Systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy and tolerability of mirabegron for the treatment of storage lower urinary tract symptoms/overactive bladder: Comparison with placebo and tolterodine

Non-surgical management of BPH: An updated review of current literature and state of the art on natural compounds and medical therapy

INTRODUCTION

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common urological disease that is strongly associated with the aging process and can lead to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). LUTS due to BPH can significantly affect the quality of life of many patients. Among the treatments available for BPH to improve symptoms and functional outcomes, drug therapy and surgical therapy are the options of choice. However, for most patients with symptomatic BPH, medical management remains the cornerstone of treatment. Pharmacologic interventions are often preferred as a first approach, being less invasive compared to surgery. Although the medical treatment of BPH is currently defined by the algorithms of international guidelines, the need for a more personalized approach is increasingly recognized given the wide and heterogeneous range of therapeutic options available.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A review of medical therapy for BPH was conducted using relevant articles in PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. In this review, all drug treatments currently available on the international market whose efficacy is scientifically proven are reviewed and described (phytotherapy, alpha-blockers, muscarinic receptor antagonists, 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, combination therapies, etc.).

RESULTS

A total of 17 randomized clinical trials were selected for review. Further, 75 studies were included for analysis and discussion.

CONCLUSIONS

As the treatment landscape continues to evolve, tailoring therapy to individual patient needs and preferences is likely to become increasingly important to ensure that treatment strategies are both effective and meet patient expectations.

[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a histopathologic definition associated with enlargement of the prostate gland that causes obstruction of the lower urinary tract and manifests clinically with characteristic symptoms that are what bring patients for consultation. Urinary tract symptoms are common, especially in an increasingly aging population. Diagnosis and the decision on when and how to treat depend on the patient's quality of life and objective clinical parameters. An individualized, risk-based approach is necessary to guide conservative, pharmacologic, or surgical treatment.

Trends of Overactive Bladder and Pharmacologic Treatment Among U.S. Women

IMPORTANCE

To evaluate and consider how prescribing practices have changed in relation to high-risk overactive bladder (OAB) medications.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to evaluate trends in the prevalence of OAB and pharmacologic treatment over time in the United States.

STUDY DESIGN

Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2001-2018, n = 30,478) and the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS, 2003-2019, n = 251,330) were used to identify women with symptomatic incontinence and overactive bladder (OAB) (NHANES) as well as determine the frequency of prescription use for OAB medications (NHANES and NAMCS) using sampling-based weights. Joinpoint regression was used to determine adjusted annual percent change (APC, adjusting for race, age, body mass index, and insurance status). Trends were assessed overall and by race, age, body mass index, and insurance status.

RESULTS

The prevalence of OAB was 31.2% in the final survey year of NHANES (2017-2018). Women aged >65 years had the highest prevalence of OAB at 54% compared with other age groups. There was an overall increase in OAB (APC 1.24 [0.64, 1.84], P = 0.002) over time. Overall, only 3.5% of patients with symptoms of OAB reported pharmacologic treatment in NHANES. The NAMCS demonstrated a significant decrease in anticholinergic prescriptions from 2003 until 2019 (APC -6.44 [-9.77, -2.98], P = 0.001). However, in NHANES, there was no significant change in anticholinergic use (APC 0.62 [-20.2, 26.8], P = 0.944). There was a stable prevalence of β3-adrenergic agonist prescriptions since they were introduced to market (APC 0.65 [-2.24, 3.62], P = 0.616).

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates an increasing prevalence of OAB and highlights the likely undertreatment of symptomatic patients. The high and increasing prevalence coupled with the relative undertreatment of OAB underscores the importance of screening for this condition.

Mirabegron 50 mg once daily, long-term treatment maximizes benefit in middle-aged and older people with overactive bladder syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of nine phase II/III, randomized, double-blind, parallel-design, placebo-controlled, multicenter, and multinational trials

The prevalence and severity of overactive bladder increase with age, and mirabegron is an approved treatment for this condition. This meta-analysis systematically evaluated the efficacy and safety of mirabegron compared with placebo for overactive bladder treatment. We searched PubMed and the Cochrane Library (30 October 2023) for relevant articles (source: MEDLINE, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, ICTRP, CINAHL). We included randomized controlled trials involving adults with overactive bladder syndrome that compared mirabegron with placebo treatment. Data were analyzed according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions [Review Manager (computer program) Version 5.4]. Nine parallel-group trials (10 articles) were included. The evaluation included a total of 8,527 adults, including 6,445 women and 2,082 men, of whom 5,726 were White, 2,462 were Asian, and 161 were Black. The mean age of the participants ranged from 53.4 to 60.3 years. This evaluation involved three specifications of mirabegron: 25 mg, 50 mg, and 100 mg. In all trials, patients were enrolled in a 12-week double-blind treatment period, and the dose was once daily. The review of trials found that on average, people taking mirabegron had about 13 ml more volume voided per micturition, five fewer micturitions, and four fewer incontinence episodes every week, with moderate improvements in quality of life. About one in five people taking the drug reported TRAEs. Mirabegron treatment is well tolerated, with the risk of adverse events similar to that of a placebo. For best results, a dose of 50 mg once daily is recommended for long-term use. It is unclear whether any benefits are sustained after treatment discontinuation. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, PROSPERO (CRD42023430737).

Ligand-Receptor Interactions and Structure-Function Relationships in Off-Target Binding of the β3-Adrenergic Agonist Mirabegron to α1A-Adrenergic Receptors

The β3-adrenoceptor agonist mirabegron is available for the treatment of storage symptoms of overactive bladder, including frequency, urgency, and incontinence. The off-target effects of mirabegron include binding to α1-adrenoceptors, which are central in the treatment of voiding symptoms. Here, we examined the structure-function relationships in the binding of mirabegron to a cryo-electron microscopy structure of α1A. The binding was simulated by docking mirabegron to a 3D structure of a human α1A-adrenoceptor (7YMH) using Autodock Vina. The simulations identified two binding states: slope orientation involving 10 positions and horizontal binding to the receptor surface involving 4 positions. No interactions occurred with positions constituting the α1A binding pocket, including Asp-106, Ser-188, or Phe-312, despite the positioning of the phenylethanolamine moiety in transmembrane regions close to the binding pocket by contact with Phe-288, -289, and Val-107. Contact with the unique positions of α1A included the transmembrane Met-292 during slope binding and exosite Phe-86 during horizontal binding. Exosite binding in slope orientation involved contact of the anilino part, rather than the aminothiazol end, to Ile-178, Ala-103, and Asn-179. In conclusion, contact with Met-292 and Phe-86, which are unique positions of α1A, accounts for mirabegron binding to α1A. Because of its lack of interactions with the binding pocket, mirabegron has lower affinity compared to α1A-blockers and no effects on voiding symptoms.

Safety and efficacy of an α1 -blocker plus mirabegron compared with an α1 -blocker plus antimuscarinic in men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia and overactive bladder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

AIM

Antimuscarinics and the β3-adrenoreceptor agonist, mirabegron, are commonly used for treating patients with overactive bladder (OAB) and α1 -adrenoreceptor antagonists (α1 -blockers) are the main pharmacological agents used for treating lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). As these conditions commonly occur together, the aim of this systematic review was to identify publications that compared the use of an α1 -blocker plus mirabegron with an α1 -blocker plus antimuscarinic in men with LUTS secondary to BPH and OAB. A meta-analysis was subsequently conducted to explore the safety and efficacy of these combinations.

METHODS

Included records had to be from a parallel-group, randomized clinical trial that was ≥8 weeks in duration. Participants were male with LUTS secondary to BPH and OAB. The indirect analyses that were identified compared an α1 -blocker plus OAB agent with an α1 -blocker plus placebo. The PubMed/Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, the Excerpta Medica Database, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the ClinicalTrials.gov registry were searched for relevant records up until March 5, 2020. Safety outcomes included incidences of overall treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and urinary retention, postvoid residual volume, and maximum urinary flow (Qmax ). Primary efficacy outcomes were micturitions/day, incontinence episodes/day, and urgency episodes/day, and secondary outcomes were Overactive Bladder Symptom Score and International Prostate Symptom Score. A Bayesian network meta-analysis approach was used for the meta-analysis.

RESULTS

Out of a total of 1039 records identified, 24 were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. There were no statistically significant differences between the α1 -blocker plus mirabegron and α1 -blocker plus antimuscarinic groups in terms of the comparisons identified for all the safety and efficacy analyses conducted. Numerically superior results were frequently observed for the α1 -blocker plus mirabegron group compared with the α1 -blocker plus antimuscarinic group for the safety parameters, including TEAEs, urinary retention, and Qmax . For some of the efficacy parameters, most notably micturitions/day, numerically superior results were noted for the α1 -blocker plus antimuscarinic group. Inconsistency in reporting and study variability were noted in the included records, which hindered data interpretation.

CONCLUSION

This systematic review and meta-analysis showed that an α1 -blocker plus mirabegron and an α1 -blocker plus antimuscarinic have similar safety and efficacy profiles in male patients with LUTS secondary to BPH and OAB. Patients may, therefore, benefit from the use of either combination within the clinical setting.

Analyzing Access and Costs of Oral Medications for Overactive Bladder: Uncovering Disparities

OBJECTIVE

To report out-of-pocket costs associated with overactive bladder (OAB) medications among Medicare beneficiaries and the uninsured.

METHODS

We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Prescription Drug Plan Formulary Data (Q1-2022). FDA-approved medications for OAB were identified. We calculated out-of-pocket costs for Medicare beneficiaries in each Part D prescription benefit phase, average retail price, total yearly costs and discounted prices through cash-pay discount coupons (GoodRx) or online pharmacies like Mark Cuban Cost Plus Drug Company (MCCPDC). We also report plan utilization management requirements.

RESULTS

We analyzed 5721 plan formularies for 18 medications. Mirabegron was the only beta-3 agonist (B3). Only Vesicare oral solution (14.3% of plans) and Mirabegron (0.1%) required prior authorization. Many plans required step therapy for selective generic anticholinergics (ACH) (12.4%-43.3%), while the B3 rarely required step therapy (0.6%). Monthly costs varied by coverage phase and averaged $59 for ACHs in the initial coverage phase ($14 in catastrophic; $72 in coverage gap). The monthly cost for the B3 averaged $47 in the initial coverage phase ($26 in catastrophic; $129 in coverage gap). The total yearly cost for generic ACHs ranged from $494 (oxybutynin IR) to $1452 (darifenacin) and the yearly cost for brand-name ACHs ranged from $1175 (Toviaz ER) to $2198 (Oxytrol). The total yearly cost for the B3 was $1283.

CONCLUSION

We evaluated coverage, out-of-pocket costs, total yearly costs, and utilization management for OAB medications to make pricing more transparent. While selective medications may be "covered," coverage does not translate into affordable drug prices.

Comparative Study Between Behavior Therapy and Behavior Therapy Plus Mirabegron 50 mg in Sexually Active Men With Bothersome Overactive Bladder Symptoms - A Multicenter, Randomized Study

PURPOSE

We evaluated the therapeutic effects on overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms and sexual function of behavioral therapy with or without mirabegron in sexually active male patients with OAB. Mirabegron, a selective β3 adrenoceptor agonist for the treatment of OAB, has been shown to induce corpus cavernosum relaxation.

METHODS

In this 4-site, randomized controlled trial, 150 sexually active men with OAB were enrolled between June 2020 and May 2022. Participants were randomly allocated (1:2) into 2 treatment groups: (1) behavioral therapy alone (n = 50) and (2) a combination of mirabegron 50 mg daily and behavioral therapy (n = 100). The evaluation was based on the overactive bladder symptoms score (OABSS), the International Index of Erectile Function, the ejaculatory domain short form, the International Prostate Symptom Score, patient perception of bladder condition, quality of life, and urodynamic parameters. The therapeutic outcomes were assessed at baseline, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks.

RESULTS

There were 65 patients (65%) in the combination subgroup and 36 patients in the behavioral therapy who completed all 12 weeks of treatment. Both groups had a statistically significant improvement in OABSS after 12 weeks of treatment. The combination therapy group achieved a statistically significant improvement in all 4 subscores of OABSS, however, the urinary frequency (P = 0.120) and urinary incontinence (P = 0.234) subscores in the behavioral therapy only group did not show a significant change. Additionally, the combination group had a significant improvement in functional bladder capacity, which was not seen in the behavioral therapy group. However, both groups did not have a significant change in erectile or ejaculatory function.

CONCLUSION

Behavioral therapy combined with mirabegron had more significant impact on the improvement of OAB than behavior therapy alone. However, both groups did not have significant changes in erectile or ejaculatory function.

Summary Paper on the 2023 European Association of Urology Guidelines on the Management of Non-neurogenic Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms

CONTEXT

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common, often bothersome, and have multifactorial aetiology.

OBJECTIVE

To present a summary of the 2023 version of the European Association of Urology guidelines on the management of male LUTS.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

A structured literature search from 1966 to 2021 selected the articles with the highest certainty evidence. The Delphi technique consensus approach was used to develop the recommendations.

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS

The assessment of men with LUTS should be practical. A careful medical history and physical examination are essential. Validated symptom scores, urine test, uroflowmetry, and postvoid urine residual, as well as frequency-volume charts for patients with nocturia or predominately storage symptoms should be used. Prostate-specific antigen should be ordered if a diagnosis of prostate cancer changes the treatment plan. Urodynamics should be performed for selected patients. Men with mild symptoms are candidates for watchful waiting. Behavioural modification should be offered to men with LUTS prior to, or concurrent with, treatment. The choice of medical treatment depends on the assessment findings, predominant type of symptoms, ability of the treatment to change the findings, and the expectations to be met in terms of the speed of onset, efficacy, side effects, and disease progression. Surgery is reserved for men with absolute indications, and for patients who fail or prefer not to receive medical therapy. Surgical management has been divided into five sections: resection, enucleation, vaporisation, and alternative ablative and nonablative techniques. The choice of surgical technique depends on patient's characteristics, expectations, and preferences; surgeon's expertise; and availability of modalities.

CONCLUSIONS

The guidelines provide an evidence-based approach for the management of male LUTS.

PATIENT SUMMARY

A clinical assessment should identify the cause(s) of symptoms and define the clinical profile and patient's expectations. The treatment should aim to ameliorate symptoms and reduce the risk of complications.

In Vitro and In Vivo Metabolic Activation of Tolterodine Mediated by CYP3A

Tolterodine (TOL) is an antimuscarinic drug used for the treatment of patients with overactive bladder presenting urinary frequency, urgency, and urge incontinence. During the clinical use of TOL, adverse events such as liver injury took place. The present study aimed at the investigation of the metabolic activation of TOL possibly associated with its hepatotoxicity. One GSH conjugate, two NAC conjugates, and two cysteine conjugates were found in both mouse and human liver microsomal incubations supplemented with TOL, GSH/NAC/cysteine, and NADPH. The detected conjugates suggest the production of a quinone methide intermediate. The same GSH conjugate was also observed in mouse primary hepatocytes and in the bile of rats receiving TOL. One of the urinary NAC conjugates was observed in rats administered TOL. One of the cysteine conjugates was found in a digestion mixture containing hepatic proteins from animals administered TOL. The observed protein modification was dose-dependent. CYP3A primarily catalyzes the metabolic activation of TOL. Ketoconazole (KTC) pretreatment reduced the generation of the GSH conjugate in mouse liver and cultured primary hepatocytes after TOL treatment. In addition, KTC reduced the susceptibility of primary hepatocytes to TOL cytotoxicity. The quinone methide metabolite may be involved in TOL-induced hepatotoxicity and cytotoxicity.

Update on the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia and the role of minimally invasive procedures

Lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia constitute a substantial burden, affecting the quality of life of those affected by this condition. While watchful waiting and medical management using a wide array of pharmaceuticals can be effective, surgery has been one of the most definite solutions for those highly affected by this condition. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is the gold standard surgical procedure, but other alternatives using laser (HoLEP and ThuLEP) and robotic water jets (Aquablation) are emerging treatments aimed at reducing postoperative morbidity. Minimally invasive procedures conducted in outpatient settings and under local anesthesia or sedation are increasingly being used, especially in those patients with high surgical risk due to comorbidities. These procedures include prostatic arterial embolization, water vapor thermal therapy (Rezum), prostatic urethral lift (Urolift), temporary implantable nitinol device (TIND/iTIND), and transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT). The evidence supporting these treatments is growing, but some uncertainties remain as to what is the magnitude of their advantages and disadvantages compared to TURP. Innovations in the technologies involved in these new procedures may improve their profile for effectiveness and safety. Moreover, new devices are being investigated for marketing approval. Issues around costs and patients' preferences are also yet to be elucidated, thus their evolving role needs to be weighed against the aforementioned considerations.

Latest Evidence on Post-Prostatectomy Urinary Incontinence

A radical prostatectomy is frequently used as the first-line treatment for men with prostate cancer. Persistent urinary incontinence after surgery is one of the most severe adverse events. We report the results of a comprehensive literature search focused on post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence (PPI), performed by a panel of experts on non-neurogenic lower urinary tract symptoms. The data on the prevalence and timing of PPI are very heterogeneous. The etiology of PPI can be multifactorial and mainly dependent on patient characteristics, lower urinary tract function or surgical issues. The medical history with a physical examination, the use of validated questionnaires with a voiding diary and pad tests are determinants in identifying the contributing factors and choosing the right treatment. Lifestyle intervention and urinary containment are the most frequently used strategies for the conservative management of PPI, while antimuscarinics, beta-3 agonists and duloxetine (off-label) are drugs indicated to manage PPI with a concomitant overactive bladder. Surgical therapies for the management of post-prostatectomy SUI include non-adjustable trans-obturator slings in men with mild-to-moderate incontinence and an artificial urinary sphincter in men with moderate-to-severe incontinence.

European Association of Urology Guidelines on Male Urinary Incontinence

CONTEXT

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common condition in elderly men causing a severe worsening of quality of life, and a significant cost for both patients and health systems.

OBJECTIVE

To report a practical, evidence-based, guideline on definitions, pathophysiology, diagnostic workup, and treatment options for men with different forms of UI.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

A comprehensive literature search, limited to studies representing high levels of evidence and published in the English language, was performed. Databases searched included Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Libraries. A level of evidence and a grade of recommendation were assigned.

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS

UI can be classified into stress urinary incontinence (SUI), urge urinary incontinence (UUI), and mixed urinary incontinence. A detailed description of the pathophysiology and diagnostic workup has been reported. Simple clinical interventions, behavioural and physical modifications, and pharmacological treatments comprise the initial management for all kinds of UI. Surgery for SUI includes bulking agents, male sling, and compression devices. Surgery for UUI includes bladder wall injection of botulinum toxin A, sacral nerve stimulation, and cystoplasty/urinary diversion.

CONCLUSIONS

This 2022 European Association of Urology guideline summary provides updated information on definition, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of male UI.

PATIENT SUMMARY

Male urinary incontinence comprises a broad subject area, much of which has been covered for the first time in the literature in a single manuscript. The European Association of Urology Non-neurogenic Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Guideline Panel has released this new guidance, with the aim to provide updated information for urologists to be able to follow diagnostic and therapeutic indications for optimising patient care.

Comparison of antimuscarinic drugs to beta adrenergic agonists in overactive bladder: A literary review

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study was to carry an extended literature review to compare antimuscarnics with beta adrenergic agonists (mirabegron) in treatment of overactive bladder.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A literature review was carried out, using key words in different databases including MEDLINE, PUBMED, and EMBASE. All relevant published articles during last 5 years with full texts available were included in this review for critical analysis and evaluation. In total, there were 20 studies including 7 systemic reviews, 6 retrospective cohort, 3 prospective cohort, 2 randomized controlled trials, and 2 cross sectional studies.

RESULTS

After critical evaluation the results were considered under parameters of efficacy, adverse effects, adherence and persistence, tolerability, cost-effectiveness. In 9 studies efficacy was evaluated, 5 studies dealt with adverse effects, same number evaluated adherence and persistence. Cost effectiveness was compared in 3 and same number of studies also compared tolerability.

CONCLUSIONS

To conclude, we found mirabegron is as efficacious as any other antimuscarnics, has better tolerability (including elderly), has better adverse effect profile, is cost effective, has better persistence and adherence rates at 12 months.

Rethinking Second-Line Therapy for Overactive Bladder to Improve Patient Access to Treatment Options

Idiopathic overactive bladder (OAB) is a chronic condition that negatively affects quality of life, and oral medications are an important component of the OAB treatment algorithm. Recent literature has shown that anticholinergics, the most commonly prescribed oral medication for the treatment of OAB, are associated with cognitive side effects including dementia. β3-adrenoceptor agonists, the only alternative oral treatment for OAB, are similar in efficacy to anticholinergics with a more favorable side effect profile without the same cognitive effects. However, there are marked cost variations and barriers to access for OAB medications, resulting in expensive copays and medication trial requirements that ultimately limit access to β3-adrenoceptor agonists and more advanced procedural therapies. This contributes to and perpetuates health care inequality by burdening the patients with the least resources with a greater risk of dementia. When prescribing these medications, health care professionals are caught in a delicate balancing act between cost and patient safety. Through multilevel collaboration, we can help disrupt health care inequalities and provide better care for patients with OAB.

Management of Urgency and Mixed Urinary Incontinence

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a prevalent disorder that significantly affects quality of life. This article reviews management of urgency and mixed UI by breaking the management algorithm down into observation, lifestyle and behavioral changes, pharmacologic therapy, and procedural management. Stress UI is best managed with mid-urethral slings and is covered in other chapters. Behavioral and pharmacologic management are equally efficacious for urgency UI, but procedural therapy is superior. Mixed UI is conventionally treated by first managing whichever UI subtype is most bothersome. The management of overflow UI is directed at its underlying etiology: detrusor underactivity or bladder outlet obstruction.

Effect of oxybutynin patch versus mirabegron on nocturia-related quality of life in female overactive bladder patients: A multicenter randomized trial

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the effect of oxybutynin patch versus β3-adrenoceptor agonist mirabegron on nocturia-related quality of life in female overactive bladder patients.

METHODS

In the present study, female overactive bladder patients were enrolled. The patients were randomly allocated into two groups: the oxybutynin patch group and the mirabegron group. Each of the drugs was given for 8 weeks. The changes in the total Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire score were evaluated. Parameters on a frequency volume chart were also evaluated.

RESULTS

In total, 100 patients (51 oxybutynin patch, 49 mirabegron) were treated with oxybutynin patch or mirabegron. The changes in the Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire score 4 weeks after administration were 3.8 ± 18.6 and 8.7 ± 13.1 with the oxybutynin patch group and the mirabegron group, respectively, which were significantly higher than those at the baseline. Furthermore, the changes in the Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire score 8 weeks after administration were 4.3 ± 16.5 and 7.7 ± 12.3, respectively. A statistical difference was seen only in the mirabegron group. Regarding the Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire subscores, oxybutynin patch and mirabegron significantly improved the Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire bother/concern subscore 4 and 8 weeks after administration, whereas the Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire sleep/energy subscore was not significantly improved in each period. Eight weeks after administration, 24-h frequency, 24-h urinary urgency and mean voided urine volume were improved in both groups statistically.

CONCLUSIONS

The oxybutynin patch improves quality of life, focusing mainly on nocturia by improving the bother/concern subscores of the Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire in the short term.

Long-term effectiveness of an intervention to enhance mirabegron use revision and its deprescribing: 36-month follow-up of a quasi-experimental trial in primary care

OBJECTIVE

This is a follow-up study from a multicenter, prospective, before-and-after quasi-experimental, controlled trial to assess effectiveness at 36 months of an intervention designed to promote the revision and deprescribing of mirabegron in primary care in patients with overactive bladder.

METHODS

Intervention included patients who attended in 17 PHCs located in North Barcelona; control included patients who attended in the other 34 PHCs located in South, East and West Barcelona. The primary endpoint was mirabegron review and deprescribing when GPs considered appropriate, which was measured by the percentage of change of the number of patients with treatment at 36 months compared to the baseline. The intervention consisted of meetings with all the directors of the PHCs; distribution of the infographic to the GPs; providing information regarding the intervention for urologist and gynaecologist; and review of the treatments by the GPs. A monthly follow-up was done during the first year, and every three months thereafter until month 36.

RESULTS

Overall, 1932 patients were included, mean age 71.6 years (female 53.8%). A total of 540 patients included in the intervention discontinued mirabegron at some point during the 36 months follow-up (540/762, 70.8%) compared to 759 patients in the control (759/1170, 64.9%), (p < 0.001). A total of 324/433 patients (74.8%) who discontinued mirabegron use at 12 months remained without pharmacological treatment at 36 months. With respect to the baseline cohort, there was a lower introduction of new patients with mirabegron in the intervention (546/762, 71.6%) compared to the control (1246/1170, 106.5%), (p < .001). Regarding the treated patients, there was an increase of 41.6% in the control and a slight increase of 0.8% in the intervention at 36 months, (p < .001).

CONCLUSION

Our data indicate that an intervention can enhance the review use of mirabegron in the primary care setting, and promote their deprescribing.

Current Treatment for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

BACKGROUND

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by the occurrence of.disorders of urine storage and bladder emptying. Most men over the age of 60 years are affected to some degree.

METHODS

A selective literature search with additional scrutiny of guidelines and meta-analyses.

RESULTS

The management of patients with BPH is complex. Emptying and retention disorders can be treated by various pharmacological and surgical means. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) has long been considered the gold standard for operative treatment. Transurethral enucleation procedures show a better risk profile in some uses, however, and have, above all, largely displaced suprapubic prostatectomy. Numerous innovative treatment options have been developed in recent years, but their long-term effects remain to be determined. These treatment techniques can nevertheless be used in individual cases after thorough discussion with the patient.

CONCLUSION

The care of patients with BPH should be interdisciplinary. The efficacy and safety of many new developments in the area of pharmacological and minimally invasive treatment remain to be demonstrated in randomized trials.

Effects of different urodynamic characteristics on therapeutic outcomes of overactive bladder medication in a real-life clinical practice

Objective

This study retrospectively investigated the influence of urodynamic parameters and patient characteristics on success rates among patients with overactive bladder (OAB) and urodynamic detrusor overactivity (DO).

Materials and Methods

Consecutive patients with OAB and urodynamic DO initially received solifenacin, mirabegron, or combination of both for 1-3 months. If failed, patients were switched to another OAB medication subtype or provided additional OAB medication for a total of 6 months. A successful treatment was defined as an improvement in urgency severity and a global response assessment of ≥1. Success rates after initial or modulated OAB medication were analyzed based on patient and urodynamic characteristics.

Results

A total of 453 patients were enrolled, among whom 144, 255, and 54 received solifenacin, mirabegron, and combined medications, respectively. Among the patients, 259 (57.2%) had OAB dry and 194 (42.8%) had OAB wet. Patients receiving mirabegron alone had a significantly higher initial medication success rate compared to that of others. Patients with a phasic DO (50.7%), bladder outlet obstruction (BOO, 52.5%), and no central nervous system (CNS) lesions (47.5%) exhibited higher success rates than those with a terminal DO (42.0%), no BOO (42.7%), and CNS lesions (31.6%), respectively. After switching or modulating the initial OAB medication following treatment failure, 115 (62.2%) of 185 patients still showed improvement in OAB symptoms, with an overall success rate of 70.2% after 6 months of treatment.

Conclusion

Initial solifenacin or mirabegron treatment had a success rate of around 50%. In general, patients with a phasic DO, urodynamic BOO, and no CNS lesions have higher success rates than those with a terminal DO, no BOO, and CNS lesions, respectively. Success rates can further be improved by switching or modulating OAB medication.

Diagnosis and Management of Postpartum Pelvic Floor Disorders

Pelvic floor disorders are common in the postpartum period. These disorders can significantly affect one's quality of life during a period that is already filled with emotional and physiologic change. This review focuses on the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of the 3 major pelvic floor disorders in postpartum women, namely, urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, and pelvic organ prolapse.

B3 agonists or anticholinergics in the treatment of the lower urinary tract dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis?-A randomized study

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most frequent autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. MS patients usually present with lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). Objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of treating MS patients with LUTD with either a b3 agonist (mirabegron) or anticholinergics. The study's primary outcome is the LUTD symptom improvement.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This is a multi-center, single-blinded, comparative study including 91 MS patients with LUTD. At baseline, patients underwent thorough clinical examination, urine cultivation and abdominal ultrasound and completed urination diaries and specific, validated questionnaires (NBSS, MusiQoL). At second visit, patients were administered either mirabegron or anticholinergics. Treatment was always carried out alongside with MS treatment. Reevaluation was performed 3 months after first visit. Patients underwent the same clinical and imaging tests that were carried out at first visit.

RESULTS

We compared several clinical and imaging parameters between the two groups at first visit and month 3 after treatment. Νo statistical difference was noted between the mirabegron group and the anticholinergic group in terms of LUTD improvement. In both groups, improvement from baseline regarding LUTD was recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using the paired and unpaired t test method. No patient discontinued either medication due to side effects.

CONCLUSIONS

MS patients receiving either mirabegron or anticholinergic therapy for LUTD showed improvement. Nevertheless, no statistical difference was noted between the two cohorts at 3 months in terms of drug efficacy in all the statistically significant parameters.

Managing Nocturia in Frail Older Adults

This review discusses the available evidence in the current evaluation and treatment of nocturia in frail older adults. No evidence specifically evaluates the use of behavioral interventions in the treatment of the frail older adult with nocturia, but their use is supported in other cohorts. Behavioral modifications and optimal management of comorbidities remain the first-line treatment for all age groups and should be emphasized in the frail due to their favorable safety profile. No studies specific to the frail older adult support the use of pharmacotherapy. Some evidence exists for the efficacy of several agents in the older adult; however, this is difficult to extrapolate to the frail, and safety concerns abound. Desmopressin may be effective in the older adult, but a high risk of hyponatremia raises concerns for its safety, and therefore it is not recommended in the frail. α-Antagonists may have limited efficacy in men with known benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH); they are relatively well tolerated, although the risk of orthostatic hypotension in the frail should be considered. β3-agonist trials suggest limited clinical utility. Antimuscarinics are not found to be useful in this cohort and are contraindicated in the frail older adult given the ability of antimuscarinics to cause cognitive impairment, delirium, and falls. No data examine the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the frail older adult. Additionally, the American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria recommends against the use of muscarinics in those over the age of 75 years and therefore their use is not supported.

[First-line treatment for non-neurogenic overactive bladder]

INTRODUCTION

The aim was to synthesize current knowledge on overactive bladder (OAB) first-line treatments.

METHOD

A systematic literature review based on PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar was conducted in June 2020.

RESULTS

Behavioral treatments are based on bladder training and timed voiding using a bladder diary. Lifestyle modifications should be suggested. They include reduction of fluid intake, consumption of caffeine, sodas, weight loss, avoidance of acidic fruit juices and of spicy and acidic salty diet, alkalization of urine by diet and possibly, vitamin D supplementation. Pelvic floor muscle training is mainly based on manual techniques, electrostimulation and/or biofeedback. It has been shown to be effective in treating OAB. In menopausal women, local hormone therapy improves all OAB symptoms. Oral drugs include anticholinergics and beta-3-agonists. Their efficacy is quite similar and superior to placebo. In case of failure of monotherapy, they may be combined.

CONCLUSION

Apart from some lifestyle modifications, the efficacy of first-line treatments for OAB has been demonstrated by prospective controlled studies. They may be prescribed individually or in combination.

Are Beta 3 Adrenergic Agonists Now the Preferred Pharmacologic Management of Overactive Bladder?

PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW

This paper discusses the recent evidence supporting beta 3 adrenergic agonists as the preferred pharmacological management of overactive bladder syndrome.

RECENT FINDINGS

Mirabegron has a similar efficacy profile to first-line antimuscarinics with favorable adverse effects profile. Treatment of OAB with beta-3 adrenergic agonist should be favored in patients at higher risk of anticholinergic adverse events. The efficacy and tolerability of beta-3 adrenergic agonists are consistently reported in older OAB patients, whether used alone or with other antimuscarinics. Mirabegron is cost-effective in treating OAB unless the symptoms were severe or refractory. Combination therapy of mirabegron and other pharmacotherapy has proven to be efficient in controlling OAB symptoms without inducing serious add-on adverse effects. While beta-3 adrenergic agonists bear favorable advantages in OAB treatment, physicians should perform a thorough and careful pre-treatment planning to optimize treatment benefits and adherence.

Mirabegron in female patients with overactive bladder syndrome: What's new? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Reviews assessing mirabegron's safety and efficacy, synthesize data from both genders, without providing specific details for female patients with OAB. The aim of this study is to qualitatively and quantitatively synthesize data evaluating mirabegron's use on female patients with OAB. PubMed/Scopus/Cochrane library/Web of Knowledge were searched for full texted, published in English-language and in peer-reviewed journals, up to November 2019, using the keyword "mirabegron".Jadad score modified by adding allocation concealment, MINORS and RoB were used for the Methodological quality and risk of bias assessment. Twenty-one studies were included in this review;7 RCTs, 3 non-RCTs and 11 observational studies. Controlled trials were of unclear (75%), high (12.5%) or serious risk (12.5%) of bias. Twelve weeks of mirabegron use resulted in significant decrease of urgency, frequency, nocturia and UUI by 1.3-2.2,2.04-2.33,0.42-0.5 and 0.9-1.04 episodes/24 h, respectively. Quality of life and sexual health was improved significantly. Sexual dysfunction decreased from 98% (84/85) at baseline, to 60% (51/85) after 12-weeks of mirabegron (p-value < 0.001). Mirabegron had the same efficacy as anticholinergics in improving all OAB symptoms but with fewer adverse events. Hypertension and antimuscarinics' effects (i.e dry mouth, constipation) had an incidence of 2% (28/1221) and 1.9% (23/1221) when mirabegron was administered, respectively. Mirabegron is a safe and effective alternative therapy for females with OAB. However, there is a paucity of high-quality RCTs, with large sample sizes, long-term follow-up focusing on mirabegron's comparison to other therapies, quality of life and sexual health of female patients with OAB.

Efficacy of adding mirabegron to alpha-adrenoreceptor blocker in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia with persistent overactive bladder symptoms: A prospective study

Purpose

To compare the efficacies of mirabegron 50 mg addition after alpha-adrenoreceptor blocker in terms of reducing storage symptoms in patients with BPH.

Materials and Methods

Fifty-eight patients that had been taking alpha-adrenoreceptor blocker for more than 8 weeks, but had an OABSS of greater than 3 points, were initially enrolled. One group added any alpha-adrenoreceptor blocker with mirabegron 50 mg (n=39; the mirabegron group) and the other group received alpha-adrenoreceptor blocker only (n=19; the control group) for 8 weeks.

Results

In the control group, mean total IPSS decreased from 15.7 to 13.1 (p=0.298) and in mirabegron group, mean total IPSS decreased from 19.4 to 16.5 (p=0.024). Mean storage symptom scores reduced in the control and mirabegron groups from 8.5 to 7.9 (p=0.584) and from 9.1 to 7.6 (p=0.015), respectively, and mean QoL scores from 3.7 to 3.1 (p=0.052) and 3.6 to 3.2 (p=0.027), respectively. Mean overall OABSS in the control and mirabegron groups reduced from 8.4 to 7.2 (p=0.173) and from 8.8 to 7.3, respectively (p=0.005); mean OABSS Q3 from 3.6 to 2.9 (p=0.073) and from 3.5 to 2.7 (p=0.002), respectively; and mean OABSS Q4 from 2.4 to 2.0 (p=0.306) and from 2.7 to 2.0 (p=0.016), respectively. The change of mean Qmax and PVR was insignificant in 2 groups.

Conclusions

IPSS total scores, storage symptom scores, QoL, overall OABSS, OABSS Q3 and Q4 were more improved significantly by alpha-adrenoreceptor blocker with mirabegron 50 mg in BPH patients with persistent overactive symptoms. Mirabegron 50 mg addition is considered to patients with persistent storage symptoms after alpha-adrenoreceptor blocker.

Real-World Effects of Mirabegron in Patients with Chronic Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity - A Retrospective Cohort Study

PURPOSE

To investigate the tolerability and the effects of the β-3-adrenoceptor-agonist mirabegron on urinary incontinence and urodynamic parameters in patients with chronic neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The patient database of a spinal cord injury rehabilitation center in Switzerland was screened for patients with chronic (>12 months) NDO, who had been prescribed mirabegron. Patient characteristics, data regarding bladder management, urinary incontinence and concurrent medication for NDO as well as urodynamic parameters were collected retrospectively. The changes in the urodynamic parameters and the occurrence of urinary incontinence over time were investigated.

RESULTS

The data of 63 patients with a median age of 48 years and a median NDO duration of 8.9 years at the initiation of the mirabegron treatment were analyzed. A median 3.0 and 12.7 months had elapsed from the initiation of the mirabegron therapy to the first and second follow-up evaluation, respectively. The majority of patients (73%) received mirabegron in combination with an established antimuscarinic or onabotulinum toxin therapy. The number of patients suffering from urinary incontinence decreased significantly (p≤0.005) from 60.3% (95% CI 47.2/72.4%) to 38.1% (95% CI 23.6/54.4%). Furthermore, the maximum detrusor pressure during the storage phase was significantly (p≤0.04) lower at the second follow-up evaluation (29.5cmH₂O, 95% CI 22/40cmH₂O) compared to before the mirabegron treatment (35cmH₂O, 95% CI 29/41cmH₂O). The bladder capacity and detrusor compliance were significantly (p≤0.005) increased during the mirabegron treatment. No patient had discontinued the mirabegron treatment as a result of side effects.

CONCLUSION

Mirabegron demonstrated a clinically relevant effect and a good safety profile. Concomitant treatment of NDO with mirabegron may allow reduction in the dose of antimuscarinic medication and thus, improve the long-term persistence of NDO treatment.

Overactive bladder and sleep disturbance have a significant effect on indoor falls: Results from the community health survey in Japan

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the effect of overactive bladder (OAB) and frailty on indoor fall events in community-dwelling adults aged 50 or older.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 723 adults between 2016 and 2017 in Hirosaki, Japan. OAB symptoms and sleep disturbance were assessed using the Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Indoor fall events (falls or near-falls) within 1 year were evaluated. Frailty was evaluated by the frailty discriminant score. We investigated the association of OAB symptoms with sleep disturbance, frailty, and indoor fall events. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the effect of OAB symptoms on fall events controlling for confounding factors such as age, gender, comorbidity, frailty, and sleep disturbance.

RESULTS

The median age was 64. We observed OABSS ≥6 in 98 participants (14%), nocturia ≥2 in 445 (62%), urgency score ≥3 in 80 (11%), urge incontinence score ≥3 in 36 (5.0%), PSQI ≥6 in 153 (21%), frailty in 169 (23%), and indoor fall events in 251 (35%). Older age, diabetes, OABSS, nocturia, urgency, urge incontinence, and the PSQI were significantly associated with indoor fall events. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that OAB symptoms and sleep disturbance were significantly associated with fall events.

CONCLUSIONS

The effect of OAB symptoms and sleep disturbance on indoor fall events was significant. The causal relationship between OAB and falls needs further study.

[Benign prostatic hyperplasia : New and treatment-relevant aspects from the DGU guidelines]

The diagnosis and treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to benign prostatic enlargement plays an important role in daily urological practice. Therefore, a targeted and resource-saving approach is essential. A rational base-line work-up of our patients provides the necessary information for obtaining the diagnosis and only needs to be expanded in individual cases. In addition to drug therapy, the modification of lifestyle and the possibility of watchful waiting must not be underestimated. Simple measures such as a timed fluid intake, double micturition in the case of residual urine development, but also bladder reconditioning can significantly improve the quality of life of our patients. Regarding surgical treatment, laser procedures have found their way into many departments and have established themselves in daily routine as a reference procedure in addition to transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P) and simple open prostatectomy. New, minimally invasive procedures-such as prostatic artery embolization (PAE), the Rezum™- (NxThera Inc., Maple-Grove, MN, USA) or the Aquabeam® (Procept, Redwood City, CA, USA) procedure, but also nonablative procedures such as iTind© (TIND, Medi-Tate, Or Akiva, Israel) or Urolift® (Neotract Inc., Pleasanton, CA, USA)-offer new treatment options to those affected, with the potential to maintain patient's sexual function. As a result, individual risk assessment and advice on the advantages and disadvantages of all available treatment options-even more than today-will be an important part of LUTS treatment. An individual approach, similar to that used in the treatment of oncological disease, will become standard also in the treatment of benign prostatic syndrome.

Exploratory analysis of the effect of mirabegron on urodynamic sensation parameters and urethral pressure variations

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS

Urethral instability (URI) has in the past been defined by the International Continence Society (ICS), but was excluded from ICS terminology and definitions shortly after because of a lack of consensus about the clinical importance of this phenomenon. Recently, interest in URI and its possible role in overactive bladder (OAB) increased again. In the last decade, a beta 3 adrenoreceptor agonist (mirabegron) was approved for the treatment of OAB. The effect of mirabegron on urethral pressure during filling cystometry is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of mirabegron on urethral pressure variations during urodynamic investigation and the association of symptoms and voiding diary data before and during treatment.

METHODS

This prospective study included 51 consecutive adult female patients, referred with OAB. Patients were evaluated using a voiding diary, two validated questionnaires and two urodynamic investigations, one before and one after 6 weeks of treatment with mirabegron. URI was defined as an urethral pressure drop exceeding 30 cmH₂O during filling cystometry.

RESULTS

The prevalence of URI was 31% at initial urodynamic investigation, and 19% at second investigation. URI is more common than DO with 18% prevalence at initial evaluation. Treatment with mirabegron resulted in significant changes in symptoms and urodynamic sensory markers in patients with URI.

CONCLUSION

Urethral pressure variations are significantly reduced by treatment with mirabegron in patients with URI. URI seems to have a predictive value in treatment choices for OAB. Future research should elucidate this.

Relationship between frailty and lower urinary tract symptoms among community-dwelling adults

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the relationship between frailty and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), the association of frailty and LUTS remains unclear.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study investigated LUTS and frailty in 710 individuals (249 men and 461 women, aged ≥60 years) who participated in the Iwaki Health Promotion Project between 2014 and 2015 in Hirosaki, Japan. Parameters of frailty were compared for individuals with mild and moderate to severe symptoms of LUTS. The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS) were used to evaluate LUTS. Frailty was evaluated by the frailty phenotype (FP), modified frailty index (mFI), and frailty discriminant score (FDS). The influence of frailty on LUTS was investigated by multivariate logistic regression analyses.

RESULTS

Frailty parameters of age, renal function, and lower physical activity were significantly associated with severity of IPSS and OABSS. FP and mFI were significantly associated with severity of OABSS and IPSS, respectively. The FDS was significantly associated with severity of IPSS and OABSS. FP, mFI, and FDS were significantly associated with severity of nocturia. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that FDS was independently associated with the severity of IPSS, OABSS, and nocturia, whereas FP and mFI were significantly associated with the severity of nocturia alone.

CONCLUSIONS

Individuals with LUTS are potentially frailer than those without LUTS. Although the influence of frailty on LUTS is different depending on the measurement tool, attention for frailty is necessary for subjects with LUTS.

Safety and Efficacy of Mirabegron: Analysis of a Large Integrated Clinical Trial Database of Patients with Overactive Bladder Receiving Mirabegron, Antimuscarinics, or Placebo

BACKGROUND

Mirabegron, a β3-adrenoreceptor agonist, is an alternative drug to antimuscarinics for overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms.

OBJECTIVE

To summarise safety and efficacy reporting of mirabegron treatment for OAB symptoms.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

Pooled data analysed from 10 phase 2-4, double-blind, 12-wk mirabegron monotherapy studies in adults with OAB who had received one or more doses of study drug.

INTERVENTION

Mirabegron: 25 and 50mg; antimuscarinics: solifenacin (2.5, 5, and 10mg) and tolterodine extended release (4mg).

OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Baseline OAB-related characteristics, intrinsic and extrinsic factors, and analyses by age (<65 vs ≥65yr and <75 vs ≥75yr) and sex were assessed. Solifenacin 2.5 and 10mg groups were not included in the efficacy analyses (small patient numbers). Safety was evaluated using the proportion of treatment-emergent adverse events. Efficacy variables were derived from bladder diaries (baseline and week 12).

RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS

Baseline hypertension and diabetes were more frequent across treatment groups in the older versus younger age groups and in men versus women. Within sexes, frequencies were similar between treatment groups. Some differences were observed in baseline characteristics, including type of incontinence and medical history between sexes. No previously unreported safety concerns were identified. Improvements in efficacy (mean number of incontinence episodes/24h, micturitions/24h, urgency episodes/24h, volume voided/micturition, and nocturia episodes) versus placebo were observed in all treatment groups. Significant treatment-by-subgroup interactions included change from baseline in the mean number of incontinence episodes/24h by age (<65 vs ≥65yr), nocturia by age (<65 vs ≥65yr and <75 vs ≥75yr), and urgency episodes by previous OAB medication.

CONCLUSIONS

Data from this integrated database of 10 mirabegron studies reaffirm the safety and efficacy profiles of mirabegron, solifenacin, and tolterodine in adults of different age groups and sexes.

PATIENT SUMMARY

Overactive bladder is a complex of symptoms including a compelling desire to pass urine that leads to increased frequency, which may lead to a degree of incontinence if you do not reach the toilet in time and may wake you from sleep. We pooled data from 10 different studies of mirabegron in patients with overactive bladder symptoms, and looked at the effect in the total number of patients who received the treatment, as well as in different age groups and between men and women. No new safety concerns were identified, and mirabegron improved the symptoms of overactive bladder.

Combination Pharmacotherapy for Treatment of Overactive Bladder (OAB)

Overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) negatively affects the quality of life of patients and their interactions with society. Treatment of OAB starts with behavioral modification and then pharmacotherapy using monotherapy with either antimuscarinics or β3 agonists. The third-line more invasive approaches are the next treatment option currently recommended. Both antimuscarinic agents and β3 agonists work through a different molecular pathway. This brings up the potential of having an additive effect when using a combination treatment for patients with OAB. Currently, the potential for using combination therapy to treat OAB in patients who had no improvement with a monotherapy approach before we attempt a more invasive approach is being explored. Several studies have shown the benefits of combination therapy which will be an additional option to the tools to treat OAB.

New technologies in the management of overactive bladder: current research and future prospects

Overactive bladder is characterized by frequency, urgency (wet or dry) and nocturia. These troublesome symptoms incur both a physiologic and economic cost, expected to be in excess of US$82 billion in the USA and Europe by the year 2020. Second-tier medicinal oral therapies for overactive bladder abound, but the failure rate or discontinuation at 1 year exceeds 50%. Tertiary-tier therapies involve surgical alternatives including neuromodulation of sacral nerve 3 (S3) or the posterior tibial nerve as a means to manipulate and ameliorate the above-described voiding symptoms. Sacral neuromodulation has been studied for more than 20 years, but newer, smaller, rechargeable implantable devices are in the forefront of current investigation. Hopes are that modifications to the device will eventually be possible at the patient's home, rather than the physician's office, with close urological/gynecologic supervision and guidance. Another means of surgical intervention for overactive bladder includes the use of a cystoscopy-guided radiofrequency probe by which energy disrupts the bladder floor neural voiding plexi. Stem cell therapy is also being evaluated for overactive bladder but is in the early stages of development.

Prevalence, Burden, and Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Men Aged 50 and Older: A Systematic Review of the Literature

We conducted a systematic review of literature from the years 2000 through 2017 on the prevalence and burden of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men aged 50 and older, and medical treatments of and alternative nonmedical approaches to LUTS. EBSCOhost (Medline with Full Text) was searched for observational, experimental, and review studies in peer-reviewed journals in the English language. Our review found that LUTS were highly prevalent in the world and estimated to affect 2.3 billion people in 2018, with 44.7% being men. Men with LUTS suffer from not only burdensome symptoms such as nocturia and urgency but also adverse psychological consequences (e.g., anxiety and depression) and financial burden. Current medical treatments are clinically effective, but their efficacy is compromised by side effects and low compliance rates. Alternative nonmedical treatments for LUTS were also sought worldwide. There is evidence that lifestyle modifications such as pelvic muscle exercises and bladder training, physical activity, dietary modification, and nutritional supplements can alleviate LUTS and improve patient quality of life; however, evidence based on rigorous methodology remains minimal and cannot be generalized across populations. Evidence of effectiveness of weight loss programs to reduce LUTS is inconclusive. We conclude that although behavioral treatment is a promising approach to alleviating LUTS, especially when combined with medical treatments, well-designed randomized controlled and longitudinal clinical trials on behavioral treatments of LUTS are still needed. Minimally invasive procedures and neuromodulation therapy also show positive results of alleviating LUTS but require further research as well.