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Abstract
Microbial communities are eubiotic ecosystems that interact dynamically and synergistically with the human body. Imbalances in these interactions may cause dysbiosis by enhancing the occurrence of inflammatory conditions, such as periodontal or inflammatory bowel diseases. However, the mechanisms that lie behind eubiosis-dysbiosis transitions are still unclear and constantly being redefined. While the societal impact of these diseases is steadily increasing, the lack of a clear understanding behind the onset of the inflammatory conditions prevents the proper clinical strategies from being formulated. Although preclinical and clinical models and short-term planar in vitro cultures represent superb research tools, they are still lacking human relevance and long-term use. Bioreactors and organs-on-a-chip have attracted interest because of their ability to recreate and sustain the physical, structural, and mechanical features of the native environment, as well as to support long-term coculture of mammalian cells and the microbiome through modulation of pH and oxygen gradients. Existing devices, however, are still under development to sustain the microbiome-host coculture over long periods of time. In this scenario, to understand disease triggers and develop therapeutics, research efforts should command the development of three-dimensional constructs that would allow the investigation of processes underlying the microbial community assembly and how microorganisms influence host traits in both acute and chronic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Adelfio
- University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Department of Biomedical Engineering, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Chiara Elia Ghezzi
- University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Department of Biomedical Engineering, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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Sutherland VL, McQueen CA, Mendrick D, Gulezian D, Cerniglia C, Foley S, Forry S, Khare S, Liang X, Manautou JE, Tweedie D, Young H, Alekseyenko AV, Burns F, Dietert R, Wilson A, Chen C. The Gut Microbiome and Xenobiotics: Identifying Knowledge Gaps. Toxicol Sci 2020; 176:1-10. [PMID: 32658296 PMCID: PMC7850111 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing awareness that the gut microbiome plays a critical role in human health and disease, but mechanistic insights are often lacking. In June 2018, the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) held a workshop, "The Gut Microbiome: Markers of Human Health, Drug Efficacy and Xenobiotic Toxicity" (https://hesiglobal.org/event/the-gut-microbiome-workshop) to identify data gaps in determining how gut microbiome alterations may affect human health. Speakers and stakeholders from academia, government, and industry addressed multiple topics including the current science on the gut microbiome, endogenous and exogenous metabolites, biomarkers, and model systems. The workshop presentations and breakout group discussions formed the basis for identifying data gaps and research needs. Two critical issues that emerged were defining the microbial composition and function related to health and developing standards for models, methods and analysis in order to increase the ability to compare and replicate studies. A series of key recommendations were formulated to focus efforts to further understand host-microbiome interactions and the consequences of exposure to xenobiotics as well as identifying biomarkers of microbiome-associated disease and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L Sutherland
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina 27709
| | - Charlene A McQueen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Donna Mendrick
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993
| | | | - Carl Cerniglia
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Steven Foley
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Sam Forry
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Sangeeta Khare
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993
| | - Xue Liang
- Merck Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141
| | - Jose E Manautou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Donald Tweedie
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Howard Young
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, NCI Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Alexander V Alekseyenko
- Program for Human Microbiome Research, Biomedical Informatics Center, Department of Public Health Sciences, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Department of Healthcare Leadership & Management, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | | | - Rod Dietert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850
| | - Alan Wilson
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Pathology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Houston, Texas 77381
| | - Connie Chen
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, District of Columbia 20005
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Taylor SL, Wesselingh S, Rogers GB. Host-microbiome interactions in acute and chronic respiratory infections. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:652-62. [PMID: 26972325 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infection is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Understanding the factors that influence risk and outcome of these infections is essential to improving care. We increasingly understand that interactions between the microbial residents of our mucosal surfaces and host regulatory systems is fundamental to shaping local and systemic immunity. These mechanisms are most well defined in the gastrointestinal tract, however analogous systems also occur in the airways. Moreover, we now appreciate that the host-microbiota interactions at a given mucosal surface influence systemic host processes, in turn, affecting the course of infection at other anatomical sites. This review discusses the mechanisms by which the respiratory microbiome influences acute and chronic airway disease and examines the contribution of cross-talk between the gastrointestinal and respiratory compartments to microbe-mucosa interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Taylor
- SAHMRI Infection and Immunity Theme, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Steve Wesselingh
- SAHMRI Infection and Immunity Theme, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Geraint B Rogers
- SAHMRI Infection and Immunity Theme, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, Australia
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Rogers GB, Wesselingh S. Precision respiratory medicine and the microbiome. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2015; 4:73-82. [PMID: 26700443 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(15)00476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A decade of rapid technological advances has provided an exciting opportunity to incorporate information relating to a range of potentially important disease determinants in the clinical decision-making process. Access to highly detailed data will enable respiratory medicine to evolve from one-size-fits-all models of care, which are associated with variable clinical effectiveness and high rates of side-effects, to precision approaches, where treatment is tailored to individual patients. The human microbiome has increasingly been recognised as playing an important part in determining disease course and response to treatment. Its inclusion in precision models of respiratory medicine, therefore, is essential. Analysis of the microbiome provides an opportunity to develop novel prognostic markers for airways disease, improve definition of clinical phenotypes, develop additional guidance to aid treatment selection, and increase the accuracy of indicators of treatment effect. In this Review we propose that collaboration between researchers and clinicians is needed if respiratory medicine is to replicate the successes of precision medicine seen in other clinical specialties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraint B Rogers
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; SAHMRI Microbiome Research Laboratory Flinders University School of Medicine, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Steve Wesselingh
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; SAHMRI Microbiome Research Laboratory Flinders University School of Medicine, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Dietert RR, Dietert JM. The Microbiome and Sustainable Healthcare. Healthcare (Basel) 2015; 3:100-29. [PMID: 27417751 PMCID: PMC4934527 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare3010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing prevalences, morbidity, premature mortality and medical needs associated with non-communicable diseases and conditions (NCDs) have reached epidemic proportions and placed a major drain on healthcare systems and global economies. Added to this are the challenges presented by overuse of antibiotics and increased antibiotic resistance. Solutions are needed that can address the challenges of NCDs and increasing antibiotic resistance, maximize preventative measures, and balance healthcare needs with available services and economic realities. Microbiome management including microbiota seeding, feeding, and rebiosis appears likely to be a core component of a path toward sustainable healthcare. Recent findings indicate that: (1) humans are mostly microbial (in terms of numbers of cells and genes); (2) immune dysfunction and misregulated inflammation are pivotal in the majority of NCDs; (3) microbiome status affects early immune education and risk of NCDs, and (4) microbiome status affects the risk of certain infections. Management of the microbiome to reduce later-life health risk and/or to treat emerging NCDs, to spare antibiotic use and to reduce the risk of recurrent infections may provide a more effective healthcare strategy across the life course particularly when a personalized medicine approach is considered. This review will examine the potential for microbiome management to contribute to sustainable healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney R Dietert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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