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Baig S, Mughal S, Murad Y, Virdee M, Jalal Z. Exploring the Perceptions and Behaviours of UK Prescribers Concerning Novel Lipid-Lowering Agent Prescriptions: A Qualitative Study. PHARMACY 2024; 12:104. [PMID: 39051388 PMCID: PMC11270282 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy12040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels lowers the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. With the current and future portfolios of emerging lipid-lowering therapies included in various national and international guidelines, the objectives of this study were (i) to investigate the perceptions of UK prescribers', including doctors, pharmacists, and nurses, on current lipid management for cardiovascular diseases and prescriptions of novel lipid-lowering therapies, and (ii) to explore the challenges and facilitating factors of prescribing novel lipid-lowering therapies through qualitative interviews. Qualitative semi-structured interviews with twelve medical and non-medical prescribers were conducted, around 20-30 min in length. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed on an online platform. A thematic analysis was deployed. Four major themes emerged from the analysis: (1) prescribing barriers; (2) prescribing enablers; (3) inter-profession variability; and (4) health literacy. These themes highlighted the contrast between the need for optimal shared decision making and the various constraints in practice. Participants expressed their inexperience with novel lipid-lowering therapies and acknowledged the requirement and importance of these agents for primary cardiovascular disease prevention. Participants recognised confidence and competence as key drivers for prescribing therapies and welcomed further education and training to enhance their skillset. Patients' misconceptions towards current lipid-lowering therapies contributed to their refusal of newer agents, highlighting a requirement to improve patient education. Targeting communities through awareness campaigns was identified as a viable solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Baig
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK (Z.J.)
| | - Shahrauz Mughal
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK (Z.J.)
| | - Yousuf Murad
- Worcestershire Acute Hospital Trust Woodrow Drive, Redditch B98 7UB, UK;
| | - Mandeep Virdee
- Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton WV10 0QP, UK;
| | - Zahraa Jalal
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK (Z.J.)
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Phillips TA, George TP, Munn AC. Effectiveness of Interactive Group Activities on Nurse Practitioner Student Confidence in Prescribing. Nurse Educ 2024; 49:E50-E51. [PMID: 37276500 DOI: 10.1097/nne.0000000000001461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Phillips
- Associate Professor (Drs Phillips, George, and Munn), School of Health Sciences, Francis Marion University, Florence, South Carolina
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Chiang V, Guirguis L, Warren AL, Topps D, Anderson SJ, Hecker KG. Managing common ambulatory conditions: Exploring clinical decision making performance between pharmacists and family physicians. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 12:100357. [PMID: 38023635 PMCID: PMC10663664 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prescribing is part of the expanded scope of practice for pharmacists in Alberta, Canada. Given these responsibilities, clinical decision making (the outcome from the diagnostic and therapeutic decision making process) is an essential skill for pharmacists. The current study compared diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making between Additional Prescribing Authority (APA) pharmacists and family physicians using a set of common ambulatory clinical cases that both practitioners could encounter in the community as part of their daily practice. Objectives To explore clinical decision making performance and behaviors between APA pharmacists and family physicians during the assessment and prescribing of common ambulatory conditions. Methods Eight written ambulatory clinical cases were developed by a panel of experts in both family medicine and pharmacy that were commonly encountered in both professions' daily practice. Participating APA pharmacists and family physicians reviewed the cases and responded with likely diagnoses, recommended treatments, and reported confidence in therapeutic choices. The responses of 18 APA pharmacists and 9 family physicians in community practices were analyzed. Results There were no significant differences in diagnostic accuracy, therapeutic accuracy, confidence in diagnostic choices, and confidence in therapeutic choices between APA pharmacists and family physicians to these common ambulatory presentations. Conclusions This study provides preliminary insights regarding the capabilities of pharmacists in the assessment of common ambulatory community conditions and suggests that APA pharmacists are making similar diagnostic and therapeutic decisions to family physicians. Future research could focus on examining the performance of pharmacists trained in different pharmacy education models, as well as their ability to provide clinical assessment in other specialties, or in more uncommon clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Chiang
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Lisa Guirguis
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Amy L. Warren
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - David Topps
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Sarah J. Anderson
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Kent G. Hecker
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
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Mokrzecki SM, Mallett A, Sen Gupta T, Perks S, Pain T. Do educational interventions improve prescribing skills of medical students compared to no additional learning? A systematic review. MEDICAL EDUCATION ONLINE 2023; 28:2259166. [PMID: 37722675 PMCID: PMC10512866 DOI: 10.1080/10872981.2023.2259166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that medical students are not confident and may be ill-prepared to prescribe competently. Therefore, changes to standard education may be required to fortify medical student prescribing skills, confidence, and competence. However, specific education to write a safe and legal prescription is generally lacking. Furthermore, the term prescribe and the skill thereof is not clearly defined. This review compares additional education for medical students to no identified additional education or another educational modality on the skill of prescription writing. Secondary aims include review of education modalities, prescribing skill assessments, educator professional background, and timing of education within the medical curriculum. This systematic review was conducted and reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Databases searched included: CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Emcare (Ovid), MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed and Scopus. Search terms included: medical education, medical undergraduate, medical student, medical school, and prescriptions. The search was conducted in February 2023, and quantitative outcomes were reported. Of the 5197 citations identified, 12 met the inclusion criteria. Eleven studies reported significant improvements in prescribing skills of medical students after additional educational intervention(s). Various educational modalities were implemented, including case-based teaching (n=3), patient-based teaching (n=1), tutorial-based teaching (n=2), didactic teaching (n=1), and mixed methods (n=6). There were no commonalities in the professional background of the educator; however, five studies used faculty members. There was no consensus on the best assessment type and time to implement prescription writing education during medical training. There are a range of interventions to educate and assess prescribing competencies of medical students. Despite heterogenous study designs, there is evidence of the superiority of additional prescription writing education versus no identified additional education to develop prescription writing skills. The introduction of formal teaching and standardised assessment of prescribing skills for medical students is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M. Mokrzecki
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Pharmacy Department, Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Mallett
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Renal Medicine, Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tarun Sen Gupta
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen Perks
- Pharmacy Department, Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tilley Pain
- Allied Health Governance Office, Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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Cheng J, Dang C, Li X, Wang J, Huang X, Li Y, Cui X. The participation of clinical pharmacists in the treatment of patients with central nervous system infection can improve the effectiveness and appropriateness of anti-infective treatments: a retrospective cohort study. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1226333. [PMID: 37745082 PMCID: PMC10512419 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1226333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Central nervous system infection (CNSI) treatment in hospital neurosurgery emphasizes the importance of optimizing antimicrobial therapy. Timely and appropriate empiric antibiotic treatment is critical for managing patients with bacterial meningitis. Objectives: To evaluate the activities of clinical pharmacists in the anti-infective treatment of patients with CNSI in neurosurgery. Method: A single-center retrospective cohort study was carried out from January 2021 to March 2023 at a tertiary teaching hospital in China. The study sample included a group that received pharmacy services and a group that did not. In the pharmacy services group, the anti-infective treatment plan was led and developed by pharmacists. Pharmaceutical care, including medication therapy and all CNSI treatment regimens, was administered in daily unit rounds by pharmacists. Baseline demographics, treatment outcomes, and rational use of antibiotics were compared between the two groups, and the impact of a antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) program was evaluated. Results: Of the 306 patients assessed according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 151 patients were included, and 155 patients were excluded due to abnormal data and missing information on antibiotic costs or antimicrobial use. Eventually, 73 were included in the pharmacy services group and 78 in the group without pharmacist participation. The antibiotic use density (AUD) of the pharmacy services group decreased from 167.68 to 127.63 compared to the group without pharmacist participation. After the pharmacist services, the AUD for linezolid decreased from 9.15% to 5.23% and that for miscellaneous agents decreased from 17.91% to 6.72%. The pharmacy services group had better improvement (p < 0.05) and a significantly higher score for the rational use of antibiotics (p < 0.05) than the group without pharmacist participation. Conclusion: The clinical pharmacist services evaluation results demonstrated an essential role of clinical pharmacist-led AMS programs in the effective and appropriate use of anti-infective treatments in neurosurgery with patients with CNSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinan, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - ChuanDong Dang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinan, China
| | - JianJun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinan, China
| | - XueYan Cui
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinan, China
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Roberts J, Jaam M, Paudyal V, Hadi MA. Minimizing prescribing errors: A phenomenological exploration of the views and experiences of independent prescribing pharmacists. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 89:2747-2756. [PMID: 37105534 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study aims to explore the views and experiences of independent prescribing (IP) pharmacists regarding prescribing errors and strategies to mitigate errors in practice. METHODS One-to-one online semi-structured interviews were conducted with IP pharmacists across the United Kingdom. Verbatim transcripts of the interview were generated and coded using NVivo® 12 software for thematic analysis. A mixed inductive and deductive approach was used to generate themes and sub-themes which were then mapped onto the framework of factors that influence clinical practice proposed by Vincent et al. RESULTS: A total of 14 interviews were conducted. Participants linked the risk-averse nature of a pharmacist, self-perception of their roles as medicines experts, and previous experience of keeping checks on doctors' prescriptions as a dispenser often made them feel confident in prescribing. However, lacking adequate diagnostic skills, inadequate prescribing training programmes, and dealing with complex patients often made them feel vulnerable to committing errors. Organizational and system-related factors such as work interruptions and increased workload were identified as other factors linked to prescribing errors. CONCLUSIONS Independent prescribing pharmacists use a variety of strategies to reduce the risk of prescribing errors. Promoting diagnostic competency in their area of practice, strengthening undergraduate and prescribing curricula, and addressing known organizational and system-related factors linked to prescribing errors can minimize errors and promote patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Roberts
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Myriam Jaam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Vibhu Paudyal
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Muhammad Abdul Hadi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Immonen H, Raekallio M, Holmström AR. Promoting veterinary medication safety - Exploring the competencies of community pharmacy professionals in veterinary pharmacotherapy. Vet Anim Sci 2023; 21:100310. [PMID: 37664413 PMCID: PMC10468355 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2023.100310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The science of veterinary medicine is currently lacking studies on medication safety, although its importance in protecting animals from medication errors is central. Pharmacy professionals have an important role in ensuring medication safety of both prescription and over-the-counter medications of animals. However, this requires adequate competencies of pharmacy professionals in veterinary pharmacotherapy. The present study aimed to explore the competencies of pharmaceutical staff in community pharmacies in veterinary pharmacotherapy, which factors influence these competencies and what kind of information sources they typically use on veterinary pharmacotherapy. The study was conducted as a cross-sectional online survey targeted to pharmacy professionals in the Finnish community pharmacies, providing 596 responses. Less than half of the respondents (41%, n = 246) are considered to possess good competencies in veterinary pharmacotherapy. A third of the respondents (35%, n = 211) would dispense an anti-inflammatory drug for an animal off-label, whereas 24% (n = 145) would not interview the pet owner to discover the need for internal parasite medication before dispensing the drug. A small proportion (<1%, n = 5) would have dispensed a broad-spectrum internal parasite medication. Approximately a quarter of the respondents (27%, n = 159) stated that they acquired information on pharmacotherapy only from the material produced by the manufacturers of veterinary drugs. The competencies of pharmacy professionals in veterinary pharmacotherapy need to be strengthened in many areas to better promote veterinary medication safety. It should also be ensured that pharmacy professionals can access and use independent, high-quality information on veterinary pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Immonen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of pharmacology and pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00014, Finland
| | - M.R. Raekallio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Koetilantie 2, 00014, Finland
| | - A-R. Holmström
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of pharmacology and pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00014, Finland
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Koetilantie 2, 00014, Finland
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Mantzourani E, Deslandes R, Hodson K, Evans A, Taylor L, Lucas C. Community Pharmacists' Views on the Early Stages of Implementation of a National Pilot Independent Prescribing Service in Wales: A Qualitative Study. Integr Pharm Res Pract 2023; 12:11-23. [PMID: 36733975 PMCID: PMC9888007 DOI: 10.2147/iprp.s395322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background A pilot Independent Prescribers' Service (IPS) was introduced in 13 community pharmacies across Wales in June 2020. Independent Pharmacist Prescribers (IPPs) could prescribe in the areas of management of acute conditions, contraception, or opioid withdrawal, as agreed with local commissioners. Access to the patients' medical records was provided via Choose Pharmacy, the national community pharmacy IT platform. Objective To explore the experiences of IPPs delivering the service and commissioners responsible for financial resources regarding the IPS in Wales. Methods A qualitative methodology was employed, with purposive sampling, semi-structured interviews, and inductive thematic analysis. Results Five themes were constructed from 13 interviews (n=9 IPPs; n=4 commissioners): (i) patient experience and safety; (ii) professional enablement and rebalancing workload of GPs; (iii) role and limitations of remote consultations; (iv) funding and business model; (v) functionality on Choose Pharmacy to support patient care. The design of the service allowed pharmacists to determine how best to deliver the IPS, maximizing access for patients and promoting a sense of professional value amongst pharmacists. Conclusion This study builds on the body of evidence on enhanced patient experience with prescribing services in the community, reinforcing that IPPs have a key role in rebalancing management of common conditions from GP surgeries to community pharmacies. Several considerations need to be addressed to ensure future success of the service implementation, delivery and enhanced sustainability, such as formal referral pathways and access to medical records. These can be used by other commissioning bodies in the UK and internationally to build a network of suitably supported IPPs, confident to appropriately deal with uncomplicated acute and chronic conditions; and liaise with primary and/or secondary care when referrals are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efi Mantzourani
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK,Primary Care, Digital Health and Care Wales, NHS Wales, Cardiff, Wales, UK,Correspondence: Efi Mantzourani, Redwood Building, Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3NB, UK, Tel +44 2920 870452, Email
| | - Rhian Deslandes
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Karen Hodson
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Andrew Evans
- Primary Care Services, Welsh Government, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Lydia Taylor
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Cherie Lucas
- Graduate School of Health (Pharmacy Discipline), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Ritchie LA, Penson PE, Akpan A, Lip GYH, Lane DA. Integrated Care for Atrial Fibrillation Management: The Role of the Pharmacist. Am J Med 2022; 135:1410-1426. [PMID: 36002045 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Within Europe and the Asia-Pacific, the Atrial Fibrillation Better Care (ABC) pathway is the gold standard integrated care strategy for atrial fibrillation management. Atrial fibrillation diagnosis should be confirmed and characterized (CC) prior to implementation of ABC pathway components: 1) "A"- Anticoagulation/Avoid stroke; 2) "B"- Better symptom management; and 3) "C"- Cardiovascular and other comorbidity optimization. Pharmacists have the potential to expedite integrated care for atrial fibrillation across the health care continuum: hospital, community pharmacy, and general practice. This review summarizes the available evidence base for pharmacist-led implementation of the "CC to ABC" model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona A Ritchie
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Peter E Penson
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom
| | - Asangaedem Akpan
- Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Deirdre A Lane
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
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Adaptation and factor structure of three psychometric instruments measuring behavioral aspects of medication prescribing in physician assistants. Res Social Adm Pharm 2022; 19:69-74. [PMID: 36153236 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES (1) Present the factor structure of two psychometric instruments for self-efficacy and one for outcome expectations of medication prescribing; (2) evaluate the reliability of the scales, and (3) present preliminary evidence of validity. METHODS Physician assistants (PA) and PA students completed a survey evaluating three psychometric instruments: (1) Self-Efficacy in Prescribing (SEP), (2) Self-Efficacy in Prescribing-Geriatric (SEPG), and (3) Outcomes Expectations of Prescribing Errors (OEP). Students also evaluated 3 hypothetical prescriptions, two of which contained a prescribing error. Students were instructed to identify (1) if an error occurred and (2) what type of error. The data were analyzed using parallel analysis with a varimax rotation, Cronbach's α, Pearson and Spearman correlations. RESULTS One hundred eighty five (n = 185) respondents completed the survey (response rate = 63.8%). The parallel analysis found that the SEP had one 7-item factor with α = 0.94 (M = 5.7 (SD = 1.9) out of 10). The SEPG also had one 7-item factor with α = 0.95 (M = 5.5 (1.9). The OEP had one 6-item factor with α = 0.89 (M = 3.5 (SD = 0.8) out of 5). The SEP and SEPG, were correlated to the OEP each other (both p < 0.01). Actively practicing PAs had the highest composite mean SEP and SEPG scores. First-year PA students had the highest mean scores for the OEP. There was a weak association between the mean SEPG score and the number of correctly identified prescriptions (rs = 0.18, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION The SEP, SEPG, and OEP show preliminary evidence of reliability and structural, construct, and known-group validities using simulated prescriptions. These tools may be able to be used by educators and implementation scientists as one method to show the effectiveness of future interventions to reduce incidence of prescribing errors.
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Sachidanandan G, Bechard LE, Hodgson K, Sud A. Education as drug policy: A realist synthesis of continuing professional development for opioid agonist therapy. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2022; 108:103807. [PMID: 35930903 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuing professional development (CPD) for opioid agonist therapy (OAT) has been identified as a key health policy strategy to improve care for people living with opioid use disorder (OUD) and to address rising opioid-related harms. To design and deliver effective CPD programs, there is a need to clarify how they work within complex health system and policy contexts. This review synthesizes the literature on OAT CPD programs and educational theory to clarify which interventions work, for whom, and in what contexts. METHODS A systematic review and realist synthesis of evaluations of CPD programs focused on OAT was conducted. This included record identification and screening, theory familiarization, data collection, analysis, expert consultation, and iterative context-intervention-mechanism-outcome (CIMO) configuration development. RESULTS Twenty-four reports comprising 21 evaluation studies from 5 countries for 3373 providers were reviewed. Through iterative testing of included studies with relevant theory, five CIMO configurations were developed. The programs were categorized by who drove the learning outcomes (i.e., system/policy, instructor, learner) and their spheres of influence (i.e., micro, meso, macro). There was a predominance of instructor-driven programs driving change at the micro level, with few policy-driven macro-influential programs, inconsistent with the promotion of CPD as a clear opioid crisis policy-level intervention. CONCLUSION OAT CPD is challenged by mismatches in program justifications, objectives, activities, and outcomes. Depending on how these program factors interact, OAT CPD can operate as a barrier or facilitator to OUD care. With more deliberate planning and consideration of program theory, programs more directly addressing diverse learner and system needs may be developed and delivered. OAT CPD as drug policy does not operate in isolation; programs may feed into each other and intercalate with other policy initiatives to have micro, meso, and macro impacts on educational and population health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grahanya Sachidanandan
- Department of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 3L8, Canada; Bridgepoint Collaboratory for Research and Innovation, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Lauren E Bechard
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kate Hodgson
- Continuing Professional Development, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Abhimanyu Sud
- Bridgepoint Collaboratory for Research and Innovation, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1V7, Canada; Humber River Hospital, 1235 Wilson Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M3M 0B2, Canada.
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Angkananard T, Issarasenarak P, Teerawattananon P, Kosulawath M, Samrejphol V, Okanurak K. Medical students' confidence and competence with prescribing in ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a mixed-methods study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 13:187-197. [PMID: 35909350 PMCID: PMC9911138 DOI: 10.5116/ijme.62c2.c33c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore factors associated with prescribing confidence and competence of final-year medical students for prescribing antiplatelet and fibrinolytic agents in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). METHODS The study was conducted among final-year medical students with a triangular convergent mixed-methods approach. First, an online survey was conducted using a voluntary sampling method with concurrent in-depth interviews performed. The survey data was analysed using descriptive statistics and paired t-tests, while survey factors were compared using the chi-squared or Fisher's exact test. The interview data were coded and analysed thematically. The relations between the qualitative and quantitative findings were finally described. RESULTS Totally 92 validly replied to the questionnaire, and 20 participated in the interviews. The quantitative analysis indicated that they had high competence in the diagnosis of STEMI and prescribing antiplatelet and fibrinolytic agents. The mean confidence score of prescribing for both was medium and was significantly lower in fibrinolytic agents. (M=3.3, SD=1.1 vs. M=2.8, SD=1.0, t(91)=5.39, p<0.01). Their experience, knowledge, and mentoring were accounted for, considering the prescribing confidence factors in both approaches. Besides, providing guidelines and standing orders were derived from the interview data. CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated that final-year medical students have a high ability to diagnose and prescribe essential medications in STEMI but tend to have low confidence in prescribing fibrinolytic agents. Experiential learning, mentorship and providing guidelines can help them, especially in emergency settings to prescribe confidently and safely. Further multicenter studies on undergraduate and graduate medical students' confidence and perspective of prescribing are required, especially for high-alert medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teeranan Angkananard
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirind-horn Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand
| | - Panida Issarasenarak
- Medical student of Faculty of Medicine, HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot Uni-versity, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand
| | - Pawita Teerawattananon
- Medical student of Faculty of Medicine, HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot Uni-versity, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand
| | - Maneekarn Kosulawath
- Medical student of Faculty of Medicine, HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot Uni-versity, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand
| | - Varunrut Samrejphol
- Medical student of Faculty of Medicine, HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot Uni-versity, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand
| | - Kamolnetr Okanurak
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Lee KC, Silvia RJ, Payne GH, Moore TD, Ansara ED, Ross CA. Best practice model for outpatient psychiatric pharmacy practice, part 2: Confirmation of the attribute statements. Ment Health Clin 2022; 12:65-76. [PMID: 35582319 PMCID: PMC9009822 DOI: 10.9740/mhc.2022.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The American Association of Psychiatric Pharmacists (AAPP) used multiple modalities to develop and refine 28 attribute statements to describe a best practice model for outpatient psychiatric pharmacists. Before addressing implementation, assessment, and field testing, it was necessary to finalize and confirm the statements and their supporting narratives among stakeholders. The objective of this project was to confirm the attribute statements and supporting justifications for a best practice model for outpatient psychiatric pharmacists providing direct patient care. Methods The 4 phases that resulted in the 28 attribute statements and supporting narratives have been described and published elsewhere. As part of phase 5, the confirmation survey was distributed to pharmacists and resident members of AAPP in November 2021 for 3 weeks. Results The survey respondents (n = 74; 6.1%) were licensed pharmacists for an average of 15.6 years (SD = 12.0) and had been practicing as psychiatric pharmacists for an average of 11.3 years (SD = 10.4). Slightly more than half (54.2%) of the respondents reported practicing in the outpatient setting and three-fourths (74.3%) were Board Certified Psychiatric Pharmacists. For each of the 28 statements, more than 90% of respondents either agreed or agreed with minimal reservations. Discussion Given the high degree of agreement on the proposed practice model statements, they will be used as the basis for the outpatient psychiatric pharmacist best practice model. Next steps in developing this model include establishing implementation guidance, determining appropriate metrics for evaluation of these statements in practice, and establishing appropriate field-testing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard J. Silvia
- Professor of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy-Boston, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gregory H. Payne
- Director of Strategic Initiatives, American Association of Psychiatric Pharmacists, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Tera D. Moore
- Pharmacy Benefits Management Services, Clinical Pharmacy Practice Office, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC
| | - Elayne D. Ansara
- Clinical Pharmacy Practitioner–Mental Health, Veteran Health Indiana, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Clint A. Ross
- Pharmacy Coordinator, Institute of Psychiatry, MUSC Health, Charleston, South Carolina
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Miszewska J, Wrzosek N, Zimmermann A. Extended Prescribing Roles for Pharmacists in Poland-A Survey Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031648. [PMID: 35162670 PMCID: PMC8834828 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: In recent years, a systematic increase in the role and powers of pharmacists has been observed. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that this is a professional group that is extremely necessary for the smooth functioning of the health care system. One of the important powers of pharmacists is the possibility of issuing prescriptions for both patients in the pharmacy and for themselves and their family members. Polish pharmacists obtained extended entitlements in this field in March 2020. Due to the extension of pharmacists’ prescribing rights in Poland, it was decided in this study to determine the current practice of pharmaceutical prescribing, and pharmacists’ views on their new duties. Methods: The study used the method of a questionnaire, which was distributed to all pharmacists actively working in Poland. During the study, 309 completed questionnaires were obtained that gathered information about prescriptions written by pharmacists, as well as their opinions related to this entitlement. The results of the survey were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Out of all authorized pharmacists, 75.62% use the new, extended authorization to issue pharmaceutical prescriptions. About half of them believe their prescriptions should be refundable. Only 11.52% of respondents do not use the entitlement to issue prescriptions for themselves or their family members. In addition, it was noticed that those who write such prescriptions most often use the fully paid version. Conclusions: Polish pharmacists use the new entitlements willingly but carefully. The legal provisions governing electronic prescription should be clearer. In addition, the idea of continued prescription should be developed as this is the most common reason that pharmacists issue prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda Miszewska
- Students’ Scientific Circle of Pharmaceutical Law, Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Law, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Natalia Wrzosek
- Department of Medical and Pharmacy Law, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Zimmermann
- Department of Medical and Pharmacy Law, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-349-14-47
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Soon JA, Whelan AM, Yuksel N, Rafie S. Enhancing access to contraception through pharmacist prescribing across Canada. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2021; 154:356-362. [PMID: 34777642 PMCID: PMC8581806 DOI: 10.1177/17151635211034534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith A. Soon
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia
- Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia
| | | | - Nesé Yuksel
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Sally Rafie
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California–San Diego, California
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Oregon pharmacists' intention to prescribe under HB2397. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 18:2837-2847. [PMID: 34244074 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2017, Oregon passed legislation that authorized pharmacists to autonomously prescribe specified medications or devices that were included on the Formulary and Protocol Compendia (FPC). Factors that impact pharmacists' intention to prescribe from the FPC are not currently known. OBJECTIVES Identify factors that influence pharmacists' intention to prescribe. METHODS The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) served as the framework. Three focus groups were conducted with Oregon pharmacists between May and June 2019 to elicit salient beliefs about prescribing related to TPB constructs, including attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and perceived obligation. Two investigators conducted a qualitative content analysis and reached agreement on names of categories during consensus meetings. A codebook was created after analysis of the first focus group and used to guide the remaining analysis. Participants reported background information and awareness of prescribing rules via a questionnaire; descriptive statistics were used to report background information and the prescribing awareness summary score. RESULTS Thirteen participants had 14.1 ± 10.8 years of pharmacist experience. Most earned a Doctor of Pharmacy degree (84.6%) and worked in a community pharmacy setting (61.5%). The mean score on the awareness assessment was 6.3 ± 0.9 (7 = highest awareness). The majority (76.9%) had previous prescribing experience. Attitudes were found to be shaped by behavioral beliefs related to the impact of pharmacist prescribing on patient-centered care and on practice transformation. Normative beliefs were primarily driven by outside groups past experiences with pharmacists and pharmacies. Control beliefs included the following categories: operational readiness; the relationships between comfort, competence, and confidence; and Board of Pharmacy requirements. CONCLUSIONS TPB was useful for exploring pharmacists' beliefs related to their intention to prescribe using the FPC. Determining the relative importance of these factors in a broader population will enable stakeholders to develop interventions to improve uptake of prescribing via the FPC.
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Omer U, Veysey M, Crampton P, Finn G. What makes a model prescriber? A documentary analysis. MEDICAL TEACHER 2021; 43:198-207. [PMID: 33161821 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2020.1839031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, the authority to prescribe medications in healthcare has expanded to include pharmacists, nurses and Allied Healthcare Professionals. Subsequently, the quantity of guidelines describing appropriate prescribing practice has increased. Despite this, the literature notes a lack of consensus regarding the overall qualities of a good prescriber. The aim of this study was to attempt to define what makes a model prescriber in practice, regardless of professional background. METHODS A documentary analysis of UK-based and international prescribing practice guidelines was performed. Data analysis was conducted through a constructivist grounded theory approach to enable concepts to be identified from the data itself without the use of pre-defined categories. RESULTS A total of 13 guideline documents were analysed. Overall, four core categories of a model prescriber in practice were identified: Knowledgeable: including that of disease and drug properties; Safe: relating to appropriate drug quantities and treatment-monitoring; Good Communicators: with both patients and colleagues; Contemporary: through enhancing knowledge and skills. CONCLUSIONS These four categories can serve as a definition of a high-level prescriber and as an additional tool for prescribing educators to evaluate the extent their curriculum develops and assesses the core qualities needed by their students to be high-level prescribers in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usmaan Omer
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Martin Veysey
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Paul Crampton
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Gabrielle Finn
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
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Tran VD, Cao NTT, Le MH, Pham DT, Nguyen KT, Dorofeeva VV, Loskutova EE. Medical staff perspective on factors influencing their prescribing decisions: a cross-sectional study in Mekong Delta, Vietnam. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jphsr/rmaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Understanding medical staff’s prescription behaviors helps improve the quality of prescriptions and the rationality of medication use. Although factors affecting the prescribing decisions were discussed in various studies worldwide, limited knowledge of these issues has been reported in Vietnam. This paper aims to examine factors that influence prescribing behavior concerning medical staff’s demographics and characteristic differences.
Methods
Quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study, using adapted questionnaire consisting of 27 factors divided into 9 factor categories, was conducted with medical staff in Mekong Delta during June–July, 2019. Rasch analysis was performed to assess the questionnaire psychometric properties. Descriptive analysis, parametric tests and non-parametric tests were utilized to address the study objectives.
Key findings
A total of 201 participants completed the questionnaire. A majority of participants (>90%) agreed that their own decision to prescribe a drug was influenced by several factors such as drug safety and efficacy (92.5%), patient history (92.0%), patient income (92.0%) and patient disease status (91.0%). There were significant age differences in influences on prescribing decision. Medical staff aged under 30 appreciated the role of pharmacists higher than whose aged 31–40 (P-value = 0.010) and over 40 (P-value = 0.013). Additionally, they were more concerned with ‘patient characteristics’ including patient request, expectations, and disease status when making prescribing decisions compared with whose aged over 40 (P-value = 0.005).
Conclusions
The study revealed various factors influencing medical staff prescription decision-making processes. These findings could be useful for pharmaceutical companies in Vietnam in developing marketing strategies, and for policy-makers in timely improvement of prescription quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van De Tran
- Department of Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Vietnam
- Department of Drug Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Vietnam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Management and Economics, Faculty of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Nguyen Thi Tai Cao
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Minh Hoang Le
- Department of Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Duy Toan Pham
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Kien Trung Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Valeria Valeryevna Dorofeeva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Management and Economics, Faculty of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Efimovna Loskutova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Management and Economics, Faculty of Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
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Woit C, Yuksel N, Charrois TL. Pharmacy and medical students' competence and confidence with prescribing: A cross-sectional study. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2020; 12:1311-1319. [PMID: 32867929 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous research has shown that prescribing competence is weakly correlated with prescribing confidence. This questions whether undergraduate programs adequately prepare students and junior practitioners for safe and rational prescribing. The goal of this project was to investigate whether there are differences in prescribing competence and confidence between fourth year pharmacy and medical students at the University of Alberta. METHODS A cross-sectional design measured prescribing competence using five case scenarios and prescribing confidence with a survey. All fourth-year pharmacy and medical students at the University of Alberta were eligible to participate. Answers to the cases were graded based on therapeutic appropriateness and inclusion of all legal requirements. The confidence survey assessed self-rated confidence of both assessment and prescribing skills. Chi-square tests were used to compare frequencies of prescribing errors and self-rated confidence. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to explore the correlation between prescribing competence and confidence for both cohorts independently. RESULTS Thirty-one pharmacy students and 16 medical students (response rate 24% and 10%, respectively) completed the assessment between December 2018 and March 2019. Pharmacy students had significantly more appropriate prescriptions and fewer inappropriate prescriptions than medical students. Both rated themselves as confident or very confident with prescribing, however neither group consistently included all the legal requirements of a prescription. There were no significant correlations between competence and confidence. CONCLUSIONS There are differences in prescribing competence and confidence between pharmacy and medical students. This assessment identified deficits in prescribing skills that could be targeted by future educational initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Woit
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-227 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy (ECHA), 11405 - 87 Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Nese Yuksel
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-227 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy (ECHA), 11405 - 87 Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Theresa L Charrois
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-227 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy (ECHA), 11405 - 87 Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada.
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