as a concept, the definition, evaluation and improvement of the adherence to treatment by patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) still present some challenges. First, it is necessary to clearly define the concepts of treatment adherence, compliance and persistence. Second, it is critical to consider the various methods of evaluating and quantifying adherence when interpreting adherence studies. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the different ways of measuring treatment adherence should be taken into account. Another subject of some debate is the number of variables associated with COPD treatment adherence. Adherence is a complex concept that goes beyond the dosage or the use of inhalation devices, and a number of variables are involved in determining adherence, from the clinical aspects of the disease to the patient's confidence in the doctor's expertise and the level of social support experienced by the patient. Notably, despite these challenges, the importance of adherence has been well established by clinical trials and routine clinical practice. The available evidence consistently shows the substantial impact that a lack of adherence has on the control of the disease and its long-term prognosis. For these reasons, the correct evaluation of therapeutic adherence should be a key objective in clinical interviews of patients. In recent years, various initiatives for improving adherence have been explored. All these initiatives have been based on patient education. Therefore, health care professionals should be aware of the issues pertaining to adherence and take the opportunity to educate patients each time they contact the health care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis López-Campos
- Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Quintana Gallego
- Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Carrasco Hernández
- Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Schwartzberg E, Nathan JP, Avron S, Marom E. Clinical and other specialty services offered by pharmacists in the community: the international arena and Israel. Isr J Health Policy Res 2018; 7:59. [PMID: 30501624 PMCID: PMC6271400 DOI: 10.1186/s13584-018-0251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The community pharmacy setting is a venue that is readily accessible to the public. In addition, it is staffed by a pharmacist, who is a healthcare provider, trained and capable of delivering comprehensive pharmaceutical care. As such, community pharmacists have a colossal opportunity to serve as key contributors to patients’ health by ensuring appropriate use of medications, preventing medication misadventures, identifying drug-therapy needs, as well as by being involved in disease management, screening, and prevention programs. This unique position gives the pharmacist the privilege and duty to serve patients in roles other than solely that of the stereotypical drug dispenser. Worldwide, as well as in Israel, pharmacists already offer a variety of pharmaceutical services and tend to patients’ and the healthcare system’s needs. This article provides examples of professional, clinical or other specialty services offered by community pharmacists around the world and in Israel and describes these interventions as well as the evidence for their efficacy. Examples of such activities which were recently introduced to the Israeli pharmacy landscape due to legislative changes which expanded the pharmacist’s scope of practice include emergency supply of medications, pharmacists prescribing, and influenza vaccination. Despite the progress already made, further expansion of these opportunities is warranted but challenging. Independent prescribing, as practiced in the United Kingdom or collaborative drug therapy management programs, as practiced in the United States, expansion of vaccination programs, or wide-spread recognition and reimbursement for medication therapy management (MTM) programs are unrealized opportunities. Obstacles such as time constraints, lack of financial incentives, inadequate facilities and technology, and lack of professional buy-in, and suggested means for overcoming these challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Schwartzberg
- LIU Pharmacy (Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences), Brooklyn, NY, USA. .,School of Pharmacy, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Joseph P Nathan
- LIU Pharmacy (Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences), Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| | - Sivan Avron
- Pharmaceutical and Enforcement Divisions, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eli Marom
- Pharmaceutical and Enforcement Divisions, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
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12
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Yonel Z, Sharma P, Yahyouche A, Jalal Z, Dietrich T, Chapple IL. Patients' attendance patterns to different healthcare settings and perceptions of stakeholders regarding screening for chronic, non-communicable diseases in high street dental practices and community pharmacy: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e024503. [PMID: 30391921 PMCID: PMC6231598 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) impose a significant health and economic burden. This study aimed to assess the differential attendance patterns of public to different healthcare professionals and gauge the opinions of key stakeholders towards screening of NCDs by allied healthcare professionals. DESIGN Questionnaires were designed piloted and subsequently completed by key stakeholders. The results were analysed descriptively. SETTING Public questionnaires were undertaken in a West Midlands transport station and Public Markets. High street dental and community pharmacy settings were selected via local clinical and research networks. Healthcare professionals were identified using professional networks and were emailed a web link to an online survey. PARTICIPANTS 1371 members of the public, 1548 patients and 222 healthcare professionals (doctors general practitioner (GP), dentists general dental practitioner (GDP) and pharmacists) completed the questionnaires. OUTCOME MEASURES The outcome was to compare attendance patterns at GDP and GP practices to determine whether different populations were more likely to access different healthcare professionals, this included determining when patients were last screened for NCDs by their GP. Additionally, the willingness of patients to undergo the required intervention and the opinions of stakeholders regarding the concept of screening for the specified NCDs in general dental and community pharmacy settings were also explored. RESULTS 12% of patients who reported seeing a GDP biannually reported that they had not had contact with a GP in the last year. Over 61% of the public reported attending a GDP biannually, of this group 48% reported having never had a check-up at the GP. All stakeholders surveyed were in broad support of the concept of allied health professionals undertaking screening for specific general health conditions. CONCLUSIONS This study has established that allied healthcare professionals may have access to different cohorts of the population to GPs. If GDPs and pharmacists have access to patients who are not using healthcare services elsewhere, they may be ideally placed to risk assess, and where appropriate offer preventative advice and test for NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Yonel
- Periodontal Research group, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham and Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Periodontal Research group, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham and Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Asma Yahyouche
- School of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zahraa Jalal
- School of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas Dietrich
- Periodontal Research group, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham and Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Iain L Chapple
- Periodontal Research group, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham and Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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13
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Fathima M, Saini B, Foster JM, Armour CL. A mixed methods analysis of community pharmacists' perspectives on delivering COPD screening service to guide future implementation. Res Social Adm Pharm 2018; 15:662-672. [PMID: 30131254 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that COPD screening by community pharmacists is effective, but it is unknown if it can be successfully implemented in Australian pharmacies. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the pharmacist-perceived barriers and facilitators to the implementation of a community pharmacy-based COPD screening service guided by implementation science methodology. METHODS Trained pharmacists participated in a 6 month longitudinal study designed and based on implementation science frameworks. Pharmacists completed feedback questionnaires pre-and post-study and participated in semi-structured telephone interviews about their experience of implementing the service, the training provided, their views on patient recruitment, their interactions with health professionals and patients, and their future recommendations for such a service. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim, analysed thematically, and questionnaire and interview data were triangulated. RESULTS Of 20 pharmacists providing questionnaire data, 15 pharmacists (male 53%; age 39.8 ± 8.6yrs, rural 47%) participated in an interview. Questionnaire data revealed that pharmacists engaged positively with the service and reported that it was very useful for patients and for the profession. In-depth qualitative analysis revealed 6 main implementation themes: 1. Patient recruitment (pharmacists lacked patient recruitment skills), 2. Adaptation and entrepreneurship (protocol adaptation increased patient engagement), 3. Training and resource needs (face-to-face training was preferred for skill-based learning), 4. Lack of GP involvement (sub-optimal GP-pharmacist collaboration), 5. Factors related to the operation or full implementation phase (high professional satisfaction, need for remuneration) and 6. Suggestions for refining the screening service (raise public awareness about the service, provide service remuneration, use electronic methods to improve GP referral uptake). A number of effective adaptations to the service were reported by pharmacists, such as advertising, recruitment practices, patient inclusion criteria and inter-professional communication with GPs which would be beneficial to implementation. CONCLUSION This mixed methods study identified a number of key facilitators to service implementation and challenges such as difficulty with patient recruitment, low public awareness of pharmacy-based clinical services, remuneration, and sub-optimal GP-pharmacist collaboration. Working with stakeholders to identify and resolve challenges and to optimise the fit of the service for individual settings may lead to increasingly successful implementation of pharmacy-based service models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Fathima
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Bandana Saini
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Juliet M Foster
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carol L Armour
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Central Sydney Area Health Service, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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14
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Ronaldson SJ, Dyson L, Clark L, Hewitt CE, Torgerson DJ, Cooper BG, Kearney M, Laughey W, Raghunath R, Steele L, Rhodes R, Adamson J. Determining the optimal approach to identifying individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The DOC study. J Eval Clin Pract 2018. [PMID: 29536597 DOI: 10.1111/jep.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE, AIMS, AND OBJECTIVES Early identification of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) results in patients receiving appropriate management for their condition at an earlier stage in their disease. The determining the optimal approach to identifying individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (DOC) study was a case-finding study to enhance early identification of COPD in primary care, which evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of a series of simple lung function tests and symptom-based case-finding questionnaires. METHODS Current smokers aged 35 or more were invited to undertake a series of case-finding tools, which comprised lung function tests (specifically, spirometry, microspirometry, peak flow meter, and WheezoMeter) and several case-finding questionnaires. The effectiveness of these tests, individually or in combination, to identify small airways obstruction was evaluated against the gold standard of spirometry, with the quality of spirometry tests assessed by independent overreaders. The study was conducted with general practices in the Yorkshire and Humberside area, in the UK. RESULTS Six hundred eighty-one individuals met the inclusion criteria, with 444 participants completing their study appointments. A total of 216 (49%) with good-quality spirometry readings were included in the analysis. The most effective case-finding tools were found to be the peak flow meter alone, the peak flow meter plus WheezoMeter, and microspirometry alone. In addition to the main analysis, where the severity of airflow obstruction was based on fixed ratios and percent of predicted values, sensitivity analyses were conducted by using lower limit of normal values. CONCLUSIONS This research informs the choice of test for COPD identification; case-finding by use of the peak flow meter or microspirometer could be used routinely in primary care for suspected COPD patients. Only those testing positive to these tests would move on to full spirometry, thereby reducing unnecessary spirometric testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Ronaldson
- York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Lisa Dyson
- York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Laura Clark
- York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Catherine E Hewitt
- York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - David J Torgerson
- York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Brendan G Cooper
- Lung Function and Sleep, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Matt Kearney
- NHS England and Public Health England, London, UK
| | | | | | - Lisa Steele
- James Alexander Family Practice, Hull, England
| | | | - Joy Adamson
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
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Kayyali R, Hassan Y, Hesso I, Siva R. Co-Morbidities as Predictors of Airflow Limitation among Smokers in England. PHARMACY 2018; 6:pharmacy6020045. [PMID: 29789461 PMCID: PMC6025281 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy6020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of co-morbidities among patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is well documented in the literature. Therefore, this pilot study aimed to identify whether co-morbidities screening would enhance COPD case-finding. Smoking patients were approached at Croydon University Hospital and two local community pharmacies (CPs). Their co-morbidities, respiratory symptoms, smoking pack-years and exercise capacity were collected. Airflow limitation was determined using handheld spirometry (COPD-6) device. The prevalence of airflow limitation was 42% (n = 21/50). The main identified predictors of airflow limitation were: co-morbidities (OR = 9, CI: 1.04–77.81, p = 0.025), respiratory symptoms (OR = 33.54, CI: 1.06–11.77, p = 0.039) and smoking history of ≥20 pack-years (OR = 3.94, CI: 1.13–13.64, p = 0.029). CPs were the main location for case-finding. This study demonstrated the need to screen for co-morbidities for COPD case-finding within CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Kayyali
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston Upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Yusur Hassan
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston Upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Iman Hesso
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston Upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Roshan Siva
- Croydon Health Services NHS Trust, Lennard Road, Croydon CR7 7YE, UK.
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16
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Fathima M, Saini B, Foster JM, Armour CL. Community pharmacy-based case finding for COPD in urban and rural settings is feasible and effective. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017; 12:2753-2761. [PMID: 29075108 PMCID: PMC5609784 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s145073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Case finding of patients at risk of COPD by community pharmacists could identify a substantial number of people with undiagnosed COPD, but little is known about the feasibility and effectiveness of pharmacy-based COPD case finding using microspirometry. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of COPD case-finding service provided by community pharmacists, utilizing a combination of risk assessment questionnaire and microspirometry. METHODS A 6-month service was conducted in 21 community pharmacies in Australia. Pharmacists trained in COPD case finding, including lung function test (LFT), invited their patients aged ≥35 years with a history of smoking and/or respiratory symptoms to participate. High-risk patients were identified via a COPD risk assessment questionnaire (Initial Screening Questionnaire [ISQ]) and underwent LFT. Pharmacists referred patients with a forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/forced expiratory volume in 6 seconds (FEV6) ratio <0.75 to their general practitioner (GP) for further assessment and diagnosis. RESULTS In all, 91 of 167 (54%) patients had an ISQ score >3 indicating high COPD risk. Of the 157 patients who were able to complete LFT, 61 (39%) had an FEV1/FEV6 ratio of <0.75 and were referred to their GP. Patients with high ISQ symptoms scores (>3) were at a significantly higher risk of an FEV1/FEV6 ratio of <0.75, compared to patients with fewer COPD symptoms. A total of 15 (10%) patients were diagnosed with COPD by their GP. Another eight (5%) patients were diagnosed with other medical conditions and 87% of these were initiated on treatment. Although only half of all screened patients lived in regional areas, 93% of those diagnosed with COPD were from regional areas. CONCLUSION A brief community pharmacy-based COPD case-finding service utilizing the ISQ, LFT and GP referral is feasible and may lead to identification and diagnosis of a substantial number of people with COPD. This might be an important strategy for reducing the burden of COPD, particularly for those living in rural locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Fathima
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School
| | - Bandana Saini
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney
| | - Juliet M Foster
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School
| | - Carol L Armour
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School
- Central Sydney Area Health Service, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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17
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Influenza vaccination for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Implications for pharmacists. Res Social Adm Pharm 2017; 14:162-169. [PMID: 28533080 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza virus is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality. Specific populations are at higher risk for exacerbations from influenza virus, such as patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Influenza vaccination coverage among COPD patients is low. Pharmacists can improve influenza vaccination among COPD patients by recognizing factors that influence vaccination and addressing these factors. OBJECTIVES To (1) determine the recent influenza vaccination coverage among patients with COPD, (2) identify factors that were associated with immunization, and (3) interpret the results based upon Andersen's healthcare utilization model. METHODS The 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) was accessed for the study. Among respondents age ≥ 25 years with COPD, presence of influenza vaccination was captured along with demographic, provider, insurance, and clinical variables. Weighted multiple logistic regression was used to identify significant factors associated with receiving influenza vaccination. The findings were interpreted according to predisposing, enabling, and need factors relevant to Anderson's model. RESULTS Influenza vaccination rate was 53% among COPD patients. Older age was a significant predisposing factor that increased vaccination (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.4; 95% CI:2.02-2.88). Predisposing factors that decreased vaccination were being Black or Hispanic (AOR = 0.72, 95% CI:0.59-0.86, and AOR = 0.78, 95% CI:0.61-0.98 respectively), and being a non smoker (former and never smokers had higher vaccination rates [AOR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.3-1.72, and AOR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.19-1.55 respectively]). Significant enabling factors included having health insurance (AOR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.37-2.06), a primary physician (AOR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.30-2.02), and the ability to see a physician regardless of cost (AOR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.17-1.52). Significant need factors included the presence of comorbidities such as asthma (AOR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.1-1.3), or diabetes (AOR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.20-1.53), activity limitation (AOR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04-1.29), and having the last medical checkup within less than one year (AOR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.31-1.70). CONCLUSION Influenza vaccination coverage among COPD patients is far below the Healthy People 2020 national goal. Several predisposing, enabling, and need factors influenced vaccination rate among COPD patients. Pharmacists can improve vaccination rate among COPD patients by recognizing these influencing factors and by acting as advocates, counselors, and administrators of influenza vaccine. Ultimately, with the collaborative efforts of other healthcare providers and public health initiatives, pharmacists can help achieve Healthy People 2020 objectives related to influenza vaccination.
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18
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Twigg MJ, Wright DJ. Community pharmacy COPD services: what do researchers and policy makers need to know? INTEGRATED PHARMACY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2017; 6:53-59. [PMID: 29354551 PMCID: PMC5774323 DOI: 10.2147/iprp.s105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
COPD is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality across the world and is responsible for a disproportionate use of health care resources. It is a progressive condition that is largely caused by smoking. Identification of early stage COPD provides an opportunity for interventions, such as smoking cessation, which prevent its progression. Once diagnosed, ongoing support services potentially provide an opportunity to assist the patient in managing their condition and working more closely with the rest of the primary care team. While there are a number of robust studies which have demonstrated the role which pharmacists could undertake to identify and prevent disease progression, adoption of such services is currently limited. As a service that would seem to be appropriate for adoption in all societies where smoking is prevalent, we have performed a review of reported approaches that have been used when setting up and evaluating such services, and therefore aim to inform researchers and policy makers in other countries on how best to proceed. Implementation science has been used to further contextualize the findings of the review in terms of components that are likely to enhance the likelihood of implementation. With reference to screening services, we have made clear recommendations as to the identification of patients, structure and smoking cessation elements of the program. Further work needs to be undertaken by policy makers to determine the approaches that can be used to motivate pharmacists to provide this service. In terms of ongoing support services, there is some evidence to suggest that these would be effective and cost-effective to the health service in which they are implemented. However, the capability, opportunity and motivation of pharmacists to provide these, more complex, services need to be the focus for researchers before implementation by policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Twigg
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - David J Wright
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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19
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Kayyali R, Odeh B, Frerichs I, Davies N, Perantoni E, D’arcy S, Vaes AW, Chang J, Spruit MA, Deering B, Philip N, Siva R, Kaimakamis E, Chouvarda I, Pierscionek B, Weiler N, Wouters EFM, Raptopoulos A, Nabhani-Gebara S. COPD care delivery pathways in five European Union countries: mapping and health care professionals' perceptions. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2016; 11:2831-2838. [PMID: 27881915 PMCID: PMC5115685 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s104136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COPD is among the leading causes of chronic morbidity and mortality in the European Union with an estimated annual economic burden of €25.1 billion. Various care pathways for COPD exist across Europe leading to different responses to similar problems. Determining these differences and the similarities may improve health and the functioning of health services. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare COPD patients' care pathway in five European Union countries including England, Ireland, the Netherlands, Greece, and Germany and to explore health care professionals' (HCPs) perceptions about the current pathways. METHODS HCPs were interviewed in two stages using a qualitative, semistructured email interview and a face-to-face semistructured interview. RESULTS Lack of communication among different health care providers managing COPD and comorbidities was a common feature of the studied care pathways. General practitioners/family doctors are responsible for liaising between different teams/services, except in Greece where this is done through pulmonologists. Ireland and the UK are the only countries with services for patients at home to shorten unnecessary hospital stay. HCPs emphasized lack of communication, limited resources, and poor patient engagement as issues in the current pathways. Furthermore, no specified role exists for pharmacists and informal carers. CONCLUSION Service and professional integration between care settings using a unified system targeting COPD and comorbidities is a priority. Better communication between health care providers, establishing a clear role for informal carers, and enhancing patients' engagement could optimize current care pathways resulting in a better integrated system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Kayyali
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston-Upon-Thames, UK
| | - Bassel Odeh
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston-Upon-Thames, UK
| | - Inéz Frerichs
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nikki Davies
- Chest Clinic and Research and Development, Croydon University Hospital, Croydon, UK
| | - Eleni Perantoni
- Pulmonary Clinic, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Shona D’arcy
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anouk W Vaes
- Research and Education, CIRO – Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, Horn, the Netherlands
| | - John Chang
- Chest Clinic and Research and Development, Croydon University Hospital, Croydon, UK
| | - Martijn A Spruit
- Research and Education, CIRO – Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, Horn, the Netherlands
| | | | - Nada Philip
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston-Upon-Thames, UK
| | - Roshan Siva
- Chest Clinic and Research and Development, Croydon University Hospital, Croydon, UK
| | | | | | - Barbara Pierscionek
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston-Upon-Thames, UK
| | - Norbert Weiler
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Emiel FM Wouters
- Research and Education, CIRO – Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, Horn, the Netherlands
| | | | - Shereen Nabhani-Gebara
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston-Upon-Thames, UK
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20
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van der Molen T, van Boven JFM, Maguire T, Goyal P, Altman P. Optimizing identification and management of COPD patients - reviewing the role of the community pharmacist. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 83:192-201. [PMID: 27510273 PMCID: PMC5225927 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to propose key steps for community pharmacist integration into a patient care pathway for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) management. A literature search was conducted to identify publications focusing on the role of the community pharmacist in identification and management of COPD. The literature search highlighted evidence supporting an important role for pharmacists at each of the four key steps in the patient care pathway for COPD management. Step 1 (primary prevention): pharmacists are ideally placed to provide information on disease awareness and risk prevention campaigns, and to encourage lifestyle interventions, including smoking cessation. Step 2 (early detection/case finding): pharmacists are often the first point of contact between the patient and the healthcare system and can therefore play an important role in the early identification of patients with COPD. Step 3 (management and ongoing support): pharmacists can assist patients by providing advice and education on dosage, inhaler technique, treatment expectations and the importance of adherence, and by supporting self‐management, including recognition and treatment of COPD exacerbations. Step 4 (review and follow‐up): pharmacists can play an important role in monitoring adherence and ongoing inhaler technique in patients with COPD. In summary, pharmacists are ideally positioned to play a vital role in all key stages of an integrated COPD patient care pathway from early disease detection to the support of management plans, including advice and counselling regarding medications, inhaler technique and treatment adherence. Areas requiring additional consideration include pharmacist training, increasing awareness of the pharmacist role, administration and reimbursement, and increasing physician–pharmacist collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thys van der Molen
- Department of Primary Care, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Job F M van Boven
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of PharmacoEpidemiology and PharmacoEconomics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Terence Maguire
- Community Pharmacist and School of Pharmacy, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Pablo Altman
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
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21
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Wright DJ, Twigg MJ. Community pharmacy: an untapped patient data resource. INTEGRATED PHARMACY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2016; 5:19-25. [PMID: 29354535 PMCID: PMC5741034 DOI: 10.2147/iprp.s83261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As community pharmacy services become more patient centered, they will be increasingly reliant on access to good quality patient information. This review describes how the information that is currently available in community pharmacies can be used to enhance service delivery and patient care. With integration of community pharmacy and medical practice records on the horizon, the opportunities this will provide are also considered. The community pharmacy held patient medication record, which is the central information repository and has been used to identify non-adherence, prompts the pharmacist to clinically review prescriptions, identify patients for additional services, and identify those patients at greater risk of adverse drug events. While active recording of patient consultations for treatment over the counter may improve the quality of consultations and information held, the lost benefits of anonymity afforded by community pharmacies need to be considered. Recording of pharmacy staff activities enables the workload to be monitored, remuneration to be justified, critical incidents to be learned from, but is not routine practice. Centralization of records between community pharmacies enables practices to be compared and consistent problems to be identified. By integrating pharmacy and medical practice records, patient behavior with respect to medicines can be more closely monitored and should prevent duplication of effort. When using patient information stored in a community pharmacy, it is, however, important to consider the reason why the information was recorded in the first instance and whether it is appropriate to use it for a different purpose without additional patient consent. Currently, community pharmacies have access to large amounts of information, which, if stored and used appropriately, can significantly enhance the quality of provided services and patient care. Integrating the records increases opportunities to enhance patient care yet further. While community pharmacies have significant amounts of information available to them, this is frequently untapped.
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22
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López-Campos JL, Tan W, Soriano JB. Global burden of COPD. Respirology 2015; 21:14-23. [DOI: 10.1111/resp.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Luis López-Campos
- Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS); Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla; Sevilla Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - Wan Tan
- James Hogg Research Laboratories; St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia Providence Heart and Lung Institute; Vancouver Canada
| | - Joan B. Soriano
- Cátedra UAM-Linde; Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (IISP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid Spain
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23
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Cawley MJ, Warning WJ. Pharmacists performing quality spirometry testing: an evidence based review. Int J Clin Pharm 2015; 37:726-33. [PMID: 26148860 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-015-0160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The scope of pharmacist services for patients with pulmonary disease has primarily focused on drug related outcomes; however pharmacists have the ability to broaden the scope of clinical services by performing diagnostic testing including quality spirometry testing. Studies have demonstrated that pharmacists can perform quality spirometry testing based upon international guidelines. AIM OF THE REVIEW The primary aim of this review was to assess the published evidence of pharmacists performing quality spirometry testing based upon American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) guidelines. In order to accomplish this, the description of evidence and type of outcome from these services were reviewed. METHODS A literature search was conducted using five databases [PubMed (1946-January 2015), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970 to January 2015), Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews] with search terms including pharmacy, spirometry, pulmonary function, asthma or COPD was conducted. Searches were limited to publications in English and reported in humans. In addition, Uniform Resource Locators and Google Scholar searches were implemented to include any additional supplemental information. RESULTS Eight studies (six prospective multi-center trials, two retrospective single center studies) were included. Pharmacists in all studies received specialized training in performing spirometry testing. Of the eight studies meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria, 8 (100%) demonstrated acceptable repeatability of spirometry testing based upon standards set by the ATS/ERS guidelines. Acceptable repeatability of seven studies ranged from 70 to 99% consistent with published data. CONCLUSION Available evidence suggests that quality spirometry testing can be performed by pharmacists. More prospective studies are needed to add to the current evidence of quality spirometry testing performed by pharmacists and to measure health outcomes of the pulmonary patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Cawley
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacy Administration, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4495, USA.
| | - William J Warning
- Family Medicine Residency Program, Crozer-Keystone Center for Family Health, Springfield, PA, USA
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Bond CM. A map for the future. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2015; 23:1-2. [DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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