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Hetland J, Bakker AB, Nielsen MB, Espevik R, Olsen OK. Daily interpersonal conflicts and daily negative and positive affect: exploring the moderating role of neuroticism. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2024; 37:632-650. [PMID: 38098203 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2023.2293165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Drawing on affective events theory, the present study investigates relationships between daily interpersonal conflicts and negative and positive affective reactions, and tested whether trait neuroticism moderates immediate (same day) and persisting (next-day) affective reactions. DESIGN AND METHODS A sample of 53 Norwegian naval cadets completed a diary questionnaire for 30 consecutive days (total N = 1590). RESULTS As predicted, the findings showed that cadets reported more negative affect (but not less positive affect) on days they were confronted with affective events that were of a conflicting nature. In addition, the proposed interaction effects between daily conflict and neuroticism were significant for both negative and positive affect. Specifically, the immediate and persistent effects of daily conflicts on negative affect were strongest for individuals high (vs. low) in neuroticism. Moreover, individuals high in neuroticism reported less positive affect on days with conflicts, whereas individuals low in neuroticism reported more positive affect the two days following interpersonal conflicts. CONCLUSIONS The findings contribute to affective events theory with important knowledge about the role of trait neuroticism in dealing with interpersonal conflicts in a natural work setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørn Hetland
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Arnold B Bakker
- Center of Excellence for Positive Organizational Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Morten B Nielsen
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Roar Espevik
- Department of Leadership and Command & Control, Swedish Defense University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Biggs AT, Seech TR, Johnston SL, Russell DW. Psychological endurance: how grit, resilience, and related factors contribute to sustained effort despite adversity. THE JOURNAL OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 151:271-313. [PMID: 37697826 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2023.2253955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Many concepts describe how individuals sustain effort despite challenging circumstances. For example, scholars and practitioners may incorporate discussions of grit, hardiness, self-control, and resilience into their ideas of performance under adversity. Although there are nuanced points underlying each construct capable of generating empirically sound propositions, the shared attributes make them difficult to differentiate. As a result, substantial confusion arises when debating how these related factors concomitantly contribute to success, especially when practitioners attempt to communicate these ideas in applied settings. The model proposed here-psychological endurance-is a unified theory to explore how multiple concepts contribute to sustained goal-directed behaviors and individual success. Central to this model is the metaphor of a psychological battery, which potentiates and sustains optimal performance despite adversity. Grit and hardiness are associated with the maximum charge of the psychological battery, or how long an individual could sustain effort. Self-control modulates energy management that augments effort required to sustain endurance, whereas resilience represents the ability to recharge. These factors are constrained by both psychological and physiological stressors in the environment that drain the psychology battery. Taken together, these ideas form a novel framework to discuss related psychological concepts, and ideally, optimize intervention to enhance psychological endurance.
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Bartone PT. Hardiness, leadership style and gender as predictors of leader performance in military academy cadets. Scand J Psychol 2024; 65:223-230. [PMID: 37747043 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. Military Academy at West Point is widely considered the premier leader development institution in the United States. Since first admitting women in 1976, few studies have examined factors that may influence female cadets to perform as leaders in this environment. The present study analyzed archival data collected during a unique longitudinal study of leader development conducted at West Point during the years 1993-2000, the Baseline Officer Leader Development Study (BOLDS). Personality hardiness, transformational and transactional leadership styles were evaluated as potential predictors of performance as leaders, according to supervisor ratings. Regression results showed that female cadets excel as leaders, outperforming male cadets as a group. Hardiness and transformational leadership style predicted leader performance for both male and female cadets. Additional analyses indicated it is the transformational leadership element of "charismatic" (or idealized influence) leadership that accounts for this finding. The transactional component "management by exception-active" also predicted leader performance, but for male cadets only. This study confirms that hardiness and charismatic leadership style are important for leadership performance of both male and female cadets. For male cadets, leader performance was also tied to actively identifying and addressing failures in subordinates. Leader development programs for both men and women may thus be enhanced by including programs to develop personality hardiness and transformational leadership qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Bartone
- National Defense University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Predko V, Schabus M, Danyliuk I. Psychological characteristics of the relationship between mental health and hardiness of Ukrainians during the war. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1282326. [PMID: 38023017 PMCID: PMC10667431 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1282326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of our survey is to identify psychological features for the relationship between mental health and hardiness of Ukrainians during the war. Methods The study involved 608 Ukrainians. We aimed to identify the relationship between mental health and hardiness and determine the differences in the peculiarities of mental health of people with different levels of hardiness. Also we looked for predictors for hardiness. Results Subjective hardiness was found to be related to specific manifestation of mental health in the Ukrainian population. Strong correlations were revealed for hardiness with adaptation (ρ = 0.818), emotional comfort (ρ = 0.786), internality (ρ = 0.672), self-perception (ρ = 0.656,), escapism (ρ = -0.632) and mental health (ρ = 0.629). A prognostic model based on linear regression analysis identified the main predictors of personal hardiness and confirmed correlational analysis. Mental health (0.341), emotional comfort (ρ = 0.786), and escapism (-0.576) were found to be good predictors. Altogether 40.1% of Ukrainians scored low, 54.6% medium, and 5.3% high on individual hardiness. Conclusion The study found that about every 4th Ukrainian demonstrates a low level of personal hardiness, which is accompanied by emotional discomfort and lack of internal locus of control, making them more susceptible to stress and illness. Additionally, they tend to distance themselves which significantly exacerbates the situation. It has been found that Ukrainians with low levels of personal hardiness exhibit escapism (with diversion of the mind to imaginative activity), a destructive defense mechanism that not only prevents effective problem solving but also has long-term negative consequences for their overall health. Consequently, especially people with low hardiness should receive specific support to stabilize their mental wellbeing and health overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Predko
- Department of General Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Manuel Schabus
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ivan Danyliuk
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Kokun O, Pischko I, Lozinska N. Differences in military personnel's hardiness depending on their leadership levels and combat experience: An exploratory pilot study. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 35:603-610. [PMID: 37903169 PMCID: PMC10617375 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2022.2147360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Constant challenges and permanently stressful conditions at military workplaces demand high levels of hardiness for military personnel. We aimed to determine possible differences in Ukrainian military personnel's hardiness depending on their leadership levels and existing combat experience. The study involved 543 Ukrainian service members (85.8% male and 14.2% female, aged 18 to 61 years). We used the Professional Hardiness Questionnaire and the Brief Resilience Scale. The obtained data showed that the higher leadership levels the military personnel had, the higher their hardiness was (up to the company commander level in our study). We revealed a significant predominance of professional challenge acceptance in the structure of military personnel's hardiness, followed by professional control and professional commitment. This proportion of professional hardiness components did not differ depending on service members' leadership levels. Additionally, we showed significantly higher hardiness stability after participating in combat operations in military leaders compared to service members without subordinates. Our findings necessitate hardiness examination during military personnel selection and its development during military training, in particular for deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Kokun
- Directorate, G.S. Kostiuk Institute of Psychology of National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Iryna Pischko
- Department of Military Psychological Research, Research Centre of Humanitarian Problem of Armed Forces of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Lozinska
- Department of Military Psychological Research, Research Centre of Humanitarian Problem of Armed Forces of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Young M, Dulewicz V. General intelligence, personality traits, and motivation as predictors of performance, potential, and rate of advancement of Royal Navy senior officers. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37566465 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2023.2244818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper assesses the impact of general intelligence, as well as specific personality traits, and aspects of motivation, on performance, potential, and advancement of senior leaders. A questionnaire survey was conducted on the full population of 381 senior officers in the Royal Navy with an 80% response rate. Performance, potential, and rate of advancement were established direct from the organization's appraisal system; intelligence, personality traits and motivation were assessed, at the time of the study, using the Verify G+ Test, Occupational Personality Questionnaire, and Motivation Questionnaire. Findings suggest differences in motivation are more important than differences in general intelligence, or personality traits, in predicting assessed performance, potential within, and actual rate of advancement to, senior leadership positions. This is a rare example of a study into very senior leaders, validated against both formal appraisal data and actual rates of advancement. As a consequence of this study the Royal Navy has started to use psychometric-based assessments as part of the selection and development of its most Senior Officers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Young
- Pembroke College, University of Oxford and Royal Navy
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Judkins J, Moore B, Stone E, Welsh A, Carbon G, Rendell B, Peterson A. Pilot investigation of an activity-based approach to building hardiness. BMJ Mil Health 2023; 169:350-354. [PMID: 34413115 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose was to describe an activity-based psychological hardiness training programme delivered by an occupational therapist and examine its acceptability and effectiveness in improving hardiness. METHOD Participants (N=28) completed the 6-hour programme, which included pre/post-programme completion of the Dispositional Resilience Scale-15 (DRS-15) and a Program Evaluation Form. Paired t-tests were used to determine differences between pre-training and post-training scores on the DRS-15. RESULTS Results showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in total hardiness, commitment, and control scores on the DRS-15 from pre-training to post-training and good-excellent ratings for all categories on the Program Evaluation Form. CONCLUSIONS This programme evaluation described an occupational therapist's role in providing an activity-based psychological hardiness training programme and provided preliminary support for the acceptability of an activity-based approach to training psychological hardiness for service members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Judkins
- Military Performance Department, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - B Moore
- Department of Psychological Science, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, USA
| | - E Stone
- 5-20 Infantry Battalion, 1-2 Stryker Brigade Combat Team, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington, USA
| | - A Welsh
- US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - G Carbon
- Center for Army Analysis, Fort Belvior, Virginia, USA
| | - B Rendell
- AFROTC Detachment 842, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - A Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Bekesiene S, Smaliukienė R, Kanapeckaitė R. The Relationship between Psychological Hardiness and Military Performance by Reservists: A Moderation Effect of Perceived Stress and Resilience. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:1224. [PMID: 37174765 PMCID: PMC10178462 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11091224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of hardiness on the perceived military performance of reservists, i.e., young people who have full-time jobs in a civilian sector and perform military training as a part of their civic duty. We proposed the conceptual model with conditional indirect effects of the hardiness on personal military performance, where mediated moderation effects are observed from personality traits and variables important for military service: team cohesion, perceived stress, and psychological resilience. The final dataset was comprised of 384 self-reported paper-pencil questionnaires filled out by reserve soldiers, and PROCESS Macro 3.5 Model 7 and Model 14 were used for the analysis. The results revealed that perceived stress (Model 1) and psychological resilience (Model 2) have a statistically significant moderate mediating effect on the interlink between hardiness and performance when personality traits and team cohesion are taken into consideration. The change in R2 is statistically significant and explains how perceived stress and psychological resilience affect individuals. When psychological hardiness is low, the level of perceived stress has a statistically significant moderating effect, i.e., it reduces the effect of hardiness on performance. When comparing the effects of perceived stress and psychological resilience, the latter has a stronger moderating effect on performance. Specifically, the moderating effect of resilience was more evident in Model 2 (66.9% variance, r = 0.818) for the military performance of the reservists than the perceived stress in Model 1 (52.5% variance, r = 0.724). This means that resilience increases the accountability of Model 2 compared to Model 1 by 14.4%. We conclude that resilience training could statistically significantly increase the military performance of reserve soldiers as a tactical population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svajone Bekesiene
- General Jonas Zemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania, Silo 5a, LT-10322 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Smaliukienė
- General Jonas Zemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania, Silo 5a, LT-10322 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rosita Kanapeckaitė
- General Jonas Zemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania, Silo 5a, LT-10322 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Institute of Psychology, Vilnius University, Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Yu M, Wen J, Smith SM, Stokes P. Building-up resilience and being effective leaders in the workplace: a systematic review and synthesis model. LEADERSHIP & ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/lodj-09-2021-0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposePsychological resilience, defined here as the capacity to bounce back from adversity and failure, has been studied in various leadership contexts. However, the literature demonstrates less consensus concerning how psychological resilience manifests in, and interacts within, the leadership role and, equally, the focus on resilience development is underdeveloped. This paper addresses these issues by focusing on the interactions between psychological resilience and leadership and presents practical development strategies.Design/methodology/approachA systematic review employing 46 empirical studies followed a thematic synthesis within an associated model encapsulated as building-up resilience and being effective.FindingsFirst, resilience is identified as essential and can benefit individuals and organizations' work outcomes across leadership contexts, including work performance, job engagement, well-being, and enhanced leadership capability. Secondly, leaders may build up their resilience by obtaining coping skills and improved attitudes toward challenges. Resilient attitudes, which are presented as paradoxical perspectives towards challenges, may help leaders adapt to challenges and adversities leading to beneficial outcomes.Research limitations/implicationsEven though this study provides a deeper understanding of the essential function of psychological resilience in leadership, the findings are limited to the workplace contexts investigated, e.g. exploring small sample sizes (13,019) or country contexts (22). Future research could expand the rhetoric around interactions between psychological resilience and leadership. Furthermore, the underlining mechanism between the paradoxical perspective and resilient attitudes is still largely unclear. Thus, more research is needed to disclose the interaction of paradoxical perceptions and leadership resilience. Further research can investigate how resilient attitudes demonstrate in actions in dealing with challenges and adversities.Practical implicationsThe authors further an argument that leaders may enhance their resilience through embracing a paradoxical perspective towards challenges (resilient attitude), e.g. being adaptive to adversities, and the attitude of learning from failures. These enhanced resilient attitudes could help leaders deeper understand and examine their reality and persist under high pressures and develop an innate ability to utilise resources more effectively to help them survive and thrive in challenging circumstances, instead of becoming overwhelmed by the burden of complexity or giving up. This will offer a practical contribution to resilience development.Social implicationsImportantly, this study found that resilience is an essential leadership trait and can benefit individuals and organizations' work outcomes across leadership contexts. These positive effects of resilience may encourage organizations or society to promote psychological resilience, including a resilient attitude, to deal with adversities and uncertainties.Originality/valueFundamentally, the synthesized model applied may encourage further studies to focus on how to build up resilience and practically apply it in workplaces across leadership contexts. In particular, this study found that adopting paradoxical perspectives and ambidextrous leadership approaches toward adversities is an original resilience development strategy, which serves to contribute to the gap in the literature.
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Georgoulas‐Sherry V. Understanding the Distinctions of Positive Constructs: Resilience, Grit, and Hardiness. JOURNAL OF LEADERSHIP STUDIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jls.21818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Olinover M, Gidron M, Yarmolovsky J, Lipschits O, Geva R. Predicting Leadership Success in Extreme Organizations: A Prospective Study From Pre-Recruitment Through Leading in Real-Life. JOURNAL OF LEADERSHIP & ORGANIZATIONAL STUDIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/15480518221117886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Organizations performing in stressful life-risking environments have unique features that directly influence human lives and communities’ well-being. Such organizations allocate vast resources to identify potential leaders as early as possible to direct and train them for leadership positions. Combat military contexts represent such organizations. The current manuscript offers a 5-year prospective study, addressing a critical gap in the literature regarding the generalization of established predictive leadership success models to leadership in extreme conditions. The study integrates leaders’ characteristics, followers’ perceptions, leadership training, and real-life contexts. Findings show that leadership traits measured years before enlistment related to leadership success, years down the line, when congruent with specific training contexts. Candidates higher in both task and relationship characteristics and in leadership emergence progressed to the senior leadership course compared to dropouts. Leadership emergence, measured in the first phase of leadership training, was the most relevant, stable, and reliable leader’s success predictor, directly and indirectly, of leadership development, above and beyond leadership characteristics. Findings emphasize the important influence of contextual congruency on leadership success in extreme organizations. Current findings may foster better leadership prospects for communities’ well-being and may improve cost-effectiveness in the leadership development processes in extreme occupations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mili Olinover
- The Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Maor Gidron
- The Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Jessica Yarmolovsky
- The Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Or Lipschits
- The Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ronny Geva
- The Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Benedict TM, Grier TL, Roy TC, Toussaint MN, Jones BH. Demographic, psychosocial, and physical fitness predictors of successful graduation from U.S. Army Ranger School. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 35:180-191. [PMID: 37133490 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2022.2094174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
U.S. Army Ranger School is an arduous 64-day leadership training course designed to simulate the stressors of combat. Although physical fitness has been shown to be an important predictor of successful graduation for Ranger School, psychosocial characteristics like self-efficacy and grit have not been examined. The purpose of this study is to identify personal, psychosocial, and fitness characteristics associated with successful completion of Ranger School. This study was a prospective cohort examining the association of baseline characteristics of Ranger School candidates with a primary outcome of graduation success. Multiple logistic regression was performed to determine the contribution of demographics, psychosocial, fitness and training characteristics to graduation success. Out of 958 eligible Ranger Candidates, this study obtained graduation status for 670 students, 270 (40%) of which graduated. Soldiers who graduated were younger, more likely to come from units with a higher proportion of previous Ranger School graduates, had higher self-efficacy and faster 2-mile run times. The results from this study suggest that Ranger students should arrive in optimal physical conditioning. Furthermore, training programs that optimize student self-efficacy and units with a high proportion of successful Ranger graduates may confer advantage for this challenging leadership course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Benedict
- United States Army, Medical Command, Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Tyson L. Grier
- United States Army, Medical Command, Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Tanja C. Roy
- United States Army, Medical Command, Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Maisha N. Toussaint
- United States Army, Medical Command, Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Bruce H. Jones
- United States Army, Medical Command, Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
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13
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Nordmo M, Sørlie HO, Lang-Ree OC, Fosse TH. Decomposing the effect of hardiness in military leadership selection and the mediating role of self-efficacy beliefs. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2022.2054658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morten Nordmo
- Department of Leadership and Organizational Behavior, BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Ottesen Sørlie
- Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Defence Command and Staff College, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Thomas Hol Fosse
- Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Defence Command and Staff College, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Burrell LM, Kelly CJ, Kelly DR, Matthews MD. The Relationship Among Chronotype, Hardiness, Affect, and Talent and Their Effects on Performance in a Military Context. Psychol Rep 2022:332941211073659. [PMID: 35234105 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211073659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Individual preference for morning or evening activities (chronotype), affect, hardiness, and talent are associated with a variety of performance outcomes. This longitudinal study was designed to investigate the degree to which these variables are associated with academic, physical, and military performance. Self-reported measures of chronotype, affect, and hardiness were collected from 1149 cadets from the Class of 2016 upon entry to the United States Military Academy. Talent, a composite of academic, leadership, and physical fitness scores were drawn from cadet records. Academic, military, and physical performance measures were collected at graduation 4 years later. The results indicated that a morning orientation was associated with better physical and military performance. Higher talent scores, as well as lower levels of negative affect, were associated with better performance across all three performance measures. Hardiness was only associated with military performance. The findings suggest that a morning orientation and less negative affect may result in better performance overall within a challenging and structured military environment. Future studies of chronotype shifts may provide further insight into associated performance benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lolita M Burrell
- 8531Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, USA
| | | | - Dennis R Kelly
- 8531Office of Institutional Research, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, USA
| | - Michael D Matthews
- 8531Office of Institutional Research, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, USA
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15
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Wallace HM, McIntyre KP. Social autonomy ≠ social empowerment: The social self‐restriction model. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jts5.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Ihme KRM, Sundstrom P. The mindful shield: The effects of mindfulness training on resilience and leadership in military leaders. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2021; 57:675-688. [PMID: 32740947 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to address military leader perceptions of their resilience, transformational leadership behaviors, and leadership effectiveness before and after experiencing Mindfulness-Based Attention Training (MBAT). METHODS Participants were formal and informal leaders in the Kansas Air National Guard. The study used a mixed-methods sequential exploratory design. Phase I involved analyzing pretest and posttest results obtained from a Jha Lab study for three self-report assessments in an intervention group (n = 36) vs a control group (n = 37). The qualitative data in phase II was obtained from individual interviews of participants (n = 12) following the Jha Lab study. RESULTS The phase I quantitative results confirmed the null hypotheses-no significant differences found-for all research questions. Phase II resulted in eight thematic codes, six of which were central to the experiences described by participants (Halting, Sensing, Being, Shielding, Considering, and Engaging) and two that were not (Obstructing, and Escaping). CONCLUSIONS The key finding was that the descriptions of mindful thoughts and behaviors were consistent across participants indicating that MBAT accurately presents mindfulness during the course and the training had positive effects on participant mindfulness, primarily in the areas of being present to self, shielding the self through reperceiving, and then consciously altering behavior based on the new perspective. Results should direct future resiliency course development, leadership course curricula, and aid understanding of how leaders mentally conceptualize stress, incorporate resilient behaviors and then apply that knowledge to their own leadership behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R M Ihme
- College of Doctoral Studies, University of the Rockies, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Peggy Sundstrom
- Program Chair, Organizational Development and Leadership, Ashford University College of Doctoral Studies, San Diego, California
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The impact of psychological hardiness on soldiers’ engagement and general health: The mediating role of need satisfaction. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01371-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Spain ES, Lin E, Young LV. Early predictors of successful military careers among West Point cadets. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 32:389-407. [PMID: 38536388 PMCID: PMC10187042 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2020.1801285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The importance of leadership to organizational performance puts a premium on identifying future leaders. Early prediction of high-potential talent enables organizations to marshal scarce developmental resources and opportunities to those who are best positioned to show distinction in elevated roles. Much of the existing literature indicates that general mental ability remains the strongest predictor of future professional performance. Using data from 13 classes of West Point graduates who stayed in the Army to be considered for at least early promotion to the rank of major (N = 5,505), regression analyses indicate that cadet military grade point average surpasses both cognitive ability and academic performance by a considerable margin in the ability to predict future professional outcomes such as selection for early promotion or battalion command. Moreover, these differences in predicting managerial career outcomes endure over 16 years. Both practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everett S. Spain
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York
| | - Eric Lin
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York
| | - Lissa V. Young
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York
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Shani O. Organizational Resilience: Antecedents, Consequences, and Practical Implications – for Managers and Change Leaders *. RESEARCH IN ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1108/s0897-301620200000028005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Saxon L, DiPaula B, Fox GR, Ebert R, Duhaime J, Nocera L, Tran L, Sobhani M. Continuous Measurement of Reconnaissance Marines in Training With Custom Smartphone App and Watch: Observational Cohort Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020; 8:e14116. [PMID: 32348252 PMCID: PMC7324996 DOI: 10.2196/14116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Specialized training for elite US military units is associated with high attrition due to intense psychological and physical demands. The need to graduate more service members without degrading performance standards necessitates the identification of factors to predict success or failure in targeted training interventions. Objective The aim of this study was to continuously quantify the mental and physical status of trainees of an elite military unit to identify novel predictors of success in training. Methods A total of 3 consecutive classes of a specialized training course were provided with an Apple iPhone, Watch, and specially designed mobile app. Baseline personality assessments and continuous daily measures of mental status, physical pain, heart rate, activity, sleep, hydration, and nutrition were collected from the app and Watch data. Results A total of 115 trainees enrolled and completed the study (100% male; age: mean 22 years, SD 4 years) and 64 (55.7%) successfully graduated. Most training withdrawals (27/115, 23.5%) occurred by day 7 (mean 5.5 days, SD 3.4 days; range 1-22 days). Extraversion, positive affect personality traits, and daily psychological profiles were associated with course completion; key psychological factors could predict withdrawals 1-2 days in advance (P=.009). Conclusions Gathering accurate and continuous mental and physical status data during elite military training is possible with early predictors of withdrawal providing an opportunity for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Saxon
- University of Southern California, Center for Body Computing, Keck School of Medicine, Playa Vista, CA, United States
| | - Brooks DiPaula
- University of Southern California, Center for Body Computing, Keck School of Medicine, Playa Vista, CA, United States
| | - Glenn R Fox
- University of Southern California, Center for Body Computing, Keck School of Medicine, Playa Vista, CA, United States.,University of Southern California, Marshall School of Business, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca Ebert
- University of Southern California, Center for Body Computing, Keck School of Medicine, Playa Vista, CA, United States
| | - Josiah Duhaime
- United States Marine Corps, Reconnaissance Training Company, Camp Pendleton, CA, United States
| | - Luciano Nocera
- University of Southern California, Department of Computer Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Luan Tran
- University of Southern California, Department of Computer Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mona Sobhani
- University of Southern California, Center for Body Computing, Keck School of Medicine, Playa Vista, CA, United States
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van der Meulen E, van der Velden PG, van Aert RCM, van Veldhoven MJPM. Longitudinal associations of psychological resilience with mental health and functioning among military personnel: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Soc Sci Med 2020; 255:112814. [PMID: 32388075 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Military personnel are exposed to severe stressors across different stages of their career that may have a negative impact on mental health and functioning. It is often suggested that psychological resilience plays an important role in the maintenance and/or enhancement of their mental health and functioning under these circumstances. METHOD A systematic literature search was conducted using PsycINFO, MEDLINE, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Web of Science, and PubMed up to August of 2019 retrieving 3,698 reports. Schmidt and Hunter meta-analytical techniques were used to assess the predictive value of psychological resilience on ten different military relevant mental health and functioning outcomes. Multivariate meta-analysis assessed the origin of heterogeneity among bivariate effect sizes. RESULTS The effect sizes of 40 eligible peer-reviewed papers covering 40 unique samples were included in the meta-analysis. Seventy-eight percent of these studies were published after 2010 and were predominantly conducted in western countries. Bivariate effect sizes were low to medium (absolute values: 0.08 to 0.36) and multivariate effect sizes, adjusting for across studies varying sets of covariates, were low to trivial (absolute values: 0.02 to 0.08). Moderator analyses using multivariate meta-analysis on 60 bivariate effect sizes, revealed no significant effect of type of psychological resilience scale, time-lag, and career stage. CONCLUSIONS The current review found no indications that different conceptualizations of psychological resilience across a variety of research designs, are strongly predictive of mental health and functioning among military personnel. Future directions (moderator/mediator models, stressor type specifications, and directionality) for prospective studies are discussed. Our results question the usefulness of interventions to enhance the resilience of soldiers to improve their mental health and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik van der Meulen
- Academy of Healthcare, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands; Intervict, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands.
| | - Peter G van der Velden
- CentERdata, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Tilburg University's Network on Health and Labour (NETHLAB), Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Robbie C M van Aert
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
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It's been a hard day's night: A diary study on hardiness and reduced sleep quality among naval sailors. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Allison P, Mnatsakanova A, McCanlies E, Fekedulegn D, Hartley TA, Andrew ME, Violanti JM. Police stress and depressive symptoms: role of coping and hardiness. POLICING (BRADFORD, ENGLAND) 2019; 43:247-261. [PMID: 32714068 PMCID: PMC7380884 DOI: 10.1108/pijpsm-04-2019-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE – Chronic exposure to occupational stress may lead to depressive symptoms in police officers. The association between police stress and depressive symptoms and the potential influences of coping and hardiness were evaluated. The paper aims to discuss this issue. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH – Stress level was assessed in the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress Study (2004-2009) with the Spielberger Police Stress Survey. The frequency and severity of events at work were used to calculate stress indices for the past year. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale was used to measure depressive symptoms during the past week. Linear regression was used to evaluate the association between the stress indices and depressive symptom scores. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, smoking status and alcohol intake, and stratified by median values for coping (passive, active and support seeking) and hardiness (control, commitment and challenge) to assess effect modification. FINDINGS – Among the 388 officers (73.2 percent men), a significant positive association was observed between total stress and the CES-D score (β = 1.98 (SE = 0.36); p < 0.001). Lower CES-D scores were observed for officers who reported lower passive coping (β = 0.94 (SE = 0.45); p = 0.038) and higher active coping (β = 1.41 (SE = 0.44); p = 0.002), compared with their counterparts. Officers higher in hardiness had lower CES-D scores, particularly for commitment (β = 0.86 (SE = 0.35); p = 0.016) and control (β = 1.58 (SE = 0.34); p < 0.001). ORIGINALITY/VALUE – Results indicate that high active coping and hardiness modify the effect of work stress in law enforcement, acting to reduce depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Allison
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Anna Mnatsakanova
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Erin McCanlies
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Desta Fekedulegn
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Tara A Hartley
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Michael E Andrew
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - John M Violanti
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, State University of NY at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Strowd LC, Gao H, O’Brien MC, Reynolds P, Grier D, Peters TR. Performing Under Pressure: Varsity Athletes Excel in Medical School. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDUCATOR 2019; 29:715-720. [PMID: 34457536 PMCID: PMC8368589 DOI: 10.1007/s40670-019-00730-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The admission process for medical school relies on objective and subjective measures of personal achievement, and selecting successful medical students is a daunting task for admission committees. While there is a significant body of literature examining MCAT scores and undergraduate grade point average (GPA) with medical school performance, there is a paucity of research on impact of specific student accomplishments on future performance. We hypothesize participation in a varsity collegiate sport will correlate with higher performance during medical school. METHODS A retrospective review of four medical school classes at a single institution was completed. Each student's admission application was examined for at least 1 year of participation in a varsity-level sport at their respective undergraduate institution. A total of 62 athletes (16.36%) were identified out of 441 total students. Multiple medical school performance metrics were obtained for each student. RESULTS There was no difference in MCAT scores between athletes and non-athlete medical students. There was a significant difference in step 1, step 2 CK, NBME shelf exams, cumulative year 3 performance, and AOA status with the athletes outperforming their peers. CONCLUSION Students who participate in collegiate varsity athletics excel in medical school. One explanation for this finding may be participation in high-stakes athletic training and competition results in development of specific attributes beneficial in medical school. These attributes may include receptiveness to criticism, time management, resiliency, team participation, and performing under pressure. Additional research is needed to elucidate the attributes that determine improved medical school performance, such that medical educators can utilize this knowledge to better prepare all students for the rigors of medical school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay C. Strowd
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - Hong Gao
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA
| | | | - Patrick Reynolds
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA
| | - David Grier
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA
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Park S, Park S. Employee Adaptive Performance and Its Antecedents: Review and Synthesis. HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1534484319836315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to critically review current studies on employees’ adaptive performance and to integrate the findings to provide insights on how to develop employees’ adaptability. It also aims to identify gaps in the research to guide future studies on adaptive performance in the field of human resource development. By reviewing 34 empirical studies on adaptive performance published between 1999 and 2016, we identified 22 antecedents of adaptive performance at the individual (nine), job (six), group (three), and organizational (four) levels. Our analyses reveal that a significant amount of research has focused more on individual characteristics than on other aspects affecting employees’ high adaptive performance. Discussion, implications, and recommendations for future research are elaborated.
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Potard C, Madamet A, Huart I, El Hage W, Courtois R. Relationships between hardiness, exposure to traumatic events and PTSD symptoms among French police officers. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF TRAUMA & DISSOCIATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Haufler AJ, Lewis GF, Davila MI, Westhelle F, Gavrilis J, Bryce CI, Kolacz J, Granger DA, McDaniel W. Biobehavioral Insights into Adaptive Behavior in Complex and Dynamic Operational Settings: Lessons learned from the Soldier Performance and Effective, Adaptable Response Task. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 4:217. [PMID: 29459893 PMCID: PMC5807340 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the biobehavioral correlates of adaptive behavior in the context of a standardized laboratory-based mission-relevant challenge [the Soldier Performance and Effective, Adaptable Response (SPEAR) task]. Participants were 26 healthy male volunteers (M = 34.85 years, SD = 4.12) with active military duty and leadership experience within the last 5 years (i.e., multiple leadership positions, operational deployments in combat, interactions with civilians and partner nation forces on the battlefield, experience making decisions under fire). The SPEAR task simultaneously engages perception, cognition, and action aspects of human performance demands similar to those encountered in the operational setting. Participants must engage with military-relevant text, visual, and auditory stimuli, interpret new information, and retain the commander’s intent in working memory to create a new plan of action for mission success. Time-domain measures of heart period and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were quantified, and saliva was sampled [later assayed for cortisol and alpha-amylase (sAA)] before-, during-, and post-SPEAR. Results revealed a predictable pattern of withdraw and recovery of the cardiac vagal tone during repeated presentation of battlefield challenges. Recovery of vagal inhibition following executive function challenge was strongly linked to better task-related performance. Rate of RSA recovery was also associated with better recall of the commander’s intent. Decreasing magnitude in the skin conductance response prior to the task was positively associated with better overall task-related performance. Lower levels of RSA were observed in participants who reported higher rates of combat deployments, and reduced RSA flexibility was associated with higher rates of casualty exposure. Greater RSA flexibility during SPEAR was associated with greater self-reported resilience. There was no consistent pattern of task-related change in cortisol or sAA. We conclude that individual differences in psychophysiological reactivity and regulation in response to an ecologically valid, military-relevant task are associated with performance-related adaptive behavior in this standardized operational setting. The implications for modern day warfare, where advancing our understanding of the nature of individual differences in adaptive problem solving is critical to mission success, fitness for duty, and other occupational health-related outcomes, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Haufler
- National Security Analysis Department, Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Gregory F Lewis
- BrainBody Center for Psychophysiology and Bioengineering, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Kinsey Institute, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Maria I Davila
- BrainBody Center for Psychophysiology and Bioengineering, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Felipe Westhelle
- National Security Analysis Department, Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - James Gavrilis
- National Security Analysis Department, Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, United States.,Gavrilis Research Group, Alexandria, VA, United States
| | - Crystal I Bryce
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research (IISBR), University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jacek Kolacz
- Kinsey Institute, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research (IISBR), University of California, Irvine, CA, United States.,School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - William McDaniel
- National Security Analysis Department, Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, United States
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de Souza YR, Feitosa FB. The Impact of Coping Strategies on the Operations in the Jungle Course of the Brazilian Army. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1037/mil0000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder Hyllengren
- Department of Security, Strategy and Leadership, Swedish Defence University
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Cai WP, Pan Y, Zhang SM, Wei C, Dong W, Deng GH. Relationship between cognitive emotion regulation, social support, resilience and acute stress responses in Chinese soldiers: Exploring multiple mediation model. Psychiatry Res 2017. [PMID: 28624675 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to explore the association of cognitive emotion regulation, social support, resilience and acute stress responses in Chinese soldiers and to understand the multiple mediation effects of social support and resilience on the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and acute stress responses. A total of 1477 male soldiers completed mental scales, including the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire-Chinese version, the perceived social support scale, the Chinese version of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale, and the military acute stress scale. As hypothesized, physiological responses, psychological responses, and acute stress were associated with negative-focused cognitive emotion regulation, and negatively associated with positive-focused cognitive emotion regulation, social supports and resilience. Besides, positive-focused cognitive emotion regulation, social support, and resilience were significantly associated with one another, and negative-focused cognitive emotion regulation was negatively associated with social support. Regression analysis and bootstrap analysis showed that social support and resilience had partly mediating effects on negative strategies and acute stress, and fully mediating effects on positive strategies and acute stress. These results thus indicate that military acute stress is significantly associated with cognitive emotion regulation, social support, and resilience, and that social support and resilience have multiple mediation effects on the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and acute stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Peng Cai
- Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Pan
- Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 200433 Shanghai, China; Department of Medical Psychology, General Hospital of PLA, 100853 Beijing, China
| | - Shui-Miao Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 200433 Shanghai, China; Department of Neurology, Jinan Military General Hospital of PLA, 250000 Jinan, China
| | - Cun Wei
- Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 200433 Shanghai, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Deng
- Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, 200433 Shanghai, China.
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de Beer M, van Heerden A. The psychological coping, learning potential and career preferences profiles of operational force military candidates. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IN AFRICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14330237.2016.1250427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marié de Beer
- Department of Industrial and Organisational Psychology, University of South Africa
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Ray R, Brown J. Reassessing student potential for medical school success: distance traveled, grit, and hardiness. Mil Med 2016; 180:138-41. [PMID: 25850141 DOI: 10.7205/milmed-d-14-00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rashawn Ray
- Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, 2112 Art-Sociology Building, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Joey Brown
- Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, 2112 Art-Sociology Building, College Park, MD 20742
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De Beer M, Van Heerden A. Exploring the role of motivational and coping resources in a Special Forces selection process. SA JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.4102/sajip.v40i1.1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Orientation: Motivational and coping resources were explored within a military context by means of a mixed-methods survey study involving a group of Special Forces candidates.Research purpose: The purpose was to compare selected and not-selected candidates in terms of their sense of coherence, hardiness, locus of control and self-efficacy and to explore what they considered important for success in the selection process.Motivation for the study: Because of high attrition rates in Special Forces selection, the evaluation of the role of motivation and coping resources in terms of possible predictive utility could benefit the organisation from a logistical, financial and efficiency point of view.Research design, approach and method: A mixed-method cross-sectional survey design was used to assess an all-male candidate group (N = 73). The selected and not-selected groups were compared with regard to their sense of coherence, hardiness, locus of control and self-efficacy mean scores.Main findings: No statistically significant differences were found between the mean scores of the two groups concerning the quantitative measures used.Practical/managerial implications: The quantitative measures generally showed acceptable coefficient alpha reliabilities. Although no statistically significant mean differences were found between the groups, candidates showed high levels of sense of coherence, high levels of self-efficacy and average levels of hardiness and internal locus of control. The qualitative data confirmed the relevance of the quantitative constructs and pointed to additional aspects already considered in preparation for and during the selection process.Contribution/value-add: The results provide information regarding the constructs and measures used in a military context.
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Johnsen BH, Bartone P, Sandvik AM, Gjeldnes R, Morken AM, Hystad SW, Stornaes AV. Psychological Hardiness Predicts Success in a Norwegian Armed Forces Border Patrol Selection Course. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ijsa.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Helge Johnsen
- Department of Psychosocial Sciences; University of Bergen and Naval Medical Branch; Christiesgt. 12 5015 Bergen Norway
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