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Baio R, Napodano G, Caruana C, Molisso G, Di Mauro U, Intilla O, Pane U, D'angelo C, Francavilla A, Guarnaccia C, Pentimalli F, Sanseverino R. Association between obesity and frequency of high‑grade prostate cancer on biopsy in men: A single‑center retrospective study. Mol Clin Oncol 2022; 17:127. [PMID: 35832470 PMCID: PMC9264326 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2022.2560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between BMI and the prostate cancer (PCa) risk at biopsy in Italian men. Retrospective analyses of the clinical data of 2,372 consecutive men undergoing ultrasound-guided multicore (≥10) prostate biopsy transrectally between May 2010 and December 2018 were performed. BMIs were categorized, according to Western countries' classification of obesity, as follows: <18.5 kg/m2 (underweight), 18.5-24.99 kg/m2 (normal weight), 25-30 kg/m2 (overweight) and >30 kg/m2 (obese). The distribution of patients undergoing biopsy was compared with a model population from the official survey data. Patient characteristics and the relationships between characteristics were investigated using correlation analysis, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests. The present study estimated the influence on cancer incidence not only of BMI but also of other patient characteristics using multi-variable logistic modelling and compared, using the models, the expected outcomes for patients who differed only in BMI. From a sample of 2,372 men, the present study enrolled 1,079 men due to a lack of clinical data [such as prostate specific antigen (PSA) and BMI data] in the other patients undergoing prostate biopsy. Their distribution was significantly different from the model distribution with the probability of undergoing biopsy increasing with increasing BMI. The median age was 69.4 years. The median BMI was 26.4 kg/m2, while the median PSA level was 7.60 ng/ml. In total, the biopsies detected PCa in 320 men (29.7%) and high-grade PCa (HGPCa) in 218 men (20.2%). Upon applying the aforementioned Western countries' criteria for BMI categories, there were 4 (0.4%) underweight, 318 (29.5%) of normal weight, 546 (50.6%) overweight, and 211 (19.6%) obese patients. ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis tests revealed that overweight and obese men were younger than the normal-weight men, while there was no statistical difference in their PSA values. Furthermore, 29.3% of normal-weight men, 29.5% of overweight men and 29.9% of obese men were diagnosed with PCa, while 19.5% of normal-weight men, 20.1% of overweight men and 21.8% of obese men were affected by severe cancer. BMI was found to be positively correlated with PCa risk and negatively correlated with both age and PSA level. Age and PSA level were both positively correlated with PCa risk, while digital rectal examination (DRE) outcome was strongly indicative of PCa discovery if the test outcome was positive. Logistics models attributed a positive coefficient to BMI when evaluated against both PCa risk and HGPCa risk. In patients having a negative DRE outcome who differed only in BMI, logistic regression showed a 60% increased risk of PCa diagnosis in obese patients compared with in normal-weight patients. This risk difference increased when other characteristics were less indicative of PCa (younger age/lower PSA), while it decreased when patient characteristics were more indicative (older age/higher PSA, positive DRE). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that, in men with higher BMIs, the risk of PCa is higher. The relative difference in risk between low and high BMI is most pronounced in younger patients having a lower PSA level and a negative DRE outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Baio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery ‘Scuola Medica Salernitana’, University of Salerno, Baronissi, I‑84081 Salerno, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanni Molisso
- Department of Urology, Umberto I Hospital, Nocera, Inferiore, I‑84014 Salerno, Italy
| | - Umberto Di Mauro
- Department of Urology, Umberto I Hospital, Nocera, Inferiore, I‑84014 Salerno, Italy
| | - Olivier Intilla
- Department of Urology, Umberto I Hospital, Nocera, Inferiore, I‑84014 Salerno, Italy
| | - Umberto Pane
- Department of Urology, Umberto I Hospital, Nocera, Inferiore, I‑84014 Salerno, Italy
| | - Costantino D'angelo
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, I‑53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Antonella Francavilla
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, I‑84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Claudio Guarnaccia
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, I‑84084 Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Sanseverino
- Department of Urology, Umberto I Hospital, Nocera, Inferiore, I‑84014 Salerno, Italy
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Jalilpiran Y, Mehranfar S, Jafari A, Mohajeri SAR, Faghih S. Dietary energy density and risk of prostate cancer: (A case-control study). Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 43:342-347. [PMID: 34024538 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Some observational studies investigated the association between dietary energy density (DED) and risk of cancers with inconstant results. In addition, there is no study on such association among patients with prostate cancer (PC). The present study was performed to evaluate the association between dietary energy density (DED) and PC risk. METHODS In this case-control study, one hundred and twenty-five participants were enrolled (62 cases and 63 controls). Dietary intakes were assessed using 160-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. In addition, demographic characteristics were collected using a general questionnaire and anthropometric indices were measured based on the available guidelines. The association between DED and PC risk was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS The results showed that higher DED score was associated with increased risk of PC (OR = 2.59; 95% CI= (1.24-5.40)). Interestingly, after adjusting for potential confounders ((smoking, physical activity, energy intake, education, ethnicity, job, anti-hyperlipidemic drugs, antihypertensive drugs, and aspirin) the results remained significant (OR = 2.87; 95% CI= (1.17-7.05)). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that DED may increase the risk of PC. However, more prospective studies are warranted to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Jalilpiran
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Mehranfar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Jafari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Reza Mohajeri
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shiva Faghih
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Porcaro AB, Tafuri A, Inverardi D, Amigoni N, Sebben M, Pirozzi M, Processali T, Rizzetto R, Shakir A, Cerrato C, Tiso L, Panunzio A, DE Michele M, Brunelli M, Siracusano S, Artibani W. Incidental prostate cancer after transurethral resection of the prostate: analysis of incidence and risk factors in 458 patients. Minerva Urol Nephrol 2020; 73:471-480. [PMID: 32003204 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6051.19.03564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence and risk factors of incidental prostate cancer (IPCA) in a contemporary cohort of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) patients who underwent trans-urethral resection of the prostate (TURP). METHODS A series of 458 consecutive patients who underwent TURP were evaluated between January 2016 to June 2018. Evaluated factors included age (years), Body Mass Index (BMI; kg/square meters), treatment with inhibitors of 5-alpha reductase, previous prostate biopsies, basal prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels (ng/mL), serum leukocyte count (×109/L), weight of resected prostate tissue (grams), grade and stage of IPCA. The multivariate logistic regression model evaluated associations of significant clinical factors with the risk of IPCA. RESULTS Overall, IPCA was detected in 30 of 454 patients (6.6%). A mean of 21.8 g of tissue was resected. The mean number of positive chips was 5.6 (mean percentage 3.9%) with tumor grade group 1 in 22 cases (73.4%) and tumor stage cT1a in 23 patients (76.7%). On multivariate analysis, independent factors that were positively associated with the risk of IPCA were BMI (odds ratio, OR=1.121; P=0.017) and leukocyte count (OR=1.144; P=0.027). CONCLUSIONS In a contemporary cohort of patients undergoing TURP for the treatment of LUTS, the risk of IPCA was not negligible with a rate of being 6.6%. BMI and serum leukocyte count were found to be independent factors that were positively associated with the risk of IPCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio B Porcaro
- Department of Urology, Verona University Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy -
| | - Alessandro Tafuri
- Department of Urology, Verona University Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology and Catherine and Joseph Aresty, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Davide Inverardi
- Department of Urology, Verona University Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nelia Amigoni
- Department of Urology, Verona University Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Sebben
- Department of Urology, Verona University Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Pirozzi
- Department of Urology, Verona University Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Tania Processali
- Department of Urology, Verona University Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rizzetto
- Department of Urology, Verona University Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Aliasger Shakir
- Department of Urology, USC Institute of Urology and Catherine and Joseph Aresty, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Clara Cerrato
- Department of Urology, Verona University Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Leone Tiso
- Department of Urology, Verona University Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Panunzio
- Department of Urology, Verona University Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mario DE Michele
- Department of Urology, Verona University Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Brunelli
- Department of Pathology, Verona University Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Salvatore Siracusano
- Department of Urology, Verona University Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Walter Artibani
- Department of Urology, Verona University Hospital, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Ha Chung B, Horie S, Chiong E. The incidence, mortality, and risk factors of prostate cancer in Asian men. Prostate Int 2018; 7:1-8. [PMID: 30937291 PMCID: PMC6424686 DOI: 10.1016/j.prnil.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review was to describe the epidemiology and risk factors of prostate cancer (PCa) in Asian populations. English language publications published over the last 10 years covering studies on the incidence, mortality, and risk factors of PCa in Asia were reviewed. The incidence of PCa in Asia is rising but is still significantly lower than that in Western countries. Studies in Asia indicated that the consumption of red meat, fat, dairy, and eggs was associated with a higher risk for PCa. Age and family history were also found to be risk factors. The emergence of genetic data indicates that different genetic backgrounds between Asian and Western populations play a role in the observed differences in PCa incidence. The lower incidence of PCa in Asian men than in Western men may in part be due to a lack of systematic prostate-specific antigen screening, but environmental and genetic factors also play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Ha Chung
- Department of Urology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Shigeo Horie
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2 Chome-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Edmund Chiong
- Department of Urology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, 119074, Singapore
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Kimura T, Egawa S. Epidemiology of prostate cancer in Asian countries. Int J Urol 2018; 25:524-531. [PMID: 29740894 DOI: 10.1111/iju.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of prostate cancer has been increasing worldwide in recent years. The GLOBOCAN project showed that prostate cancer was the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer mortality among men worldwide in 2012. This trend has been growing even in Asian countries, where the incidence had previously been low. However, the accuracy of data about incidence and mortality as a result of prostate cancer in some Asian countries is limited. The cause of this increasing trend is multifactorial. One possible explanation is changes in lifestyles due to more Westernized diets. The incidence is also statistically biased by the wide implementation of early detection systems and the accuracy of national cancer registration systems, which are still immature in most Asian countries. Mortality rate decreases in Australia, New Zealand and Japan since the 1990s are possibly due to the improvements in treatment and/or early detection efforts employed. However, this rate is increasing in the majority of other Asian countries. Studies of latent and incidental prostate cancer provide less biased information. The prevalence of latent and incidental prostate cancer in contemporary Japan and Korea is similar to those in Western countries, suggesting the influence of lifestyle changes on carcinogenesis. Many studies reported evidence of both congenital and acquired risk factors for carcinogenesis of prostate cancer. Recent changes in the acquired risk factors might be associated with the increasing occurrence of prostate cancer in Asian countries. This trend could continue, especially in developing Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kimura
- Department of Urology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Egawa
- Department of Urology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Nassar ZD, Aref AT, Miladinovic D, Mah CY, Raj GV, Hoy AJ, Butler LM. Peri‐prostatic adipose tissue: the metabolic microenvironment of prostate cancer. BJU Int 2018; 121 Suppl 3:9-21. [DOI: 10.1111/bju.14173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyad D. Nassar
- University of Adelaide Medical School Adelaide SA Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health Adelaide SA Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Adel T. Aref
- University of Adelaide Medical School Adelaide SA Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health Adelaide SA Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Dushan Miladinovic
- Discipline of Physiology School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute Charles Perkins Centre University of Sydney Sydney NSWAustralia
| | - Chui Yan Mah
- University of Adelaide Medical School Adelaide SA Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health Adelaide SA Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Ganesh V. Raj
- Departments of Urology and Pharmacology UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Dallas TX USA
| | - Andrew J. Hoy
- Discipline of Physiology School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute Charles Perkins Centre University of Sydney Sydney NSWAustralia
| | - Lisa M. Butler
- University of Adelaide Medical School Adelaide SA Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health Adelaide SA Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Adelaide SA Australia
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7
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Lee A, Chia SJ. Prostate cancer detection: The impact of obesity on Asian men. Urol Oncol 2015; 33:266.e17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Hu MB, Bai PD, Wu YS, Zhang LM, Xu H, Na R, Jiang HW, Ding Q. Higher body mass index increases the risk for biopsy-mediated detection of prostate cancer in Chinese men. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124668. [PMID: 25861033 PMCID: PMC4393292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and prostate cancer (PCa) risk at biopsy in Chinese men. Patients and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 1,807 consecutive men who underwent initial multicore (≥10) prostate biopsy under transrectal ultrasound guidance between Dec 2004 and Feb 2014. BMI was categorised based on the Asian classification of obesity as follows: <18.5 (underweight), 18.5–22.9 (normal weight), 23–24.9 (overweight), 25–29.9 (moderately obese), and ≥30 kg/m2 (severely obese). The odds ratios (OR) of each BMI category for risk of PCa and high-grade prostate cancer (HGPCa, Gleason score ≥4+3) detection were estimated in crude, age-adjusted and multivariate-adjusted models. Prevalence ratios and accuracies of PSA predicted PCa were also estimated across BMI groups. Results In total, PCa was detected by biopsy in 750 (45.4%) men, and HGPCa was detected in 419 (25.4%) men. Compared with men of normal weight, underweight men and obese men were older and had higher prostate specific antigen levels. The risk of overall PCa detection via biopsy presented an obvious U-shaped relationship with BMI in crude analysis. Overall, 50.0%, 37.4%, 45.6% 54.4% and 74.1% of the men in the underweight, normal weight, overweight, moderately obese and severely obese groups, respectively, were diagnosed with PCa via biopsy. In multivariate analysis, obesity was significantly correlated with a higher risk of PCa detection (OR = 1.17, 95%CI 1.10–1.25, P<0.001). However, higher BMI was not correlated with HGPCa detection (OR = 1.03, 95%CI 0.97–1.09, P = 0.29). There were no significant differences in the accuracy of using PSA to predict PCa or HGPCa detection across different BMI categories. Conclusion Obesity was associated with higher risk of PCa detection in the present Chinese biopsy population. No significant association was detected between obesity and HGPCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Bo Hu
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-De Bai
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Shuo Wu
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Min Zhang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Na
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Wen Jiang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (QD); (HWJ)
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (QD); (HWJ)
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Park J, Cho SY, Lee SB, Son H, Jeong H. Obesity is associated with higher risk of prostate cancer detection in a biopsy population in Korea. BJU Int 2014; 114:891-5. [DOI: 10.1111/bju.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Park
- Department of Urology; Aerospace Medical Center; Cheongwon-Gun Choongchungbuk-Do Korea
| | - Sung Yong Cho
- Department of Urology; Seoul National University; Boramae Hospital; Seoul Korea
| | - Seung Bae Lee
- Department of Urology; Seoul National University; Boramae Hospital; Seoul Korea
| | - Hwancheol Son
- Department of Urology; Seoul National University; Boramae Hospital; Seoul Korea
| | - Hyeon Jeong
- Department of Urology; Seoul National University; Boramae Hospital; Seoul Korea
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Obesity affects the biopsy-mediated detection of prostate cancer, particularly high-grade prostate cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of 29,464 patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106677. [PMID: 25184215 PMCID: PMC4153672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In previous studies, obesity (measured according to the body mass index) has correlated inconsistently with the risk of biopsy-measured prostate cancer, and specifically high-grade prostate cancer. This meta-analysis aimed to clarify these correlations. METHODS A comprehensive literature search of the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases was conducted for relevant studies published through January 2014. The pooled estimates of odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) were computed, and the meta-analysis was performed with the STATA software according to a random effects approach. RESULTS A total of 11 studies that included 29,464 individuals were identified. A 5-kg/m2 increase in body mass index was associated with a 15% (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.98-1.34) higher risk of prostate cancer detection and a 37% (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.19-1.57) higher risk of high-grade prostate cancer detection at biopsy. There were no differences among the results of studies conducted in the USA, Europe or Asia. We also found that studies that had adjusted for prostate-specific antigen levels, digital rectal examination results, and prostate volumes obtained positive significant outcomes (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.12-1.44), whereas studies that did not adjust for the above-mentioned confounding variables obtained negative results (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.68-1.25). Moreover, the positive correlation between body mass index and the detection of both prostate cancer and high-grade diseases tended to be stronger as the number of biopsy cores increased. CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis demonstrated that a high body mass index correlated positively with prostate cancer detection, especially high-grade prostate cancer detection. The adoption of a modified and possibly more aggressive biopsy strategy was suggested for obese populations.
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Urakami S. Editorial comment from Dr Urakami to impact of obesity on the predictive accuracy of prostate-specific antigen density and prostate-specific antigen in native Korean men undergoing prostate biopsy. Int J Urol 2014; 21:990-1. [PMID: 24909066 DOI: 10.1111/iju.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Urakami
- Department of Urology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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Kapoor S. Re: Body mass index influences prostate cancer risk at biopsy in Japanese men. Int J Urol 2013; 21:226. [PMID: 23735263 DOI: 10.1111/iju.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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