1
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Conroy C, Fountain MT, Whitfield EC, Hall DR, Farman D, Bray DP. Methyl N,N-dimethylanthranilate and ethyl propionate: repellents effective against spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:3160-3171. [PMID: 38348748 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is an economically important pest of soft and stone fruit crops. The aim of this study was to identify repellents, formulated in dispensers, which could protect crops from D. suzukii. Fourteen potential repellents were screened against summer- and winter-morph D. suzukii through electroantennography and behavioural bioassays. Repellents effective in the laboratory were tested in polytunnels to determine their efficacy in reducing catches in fruit-baited traps. Further trials of three potential repellents were conducted to determine the distances over which repellent dispensers could reduce D. suzukii emergence in a strawberry crop. RESULTS All 14 chemicals screened were detected by the antennae of both D. suzukii morphs. Hexyl acetate and geosmin both elicited a significantly greater corrected EAG response in summer morphs than winter morphs. Summer-morph D. suzukii were repelled by butyl acetate, ethyl propionate, methyl N,N-dimethyl anthranilate, geosmin, methyl salicylate, DEET and benzaldehyde at one or more doses test in laboratory bioassays. Winter morphs were repelled by ethyl propionate, methyl anthranilate, methyl N,N-dimethyl anthranilate, DEET, benzaldehyde and butyl anthranilate at one or more of the doses tested in the laboratory. Ethyl propionate, methyl N,N-dimethylanthranilate and benzaldehyde repelled both morphs from fruit-baited traps in polytunnel trapping trials. Ethyl propionate and methyl N,N-dimethylanthranilate reduced emergence of D. suzukii in a strawberry crop over 3-5 m. CONCLUSIONS Ethyl propionate and methyl N,N-dimethylanthranilate may protect strawberry crops against D. suzukii. Future work should test these repellents in combination with attractants in a 'push-pull' strategy. © 2024 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Conroy
- NIAB East Malling, East Malling, UK
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, UK
| | | | | | - David R Hall
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, UK
| | - Dudley Farman
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, UK
| | - Daniel P Bray
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, UK
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2
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Escobedo-Quevedo K, Lankheet MJ, Pen I, Trienens M, Helsen HHM, Wertheim B. Studying foraging behavior to improve bait sprays application to control Drosophila suzukii. BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:60. [PMID: 38734594 PMCID: PMC11088012 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-024-02251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foraging behavior in insects is optimised for locating scattered resources in a complex environment. This behavior can be exploited for use in pest control. Inhibition of feeding can protect crops whereas stimulation can increase the uptake of insecticides. For example, the success of a bait spray, depends on either contact or ingestion, and thus on the insect finding it. METHODS To develop an effective bait spray against the invasive pest, Drosophila suzukii, we investigated aspects of foraging behavior that influence the likelihood that the pest interacts with the baits, in summer and winter morphotypes. We video-recorded the flies' approach behavior towards four stimuli in a two-choice experiment on strawberry leaflets. To determine the most effective bait positioning, we also assessed where on plants the pest naturally forages, using a potted raspberry plant under natural environmental conditions. We also studied starvation resistance at 20 °C and 12 °C for both morphs. RESULTS We found that summer morph flies spent similar time on all baits (agar, combi-protec, yeast) whereas winter morphs spent more time on yeast than the other baits. Both morphs showed a preference to feed at the top of our plant's canopy. Colder temperatures enhanced survival under starvation conditions in both morphs, and mortality was reduced by food treatment. CONCLUSIONS These findings on feeding behavior support informed decisions on the type and placement of a bait to increase pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Escobedo-Quevedo
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - M J Lankheet
- Wageningen University & Research, Experimental Zoology WIAS, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - I Pen
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Trienens
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H H M Helsen
- Wageningen University & Research, Field crops, Randwijk, The Netherlands
| | - B Wertheim
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Jones R, Eady PE, Goddard MR, Fountain MT. The Efficacy of Yeast Phagostimulant Baits in Attract-and-Kill Strategies Varies between Summer- and Winter-Morphs of Drosophila suzukii. INSECTS 2022; 13:995. [PMID: 36354819 PMCID: PMC9696471 DOI: 10.3390/insects13110995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), is a globally invasive pest of soft and stone fruit. To survive winter in temperate zones it enters a reproductive diapause in a morphologically distinct phenotype. Phagostimulant baits can be combined with insecticides in attract-and-kill strategies for control. We investigated the effectiveness of single yeast species and combinations of co-fermented yeast phagostimulant baits when combined with insecticides in laboratory assays against both summer- and winter-morph D. suzukii. Candida zemplininia or Hanseniaspora uvarum + C. zemplininia combined with lambda-cyhalothrin or cyantraniliprole, and H. uvarum combined with cyantraniliprole caused significantly higher mortality in winter- compared to summer-morph D. suzukii. Additionally, lambda-cyhalothrin combined with M. pulcherrima + H. uvarum resulted in greater mortality compared to single yeasts, H. uvarum for both summer- and winter-morphs and C. zemplininia for summer-morphs. M. pulcherrima + H. uvarum with spinosad significantly reduced the time-to-kill (50%) of summer-morphs compared to insecticide alone. Most yeast-based baits were comparable in terms of attract-and-kill efficacy to Combi-protec, a commercially available bait, although M. pulcherrima or H. uvarum + C. zemplininia in with cyantraniliprole were less effective. Our study suggests that yeast phagostimulants in attract-and-kill strategies should be adjusted for summer- and winter-morph D. suzukii for more effective control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Jones
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK
- NIAB, East Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ, UK
| | - Paul E. Eady
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK
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4
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Schwanitz TW, Polashock JJ, Stockton DG, Rodriguez-Saona C, Sotomayor D, Loeb G, Hawkings C. Molecular and behavioral studies reveal differences in olfaction between winter and summer morphs of Drosophila suzukii. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13825. [PMID: 36132222 PMCID: PMC9484457 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), is a major economic pest of several fruit crops in Europe, North and South America, and other parts of the world because it oviposits in ripening thin-skinned fruits. This vinegar fly exhibits two distinct morphotypes: a summer and a winter morph. Although adaptations associated with the winter morph enhance this invasive pest's capacity to survive in cold climates, winter is still a natural population bottleneck. Since monitoring early spring populations is important for accurate population forecasts, understanding the winter morph's response to olfactory cues may improve current D. suzukii management programs. In this study, a comparative transcriptome analysis was conducted to assess gene expression differences between the female heads of the two D. suzukii morphs, which showed significant differences in 738 genes (p ≤ 0.0001). Out of twelve genes related to olfaction determined to be differentially expressed in the transcriptome, i.e., those related to location of food sources, chemosensory abilities, and mating behavior, nine genes were upregulated in the winter morph while three were downregulated. Three candidate olfactory-related genes that were most upregulated or downregulated in the winter morph were further validated using RT-qPCR. In addition, behavioral assays were performed at a range of temperatures to confirm a differing behavioral response of the two morphs to food odors. Our behavioral assays showed that, although winter morphs were more active at lower temperatures, the summer morphs were generally more attracted to food odors. This study provides new insights into the molecular and behavioral differences in response to olfactory cues between the two D. suzukii morphs that will assist in formulating more effective monitoring and physiological-based control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W. Schwanitz
- Entomology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - James J. Polashock
- Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Chatsworth, NJ, United States of America
| | - Dara G. Stockton
- Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, United States of America
| | - Cesar Rodriguez-Saona
- Entomology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Diego Sotomayor
- Agro-Environmental Science Department, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Greg Loeb
- Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, United States of America
| | - Chloe Hawkings
- Entomology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
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5
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Jones R, Fountain MT, Andreani NA, Günther CS, Goddard MR. The relative abundances of yeasts attractive to Drosophila suzukii differ between fruit types and are greatest on raspberries. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10382. [PMID: 35725889 PMCID: PMC9209449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal metabolic volatiles attract Drosophila suzukii which oviposits in ripening fruits, but there are few data describing the fungal microbiomes of commercial fruits susceptible to this insect pest. We tested the hypothesis that fruit type and ripening stage have a significant effect on fruit surface fungal communities using DNA metabarcoding approaches and found strong support for differences in all three fungal community biodiversity metrics analysed (numbers, types, and abundances of taxa). There was an average fivefold greater difference in fungal communities between sites with different fruit types (strawberry, cherry, raspberry, and blueberry) than across fruit developmental stages, demonstrating site and/or fruit type is the greater factor defining fungal community assemblage. The addition of a fungal internal standard (Plectosphaerella cucumerina) showed cherry had relatively static fungal populations across ripening. Raspberry had a greater prevalence of Saccharomycetales yeasts attractive to D. suzukii, including Hanseniaspora uvarum, which aligns with reports that raspberry is among the fruits with greatest susceptibility and attraction to D. suzukii. Greater knowledge of how yeast communities change during fruit maturation and between species or sites may be valuable for developing methods to manipulate fruit microbiomes for use in integrated pest management strategies to control D. suzukii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Jones
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7DL, UK. .,NIAB EMR, New Road, East Malling, Kent, ME19 6BJ, UK.
| | | | - Nadia A Andreani
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7DL, UK.,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Catrin S Günther
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7DL, UK.,The New Zealand Institute of Plant and Food Research Ltd, Ruakura Research Campus, Bisley Road, Hamilton, 3214, New Zealand
| | - Matthew R Goddard
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7DL, UK.,The School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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6
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Chakraborty A, Mori B, Rehermann G, Garcia AH, Lemmen‐Lechelt J, Hagman A, Khalil S, Håkansson S, Witzgall P, Becher PG. Yeast and fruit fly mutual niche construction and antagonism against mould. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Chakraborty
- Department of Plant Protection Biology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 102 23053 Alnarp Sweden
- EVA 4.0 Unit, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Kamýcka 129 16500 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Boyd Mori
- Department of Plant Protection Biology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 102 23053 Alnarp Sweden
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science University of Alberta Agriculture/Forestry Centre 4‐10 Edmonton Alberta Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Guillermo Rehermann
- Department of Plant Protection Biology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 102 23053 Alnarp Sweden
| | - Armando Hernández Garcia
- Department of Molecular Sciences Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 7015 75007 Uppsala Sweden
- Division of Biotechnology Department of Chemistry Faculty of Engineering Lund University Box 124 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Joelle Lemmen‐Lechelt
- Department of Plant Protection Biology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 102 23053 Alnarp Sweden
| | - Arne Hagman
- Division of Biotechnology Department of Chemistry Faculty of Engineering Lund University Box 124 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Sammar Khalil
- Department of Biosystems and Technology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 102 23053 Alnarp Sweden
| | - Sebastian Håkansson
- Department of Molecular Sciences Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 7015 75007 Uppsala Sweden
- Division of Applied Microbiology Department of Chemistry Faculty of Engineering Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Peter Witzgall
- Department of Plant Protection Biology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 102 23053 Alnarp Sweden
| | - Paul G Becher
- Department of Plant Protection Biology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 102 23053 Alnarp Sweden
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7
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Nikolouli K, Sassù F, Ntougias S, Stauffer C, Cáceres C, Bourtzis K. Enterobacter sp. AA26 as a Protein Source in the Larval Diet of Drosophila suzukii. INSECTS 2021; 12:923. [PMID: 34680692 PMCID: PMC8539531 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Spotted-Wing Drosophila fly, Drosophila suzukii, is an invasive pest species infesting major agricultural soft fruits. Drosophila suzukii management is currently based on insecticide applications that bear major concerns regarding their efficiency, safety and environmental sustainability. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an efficient and friendly to the environment pest control method that has been suggested for the D. suzukii population control. Successful SIT applications require mass-rearing of the strain to produce competitive and of high biological quality males that will be sterilized and consequently released in the wild. Recent studies have suggested that insect gut symbionts can be used as a protein source for Ceratitis capitata larval diet and replace the expensive brewer's yeast. In this study, we exploited Enterobacter sp. AA26 as partial and full replacement of inactive brewer's yeast in the D. suzukii larval diet and assessed several fitness parameters. Enterobacter sp. AA26 dry biomass proved to be an inadequate nutritional source in the absence of brewer's yeast and resulted in significant decrease in pupal weight, survival under food and water starvation, fecundity, and adult recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Nikolouli
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, IAEA Laboratories, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria; (F.S.); (C.C.); (K.B.)
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Fabiana Sassù
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, IAEA Laboratories, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria; (F.S.); (C.C.); (K.B.)
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
- Roklinka 224, Dolní Jirčany, 252 44 Psáry, Czech Republic
| | - Spyridon Ntougias
- Laboratory of Wastewater Management and Treatment Technologies, Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Vas. Sofias 12, 67100 Xanthi, Greece;
| | - Christian Stauffer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Carlos Cáceres
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, IAEA Laboratories, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria; (F.S.); (C.C.); (K.B.)
| | - Kostas Bourtzis
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, IAEA Laboratories, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria; (F.S.); (C.C.); (K.B.)
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8
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Shu R, Hahn DA, Jurkevitch E, Liburd OE, Yuval B, Wong ACN. Sex-Dependent Effects of the Microbiome on Foraging and Locomotion in Drosophila suzukii. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:656406. [PMID: 34040592 PMCID: PMC8141744 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.656406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that symbiotic microbes can influence multiple nutrition-related behaviors of their hosts, including locomotion, feeding, and foraging. However, how the microbiome affects nutrition-related behavior is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate clear sexual dimorphism in how the microbiome affects foraging behavior of a frugivorous fruit fly, Drosophila suzukii. Female flies deprived of their microbiome (axenic) were consistently less active in foraging on fruits than their conventional counterparts, even though they were more susceptible to starvation and starvation-induced locomotion was notably more elevated in axenic than conventional females. Such behavioral change was not observed in male flies. The lag of axenic female flies but not male flies to forage on fruits is associated with lower oviposition by axenic flies, and mirrored by reduced food seeking observed in virgin females when compared to mated, gravid females. In contrast to foraging intensity being highly dependent on the microbiome, conventional and axenic flies of both sexes showed relatively consistent and similar fruit preferences in foraging and oviposition, with raspberries being preferred among the fruits tested. Collectively, this work highlights a clear sex-specific effect of the microbiome on foraging and locomotion behaviors in flies, an important first step toward identifying specific mechanisms that may drive the modulation of insect behavior by interactions between the host, the microbiome, and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhang Shu
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Daniel A Hahn
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Edouard Jurkevitch
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Oscar E Liburd
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Boaz Yuval
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adam Chun-Nin Wong
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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9
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Separate and combined Hanseniaspora uvarum and Metschnikowia pulcherrima metabolic volatiles are attractive to Drosophila suzukii in the laboratory and field. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1201. [PMID: 33441642 PMCID: PMC7806593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79691-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila suzukii flies cause economic losses to fruit crops globally. Previous work shows various Drosophila species are attracted to volatile metabolites produced by individual fruit associated yeast isolates, but fruits naturally harbour a rich diversity of yeast species. Here, we report the relative attractiveness of D. suzukii to yeasts presented individually or in combinations using laboratory preference tests and field trapping data. Laboratory trials revealed four of 12 single yeast isolates were attractive to D. suzukii, of which Metschnikowia pulcherrima and Hanseniaspora uvarum were also attractive in field trials. Four out of 10 yeast combinations involving Candida zemplinina, Pichia pijperi, M. pulcherrima and H. uvarum were attractive in the laboratory. Whilst a combination of M. pulcherrima + H. uvarum trapped the greatest number of D. suzukii in the field, the efficacy of the M. pulcherrima + H. uvarum combination to trap D. suzukii was not significantly greater than traps primed with volatiles from only H. uvarum. While volatiles from isolates of M. pulcherrima and H. uvarum show promise as baits for D. suzukii, further research is needed to ascertain how and why flies are attracted to certain baits to optimise control efficacy.
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10
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Bianchi F, Spitaler U, Castellan I, Cossu CS, Brigadoi T, Duménil C, Angeli S, Robatscher P, Vogel RF, Schmidt S, Eisenstecken D. Persistence of a Yeast-Based ( Hanseniaspora uvarum) Attract-and-Kill Formulation against Drosophila suzukii on Grape Leaves. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11110810. [PMID: 33217960 PMCID: PMC7698740 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The production of phagostimulant and attractive volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by yeasts can be exploited to improve the efficacy of attract-and-kill formulations against the spotted wing drosophila (SWD). This study evaluated the persistence over one week of a yeast-based formulation under greenhouse conditions. Potted grape plants were treated with: (i) potato dextrose broth (PDB), (ii) PDB containing spinosad (PDB + S), and (iii) H. uvarum fermentation broth grown on PDB containing spinosad (H. u. + S). Laboratory trials were performed to determine the survival and the oviposition rate of SWD after exposure to treated leaves. Ion-exchange chromatography was performed to measure carbohydrates, sugar alcohols, and organic acids on leaf surfaces, while amino acids were assessed through liquid chromatography-mass-spectrometry. Additionally, the VOCs released by plants treated with H.uvarum were collected via closed-loop-stripping analysis and compared to those emitted by untreated leaves. A higher mortality was observed for adult SWDs in contact with H. uvarum containing spinosad compared to PDB containing spinosad. Generally, a decrease in the amounts of non-volatile compounds was observed over time, though numerous nutrients were still present one week after treatment. The application of the yeast-based formulation induced the emission of VOCs by the treated leaves. The concentration of 2-phenylethanol, one of the main VOCs emitted by yeasts, decreased over time. These findings describe the presence of potential phagostimulants and compounds attractive to SWD in a yeast-based attract-and-kill formulation and demonstrate the efficacy of the formulation over one week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Bianchi
- Laboratory for Flavours and Metabolites, Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Quality, Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, 39040 Auer (Ora), South Tyrol, Italy; (F.B.); (T.B.); (P.R.)
- Chair of Technical Microbiology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Urban Spitaler
- Entomology Group, Institute for Plant Health, Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, 39040 Auer (Ora), South Tyrol, Italy; (U.S.); (C.S.C.); (S.S.)
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Castellan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (I.C.); (C.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Carlo S. Cossu
- Entomology Group, Institute for Plant Health, Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, 39040 Auer (Ora), South Tyrol, Italy; (U.S.); (C.S.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Timothy Brigadoi
- Laboratory for Flavours and Metabolites, Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Quality, Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, 39040 Auer (Ora), South Tyrol, Italy; (F.B.); (T.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Claire Duménil
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (I.C.); (C.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Sergio Angeli
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (I.C.); (C.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Peter Robatscher
- Laboratory for Flavours and Metabolites, Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Quality, Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, 39040 Auer (Ora), South Tyrol, Italy; (F.B.); (T.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Rudi F. Vogel
- Chair of Technical Microbiology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Silvia Schmidt
- Entomology Group, Institute for Plant Health, Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, 39040 Auer (Ora), South Tyrol, Italy; (U.S.); (C.S.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Daniela Eisenstecken
- Laboratory for Flavours and Metabolites, Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Quality, Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, 39040 Auer (Ora), South Tyrol, Italy; (F.B.); (T.B.); (P.R.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Bianchi F, Spitaler U, Robatscher P, Vogel RF, Schmidt S, Eisenstecken D. Comparative Lipidomics of Different Yeast Species Associated to Drosophila suzukii. Metabolites 2020; 10:E352. [PMID: 32872268 PMCID: PMC7569767 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10090352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts constitute a dietary source for the spotted wing drosophila (SWD) and produce compounds that attract these flies. The study of the chemical composition of the yeast communities associated with SWD should therefore help to understand the relationship between the biology of the insect and the yeast's metabolism. In the present study, the lipidome of five yeast species isolated from grapes infested by SWD (three Hanseniaspora uvarum strains, Candida sp., Issatchenkia terricola, Metschnikowia pulcherrima and Saccharomycopsis vini) and a laboratory strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was explored using an untargeted approach. Additionally, the lipid profile of two species, S. cerevisiae and H. uvarum, which were reported to elicit different responses on SWD flies based on feeding and behavioral trials, was compared with a chemical enrichment approach. Overall, 171 lipids were annotated. The yeast species could be distinguished from each other based on their lipid profile, except for the three strains of H. uvarum, which were very similar to each other. The chemical enrichment analysis emphasized diversities between S. cerevisiae and H. uvarum, that could not be detected based on their global lipid profile. The information concerning differences between species in their lipidome may be of interest to future entomological studies concerning the yeast-insect interaction and could help to explain the responses of SWD to diverse yeast species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Bianchi
- Laboratory for Flavours and Metabolites, Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Quality, Laimburg Research Centre, Ora (BZ), 39040 Auer, Italy; (F.B.); (P.R.)
- Chair of Technical Microbiology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Urban Spitaler
- Entomology Group, Institute for Plant Health, Laimburg Research Centre, Ora (BZ), 39040 Auer, Italy; (U.S.); (S.S.)
- Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Robatscher
- Laboratory for Flavours and Metabolites, Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Quality, Laimburg Research Centre, Ora (BZ), 39040 Auer, Italy; (F.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Rudi F. Vogel
- Chair of Technical Microbiology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Silvia Schmidt
- Entomology Group, Institute for Plant Health, Laimburg Research Centre, Ora (BZ), 39040 Auer, Italy; (U.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Daniela Eisenstecken
- Chair of Technical Microbiology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354 Freising, Germany;
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12
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Liu W, Zhang X, Wu N, Ren Y, Wang X. High Diversity and Functional Complementation of Alimentary Canal Microbiota Ensure Small Brown Planthopper to Adapt Different Biogeographic Environments. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2953. [PMID: 32010074 PMCID: PMC6978774 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all insects harbor commensal bacteria in the alimentary canal lumen or within cells and often play a pivotal role in their host’s development, evolution, and environmental adaptation. However, little is known about the alimentary canal microbiota and their functions in sap-sucking insect pests of crops, which can damage plants by removing plant sap and by transmitting various plant viruses, especially in the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus. In this study, we characterized the alimentary canal microbiota of L. striatellus collected from seven regions in China by sequencing 16S rDNA. The insects harbored a rich diversity of microbes, mainly consisted of bacteria from phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Tenericutes. The composition and abundance of microbiota were more similar as the geographic distance decreased between the populations and clustered by geographic location into three groups: temperate, subtropical, and tropical populations. Although the abundance and species of microbes differed among the populations, the various major microbes for each population performed similar functions based on a clusters of orthologous group analysis. Greater diversity in ecological factors in different regions might lead to higher microbial diversity, thus enabling L. striatellus to adapt or tolerate various extreme environments to avoid the cost of long-distance migration. Moreover, the abundance of various metabolic functions in the Kaifeng populations might contribute to higher fecundity in L. striatellus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingdang Ren
- Rice Diseases and Insect Pests Department, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Abstract
Two areas of research that have greatly increased in attention are: dipterans as vectors and the microbes they are capable of vectoring. Because it is the front-end of the fly that first encounters these microbes, this review focuses on the legs, mouthparts, and foregut, which includes the crop as major structures involved in dipteran vectoring ability. The legs and mouthparts are generally involved in mechanical transmission of microbes. However, the crop is involved in more than just mechanical transmission, for it is within the lumen of the crop that microbes are taken up with the meal of the fly, stored, and it is within the lumen that horizontal transmission of bacterial resistance has been demonstrated. In addition to storage of microbes, the crop is also involved in depositing the microbes via a process known as regurgitation. Various aspects of crop regulation are discussed and specific examples of crop involvement with microorganisms are discussed. The importance of biofilm and biofilm formation are presented, as well as, some physical parameters of the crop that might either facilitate or inhibit biofilm formation. Finally, there is a brief discussion of dipteran model systems for studying crop microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Stoffolano
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
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14
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Clymans R, Van Kerckvoorde V, Bangels E, Akkermans W, Alhmedi A, De Clercq P, Beliën T, Bylemans D. Olfactory Preference of Drosophila suzukii Shifts between Fruit and Fermentation Cues over the Season: Effects of Physiological Status. INSECTS 2019; 10:E200. [PMID: 31284591 PMCID: PMC6681279 DOI: 10.3390/insects10070200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide monitoring programs of the invasive fruit pest Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), using fermentation baits like apple cider vinegar (ACV), revealed a counterintuitive period of low trap catches during summer, followed by an autumn peak. In this study, we demonstrate that ACV baited traps indeed provide a distorted image of the D. suzukii population dynamics as it is possible to capture higher numbers during this "low capture period" with synthetic lures. It was hypothesised that the preference of D. suzukii populations for fermentation cues like ACV is most pronounced during autumn, winter and spring, while the flies prefer fresh fruit cues during summer and that this seasonal preference is related to the changing physiology of the flies over the season. To test this hypothesis, the preference between fermentation cues (ACV) and host fruits (strawberries) and the effect of physiology (sex, seasonal morphology and feeding, mating and reproductive status) was investigated both in olfactometer laboratory experiments and a year-round field preference experiment. In olfactometer experiments we demonstrated that protein deprived females, virgin females with a full complement of unfertilised eggs and males show a strong preference for fermentation cues while fully fed reproductive summer morph females generally prefer fruit cues. These findings indicate that D. suzukii is attracted to fermentation volatiles in search of (protein-rich) food and to fruit volatiles in search of oviposition substrates. Winter morph and starved females displayed indiscriminating olfactory behaviour. In the field preference experiment, the hypothesised seasonal shift between fermentation and fruit cues was confirmed. This shift appeared to be highly temperature-related and was similarly observed for summer and winter morphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Clymans
- Zoology/Pomology Department, Research Centre for Fruit Cultivation (pcfruit npo), Fruittuinweg 1, B-3800 Sint-Truiden, Belgium
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Decroylaan 42, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Vincent Van Kerckvoorde
- Zoology/Pomology Department, Research Centre for Fruit Cultivation (pcfruit npo), Fruittuinweg 1, B-3800 Sint-Truiden, Belgium
| | - Eva Bangels
- Zoology/Pomology Department, Research Centre for Fruit Cultivation (pcfruit npo), Fruittuinweg 1, B-3800 Sint-Truiden, Belgium
| | - Wannes Akkermans
- Zoology/Pomology Department, Research Centre for Fruit Cultivation (pcfruit npo), Fruittuinweg 1, B-3800 Sint-Truiden, Belgium
| | - Ammar Alhmedi
- Zoology/Pomology Department, Research Centre for Fruit Cultivation (pcfruit npo), Fruittuinweg 1, B-3800 Sint-Truiden, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Clercq
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim Beliën
- Zoology/Pomology Department, Research Centre for Fruit Cultivation (pcfruit npo), Fruittuinweg 1, B-3800 Sint-Truiden, Belgium.
| | - Dany Bylemans
- Zoology/Pomology Department, Research Centre for Fruit Cultivation (pcfruit npo), Fruittuinweg 1, B-3800 Sint-Truiden, Belgium
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Decroylaan 42, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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15
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Cahenzli F, Bühlmann I, Daniel C, Fahrentrapp J. The Distance Between Forests and Crops Affects the Abundance of Drosophila suzukii During Fruit Ripening, But Not During Harvest. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:1274-1279. [PMID: 30099518 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura; Diptera: Drosophilidae) is an invasive pest with the ability to reproduce not only in various soft fruit crops, but also in numerous wild hosts. Forests and forest edges harbor many wild hosts, provide suitable microclimatic conditions and are therefore thought to enhance the abundance of D. suzukii. Although the comprehension of pest activity based on specific landscape elements is important to implement efficient management strategies, knowledge of how forests affect the abundance of D. suzukii in nearby crops is very limited. We conducted a monitoring study with liquid baited traps across different crops at different distance from the forests. During fruit ripening, more flies were captured in crops closer to forests (22.21 % decrease per 500 m distance), whereas there was no significant relationship during harvest. Since color can affect the efficiency of D. suzukii traps, we have used traps either with a red or black lid. Acquired data suggest that traps with black lids capture significantly more flies than traps with red lids. We provide a quantitative estimation of how and when distance from adjacent forests affects the abundance of D. suzukii in crop fields. Our results can help consultants and farmers to estimate the pest pressure of D. suzukii in crop fields near forested, noncrop areas and to implement appropriate control strategies when D. suzukii populations increase and fruit becomes susceptible to infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Cahenzli
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, Postfach 219, CH 5070 Frick, Switzerland
| | - Irene Bühlmann
- Department Life Sciences and Facility Management, Zurcher University of Applied Sciences, Grüental, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Daniel
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, Postfach 219, CH 5070 Frick, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Fahrentrapp
- Department Life Sciences and Facility Management, Zurcher University of Applied Sciences, Grüental, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
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16
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Briem F, Dominic AR, Golla B, Hoffmann C, Englert C, Herz A, Vogt H. Explorative Data Analysis of Drosophila suzukii Trap Catches from a Seven-Year Monitoring Program in Southwest Germany. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9040125. [PMID: 30249994 PMCID: PMC6315382 DOI: 10.3390/insects9040125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, an invasive pest of soft-skinned fruits, gradually established itself in Europe, often resulting in significant economic losses. In 2011, when D. suzukii was first described for Germany, the Julius Kühn Institut (JKI) started a monitoring program in southwest Germany to study the occurrence and activity of the fly. Capture data from late 2011–early 2018 from 100 traps were analyzed for the effect of weather and immediate habitat on trap captures at different times of the year. We identified five phases in the annual population development cycle of D. suzukii. We found that the mild winter of 2013/2014 helped the thorough establishment of D. suzukii in Germany. Habitat types in the immediate vicinity of the trap and local weather conditions had a strong influence on trap captures. Forest borders and hedges were found to provide adequate overwintering shelter for the flies. Trap captures in forests and hedges were generally higher than those of vineyards and orchards, even during the fruiting seasons. Summer capture rates were correlated with the number of heat days and precipitation. We also discuss briefly the limitations of using trap captures as representative of fly density in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Briem
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Schwabenheimer Straße 101, 69221 Dossenheim, Germany.
| | - Anto Raja Dominic
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment, Stahnsdorfer Damm 81, 14532 Kleinmachnow, Germany.
| | - Burkhard Golla
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment, Stahnsdorfer Damm 81, 14532 Kleinmachnow, Germany.
| | - Christoph Hoffmann
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Geilweilerhof, 76833 Siebeldingen, Germany.
| | - Camilla Englert
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Entomology and Beneficial Insects, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Annette Herz
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Entomology and Beneficial Insects, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Heidrun Vogt
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Schwabenheimer Straße 101, 69221 Dossenheim, Germany.
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