1
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Saadh MJ, Alfattah MA, Ismail AH, Saeed BA, Abbas HH, Elashmawy NF, Hashim GA, Ismail KS, Abo-Zaid MA, Waggiallah HA. The role of Interleukin-21 (IL-21) in allergic disorders: Biological insights and regulatory mechanisms. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:111825. [PMID: 38723368 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, allergic diseases subsequent from an IgE-mediated response to specific allergens have become a progressively public chronic disease worldwide. They have shaped an important medical and socio-economic burden. A significant proportion of allergic disorders are branded via a form 2 immune response relating Th2 cells, type 2 natural lymphoid cells, mast cells and eosinophils. Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a participant of the type-I cytokine family manufactured through numerous subsets of stimulated CD4+ T cells and uses controlling properties on a diversity of immune cells. Increasingly, experimental sign suggests a character for IL-21 in the pathogenesis of numerous allergic disorders. The purpose of this review is to discuss the biological properties of IL-21 and to summaries current developments in its role in the regulation of allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan
| | - Mohammed A Alfattah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H Ismail
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashar Abdullah Saeed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technics, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq
| | | | - Nabila F Elashmawy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghassan A Hashim
- Department of Nursing, Al-Zahrawi University College, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Khatib Sayeed Ismail
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mabrouk A Abo-Zaid
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box. 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hisham Ali Waggiallah
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Sun B, Vindas MA, Kavaliauskiene S, Bjørgen H, Koppang EO, Wisløff H, Frisk M, Lund H, Johansen IB. Persistent immune responses in the heart determine the outcome of cardiomyopathy syndrome in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 147:109404. [PMID: 38325590 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) caused by piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV) is a severe cardiac disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the Norwegian aquaculture industry. Previous research suggest a variation in individual susceptibility to develop severe disease, however the role of the immune response in determining individual outcome of CMS is poorly understood particularly in cases where fish are also challenged by stress. The present study's aim was therefore to characterize cardiac transcriptional responses to PMCV infection in Atlantic salmon responding to infection under stressful conditions with a high versus low degree of histopathological damage. The study was performed as a large-scale controlled experiment of Atlantic salmon smolts from pre-challenge to 12 weeks post infection (wpi) with PMCV, during which fish were exposed to intermittent stressors. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) was used to compare the heart transcriptome of high responders (HR) with atrium histopathology score '4' and low responders (LR) with score '0.5' at 12 wpi. A high-throughput quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis was used to compare immune gene transcription between individuals sampled at 6, 9 and 12 wpi. Based on RNAseq and qPCR results, RNAscope in situ hybridization (ISH) was performed for visualization of IFN-γ - and IFNb producing immune cells in affected heart tissue. Compared to LR, the transcription of 1592 genes was increased in HR at 12 wpi. Of these genes, around. 40 % were immune-related, including various chemokines, key antiviral response molecules, and genes. associated with a Th1 pro-inflammatory immune response. Further, the qPCR analysis confirmed. increased immune gene transcription in HR at both 9 and 12 wpi, despite a decrease in PMCV. transcription between these time points. Interestingly, increased IFNb transcription in HR suggests the. presence of high-quantity IFN secreting cells in the hearts of these individuals. Indeed, RNAscope. confirmed the presence of IFN-γ and IFNb-positive cells in the heart ventricle of HR but not LR. To conclude, our data indicate that in severe outcomes of PMCV infection various chemokines attract leucocytes to the salmon heart, including IFN-γ and IFNb-secreting cells, and that these cells play important roles in maintaining persistent antiviral responses and a sustained host immunopathology despite decreasing heart viral transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Sun
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Marco A Vindas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Håvard Bjørgen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Erling Olaf Koppang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Michael Frisk
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hege Lund
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Ida B Johansen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
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3
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Shbeer AM, Ahmed Robadi I. The role of Interleukin-21 in autoimmune Diseases: Mechanisms, therapeutic Implications, and future directions. Cytokine 2024; 173:156437. [PMID: 37972478 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
IL-21 is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates the functional activity of various immune cells. Initial studies have shown that IL-21 can influence the differentiation, proliferation and function of T and B cells, as well as promote the maturation and increase the cytotoxicity of CD8 + T cells and NK cells. During humoral immune responses, IL-21 has significant effects on B cell activation, differentiation and apoptosis. In addition, IL-21 promotes the differentiation of both naive and memory B cells, ultimately leading to the activation of plasma cells. The function of IL-21 in the immune system is complex, as it has the ability to either stimulate or inhibit immune responses. in addition, IL-21 facilitates the differentiation of naive and memory B cells into plasma cells. The functionality of IL-21 in the immune system is diverse, as it has the ability to stimulate or inhibit immune responses. This cytokine has been implicated in several diseases including cancer, allergies and autoimmune diseases. Research has suggested that this cytokine is involved in the development of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Several studies have suggested that inhibition of IL-21 has a therapeutic effect on autoimmune diseases. Therefore, targeting both the cytokine's receptor and IL-21 in autoimmune diseases may be an effective approach to reduce the severity of the disease or to treat it. This review will examine the biological effects of IL-21 on various immune cells and the role of the cytokine in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M Shbeer
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ibrahim Ahmed Robadi
- Department of pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Han J, Cherry C, Mejías JC, Krishnan K, Ruta A, Maestas DR, Peña AN, Nguyen HH, Nagaraj S, Yang B, Gray-Gaillard EF, Rutkowski N, Browne M, Tam AJ, Fertig EJ, Housseau F, Ganguly S, Moore EM, Pardoll DM, Elisseeff JH. Age-associated Senescent - T Cell Signaling Promotes Type 3 Immunity that Inhibits the Biomaterial Regenerative Response. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2310476. [PMID: 38087458 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with immunological changes that compromise response to infections and vaccines, exacerbate inflammatory diseases and can potentially mitigate tissue repair. Even so, age-related changes to the immune response to tissue damage and regenerative medicine therapies remain unknown. Here, it is characterized how aging induces changes in immunological signatures that inhibit tissue repair and therapeutic response to a clinical regenerative biological scaffold derived from extracellular matrix. Signatures of inflammation and interleukin (IL)-17 signaling increased with injury and treatment both locally and regionally in aged animals, and computational analysis uncovered age-associated senescent-T cell communication that promotes type 3 immunity in T cells. Local inhibition of type 3 immune activation using IL17-neutralizing antibodies improves healing and restores therapeutic response to the regenerative biomaterial, promoting muscle repair in older animals. These results provide insights into tissue immune dysregulation that occurs with aging that can be targeted to rejuvenate repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Han
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Christopher Cherry
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Joscelyn C Mejías
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Kavita Krishnan
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Anna Ruta
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - David R Maestas
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Alexis N Peña
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Helen Hieu Nguyen
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Sushma Nagaraj
- Department of Neurology, Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Brenda Yang
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Elise F Gray-Gaillard
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Natalie Rutkowski
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Maria Browne
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Ada J Tam
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Elana J Fertig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Franck Housseau
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Sudipto Ganguly
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Erika M Moore
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Drew M Pardoll
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Jennifer H Elisseeff
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
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5
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Mertowska P, Mertowski S, Smarz-Widelska I, Grywalska E. Biological Role, Mechanism of Action and the Importance of Interleukins in Kidney Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020647. [PMID: 35054831 PMCID: PMC8775480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Each year, the number of patients who are diagnosed with kidney disease too late is increasing, which leads to permanent renal failure. This growing problem affects people of every age, sex and origin, and its full etiopathogenesis is not fully understood, although the involvement of genetic susceptibility, infections, immune disorders or high blood pressure is suggested. Difficulties in making a correct and quick diagnosis are caused by the lack of research on early molecular markers, as well as educational and preventive activities among the public, which leads to the late detection of kidney diseases. An important role in the homeostasis and disease progression, including kidney diseases, is attributed to interleukins, which perform several biological functions and interact with other cells and tissues of the body. The aim of this article was to systematize the knowledge about the biological functions performed by interleukins in humans and their involvement in kidney diseases development. In our work, we took into account the role of interleukins in acute and chronic kidney disease and kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Mertowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (P.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Sebastian Mertowski
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (P.M.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Iwona Smarz-Widelska
- Department of Nephrology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski Provincial Hospital in Lublin, Al. Kraśnicka Street, 20-718 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (P.M.); (E.G.)
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6
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SELMAN AE, GÖRGÜLÜ NG, DOĞAN B. Salivary Levels of IL-21 as a Potential Marker of Stage III Grade C Periodontitis. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.989487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Zheng T, Fan M, Wei Y, Feng J, Zhou P, Sun X, Xue A, Qin CX, Yu D. Huangbai Liniment Ameliorates Skin Inflammation in Atopic Dermatitis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:726035. [PMID: 34531749 PMCID: PMC8438128 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.726035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as atopic eczema, is one of the most common skin diseases and is characterized by allergic skin inflammation, redness, and itchiness and is associated with a hyperactivated type 2 immune response. The leading causes of AD include an imbalance in the immune system, genetic predisposition, or environmental factors, making the development of effective pharmacotherapies complex. Steroids are widely used to treat AD; however, they provide limited efficacy in the long term and can lead to adverse effects. Thus, novel treatments that offer durable efficacy and fewer side effects are urgently needed. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of Huangbai Liniment (HB), a traditional Chinese medicine, using an experimental AD mouse model, following our clinical observations of AD patients. In both AD patient and the mouse disease model, HB significantly improved the disease condition. Specifically, patients who received HB treatment on local skin lesions (3–4 times/day) showed improved resolution of inflammation. Using the 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD model in BALB/c mice, we observed that HB profoundly alleviated severe skin inflammation and relieved the itching. The dermatopathological results showed markedly reversed skin inflammation with decreased epidermal thickness and overall cellularity. Correspondingly, HB treatment largely decreased the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-4, and IL-13, associated with declined gene expression of IL-33, ST2, and GATA3, which are connected to the type 2 immune response. In addition, HB restored immune tolerance by promoting regulatory T (TREG) cells and inhibiting the generation of TH1, TH2, and TH17 cells in vitro and in the DNCB-induced AD mouse model. For the first time, we demonstrate that HB markedly mitigates skin inflammation in AD patients and the DNCB-induced AD mouse model by reinvigorating the T cell immune balance, shedding light on the future development and application of novel HB-based therapeutics for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zheng
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Miao Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunbo Wei
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Jinhong Feng
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Xin Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Anqi Xue
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Cheng Xue Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Di Yu
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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8
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Lauruschkat CD, Etter S, Schnack E, Ebel F, Schäuble S, Page L, Rümens D, Dragan M, Schlegel N, Panagiotou G, Kniemeyer O, Brakhage AA, Einsele H, Wurster S, Loeffler J. Chronic Occupational Mold Exposure Drives Expansion of Aspergillus-Reactive Type 1 and Type 2 T-Helper Cell Responses. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090698. [PMID: 34575736 PMCID: PMC8471116 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational mold exposure can lead to Aspergillus-associated allergic diseases including asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Elevated IL-17 levels or disbalanced T-helper (Th) cell expansion were previously linked to Aspergillus-associated allergic diseases, whereas alterations to the Th cell repertoire in healthy occupationally exposed subjects are scarcely studied. Therefore, we employed functional immunoassays to compare Th cell responses to A. fumigatus antigens in organic farmers, a cohort frequently exposed to environmental molds, and non-occupationally exposed controls. Organic farmers harbored significantly higher A. fumigatus-specific Th-cell frequencies than controls, with comparable expansion of Th1- and Th2-cell frequencies but only slightly elevated Th17-cell frequencies. Accordingly, Aspergillus antigen-induced Th1 and Th2 cytokine levels were strongly elevated, whereas induction of IL-17A was minimal. Additionally, increased levels of some innate immune cell-derived cytokines were found in samples from organic farmers. Antigen-induced cytokine release combined with Aspergillus-specific Th-cell frequencies resulted in high classification accuracy between organic farmers and controls. Aspf22, CatB, and CipC elicited the strongest differences in Th1 and Th2 responses between the two cohorts, suggesting these antigens as potential candidates for future bio-effect monitoring approaches. Overall, we found that occupationally exposed agricultural workers display a largely balanced co-expansion of Th1 and Th2 immunity with only minor changes in Th17 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D. Lauruschkat
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.D.L.); (S.E.); (L.P.); (D.R.); (H.E.)
| | - Sonja Etter
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.D.L.); (S.E.); (L.P.); (D.R.); (H.E.)
| | - Elisabeth Schnack
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (E.S.); (F.E.)
| | - Frank Ebel
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (E.S.); (F.E.)
| | - Sascha Schäuble
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans-Knoell-Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; (S.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Lukas Page
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.D.L.); (S.E.); (L.P.); (D.R.); (H.E.)
| | - Dana Rümens
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.D.L.); (S.E.); (L.P.); (D.R.); (H.E.)
| | - Mariola Dragan
- Department of Surgery I, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.D.); (N.S.)
| | - Nicolas Schlegel
- Department of Surgery I, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.D.); (N.S.)
| | - Gianni Panagiotou
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans-Knoell-Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; (S.S.); (G.P.)
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans-Knoell-Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; (O.K.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans-Knoell-Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; (O.K.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.D.L.); (S.E.); (L.P.); (D.R.); (H.E.)
| | - Sebastian Wurster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Juergen Loeffler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.D.L.); (S.E.); (L.P.); (D.R.); (H.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-931-201-36412
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9
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Abdelaziz MH, Wang H, Cheng J, Xu H. Th2 cells as an intermediate for the differentiation of naïve T cells into Th9 cells, associated with the Smad3/Smad4 and IRF4 pathway. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:1947-1954. [PMID: 32104253 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 9 T-helper (Th9) cells are associated with atopic and inflammatory diseases. Their increased levels and functions contribute to a number of inflammatory disorders, where they are accompanied by enhanced Th2-cell activity. However, there is currently no consensus regarding the association between Th9 and Th2 cells. Th9 cells may be induced from naïve T (Th0) cells under specific polarization conditions in vitro, a process driven by the addition of specific cytokines. In the present study, Th0 cells were cultured under Th9-polarizing conditions to promote differentiation into interleukin (IL)-4+ IL-9- or IL-4- IL-9+ T cells after 3 or 5 days in culture, respectively; the mRNA expression levels of IL-9 and IL-4 were consistent with the induced cell types. Simultaneously, the levels of interferon-regulatory factor 4 (IRF-4) and Smad3/Smad4 were significantly increased following Th9-cell polarization. It was therefore proposed that Th2 cells may be generated in the early stages of Th9-cell differentiation, and then ultimately differentiate into Th9 cells via the Smad3/Smad4 and IRF-4 activation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hamed Abdelaziz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Huixuan Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
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10
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Gong F, Zheng T, Zhou P. T Follicular Helper Cell Subsets and the Associated Cytokine IL-21 in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Asthma. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2918. [PMID: 31921177 PMCID: PMC6923700 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For many decades, T helper 2 (TH2) cells have been considered to predominantly regulate the pathogenic manifestations of allergic asthma, such as IgE-mediated sensitization, airway hyperresponsiveness, and eosinophil infiltration. However, recent discoveries have significantly shifted our understanding of asthma from a simple TH2 cell-dependent disease to a heterogeneous disease regulated by multiple T cell subsets, including T follicular helper (TFH) cells. TFH cells, which are a specialized cell population that provides help to B cells, have attracted intensive attention in the past decade because of their crucial role in regulating antibody response in a broad range of diseases. In particular, TFH cells are essential for IgE antibody class-switching. In this review, we summarize the recent progress regarding the role of TFH cells and their signature cytokine interleukin (IL)-21 in asthma from mouse studies and clinical reports. We further discuss future therapeutic strategies to treat asthma by targeting TFH cells and IL-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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11
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Interleukin 21 Receptor/Ligand Interaction Is Linked to Disease Progression in Pancreatic Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091104. [PMID: 31540511 PMCID: PMC6770770 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) displays a marked fibro-inflammatory microenvironment in which infiltrated immune cells fail to eliminate the tumor cells and often—rather paradoxically—promote tumor progression. Of special interest are tumor-promoting T cells that assume a Th17-like phenotype because their presence in PDAC tissue is associated with a poor prognosis. In that context, the role of IL-21, a major cytokine released by Th17-like cells, was assessed. In all tissue samples (n = 264) IL-21+ immune cells were detected by immunohistochemistry and high density of those cells was associated with poor prognosis. In the majority of patients (221/264), tumor cells expressed the receptor for IL-21 (IL-21R) and also a downstream target of IL-21, Blimp-1 (199/264). Blimp-1 expression closely correlated with IL-21R expression and multivariate analysis revealed that expression of both IL-21R and Blimp-1 was associated with shorter survival time of the patients. In vitro data using pancreatic tumor cells lines provided a possible explanation: IL-21 activated ERK and STAT3 pathways and upregulated Blimp-1. Moreover, IL-21 increased invasion of tumor cell lines in a Blimp-1-dependent manner. As an in vivo correlate, an avian xenograft model was used. Here again Blimp-1 expression was significantly upregulated in IL-21 stimulated tumor cells. In summary, our data showed an association of IL-21+ immune cell infiltration and IL-21 receptor expression in PDAC with poor survival, most likely due to an IL-21-mediated promotion of tumor cell invasion and enhanced colony formation, supporting the notion of the tumor-promoting abilities of the tumor microenvironment.
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12
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McAleer JP, Fan J, Roar B, Primerano DA, Denvir J. Cytokine Regulation in Human CD4 T Cells by the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Gq-Coupled Receptors. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10954. [PMID: 30026493 PMCID: PMC6053392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Th17 cells contribute to host defense on mucosal surfaces but also provoke autoimmune diseases when directed against self-antigens. Identifying therapeutic targets that regulate Th17 cell differentiation and/or cytokine production has considerable value. Here, we study the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-dependent transcriptome in human CD4 T cells treated with Th17-inducing cytokines. We show that the AhR reciprocally regulates IL-17 and IL-22 production in human CD4 T cells. Global gene expression analysis revealed that AhR ligation decreased IL21 expression, correlating with delayed upregulation of RORC during culture with Th17-inducing cytokines. Several of the AhR-dependent genes have known roles in cellular assembly, organization, development, growth and proliferation. We further show that expression of GPR15, GPR55 and GPR68 positively correlates with IL-22 production in the presence of the AhR agonist FICZ. Activation of GPR68 with the lorazepam derivative ogerin resulted in suppression of IL-22 and IL-10 secretion by T cells, with no effect on IL-17. Under neutral Th0 conditions, ogerin and the Gq/11 receptor inhibitor YM254890 blunted IL-22 induction by FICZ. These data reveal the AhR-dependent transcriptome in human CD4 T cells and suggest the mechanism through which the AhR regulates T cell function may be partially dependent on Gq-coupled receptors including GPR68.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P McAleer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA.
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA
| | - Bryanna Roar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA
| | - Donald A Primerano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA
| | - James Denvir
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA
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Wu J, Zhang S, Qin T, Jiang J, Liu Q, Zhang L, Zhao X, Dai J. IL-21 alleviates allergic asthma in DOCK8-knockout mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:92-99. [PMID: 29702092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients with DOCK8 deficiency are at increased susceptibility to develop allergic diseases such as food allergy and asthma. Here, we aimed to analyze the pathogenesis of asthma in DOCK8-deficient patients. In our mouse model, DOCK8-knockout (KO) mice sensitized with low-dose OVA were challenged with 1.5% OVA to induce allergic asthma. As compared to that in WT mice, remarkable airway hyperresponsiveness was observed in KO mice. Increased inflammatory cells and eosinophils infiltrated in airway lumen in KO mice especially around bronchi. KO mice showed higher levels of serum IgE and OVA-specific IgE and significantly elevated IgE-producing B cells in blood and in spleen. Surprisingly, nasal administration with rmIL-21 significantly reduced the airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammatory infiltration, as well as the serum IgE and IgE-producing B cells. DOCK8-knockout mice are susceptible to low-dose OVA induced allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Supplementary nasal administration of rmIL-21 alleviates allergic asthma in this mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Wu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Suqian Zhang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China; Pediatric Department, Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei, 445000, China
| | - Tao Qin
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Jinqiu Jiang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China; Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China; Department of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.
| | - Jihong Dai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China; Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China; Department of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.
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14
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Kim JH, Lee SY, Kang MJ, Yoon J, Jung S, Cho HJ, Kim HB, Hong SJ. Association of Genetic Polymorphisms with Atopic Dermatitis, Clinical Severity and Total IgE: A Replication and Extended Study. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2018; 10:397-405. [PMID: 29949836 PMCID: PMC6021591 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2018.10.4.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common and chronic inflammatory skin disease affecting up to 20% of children and 3% of adults worldwide. Although previous reports including genome-wide association study (GWAS) approaches have identified several risk factors that appear to be associated with AD development, replication studies are lacking. In our current study, we replicated the associations between candidate susceptibility loci and AD. Methods A total of 885 Korean subjects (425 AD patients and 460 unaffected controls) were genotyped for 17 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from previous GWASs and meta-analyses of AD and from immune-related genes. Results Several SNPs showed significant associations with AD in the case-control analysis (minimum P=0.005 at rs17389644), suggesting that these polymorphisms may be related to this disease. In addition, several SNPs showed significant signals (minimum P=0.004 at rs6473227) in severe AD compared to unaffected controls. In additional linear regression analysis, a few genotypes appeared to have potential effects on the SCORing AD (SCORAD) values (minimum P=0.003 at rs13361382 on TMEM232) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels (minimum P<0.0001 at rs4713555 near HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQA1) in AD patients. Conclusions Our replication and extended study provide additional supporting information on the genetic associations (especially, variants in TMEM232 and nearby to IL21 and HLA-DRB1/HLA-DQA1) related to AD, its clinical severity and IgE involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Ulsan Collage of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Yeon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Environmental Health Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan Collage of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Jin Kang
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan Collage of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisun Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Environmental Health Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan Collage of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungsu Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Environmental Health Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan Collage of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Mediplex Sejong Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyo Bin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Jong Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Environmental Health Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan Collage of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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15
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Ohl K, Wiener A, Lippe R, Schippers A, Zorn C, Roth J, Wagner N, Tenbrock K. CREM Alpha Enhances IL-21 Production in T Cells In Vivo and In Vitro. Front Immunol 2016; 7:618. [PMID: 28066428 PMCID: PMC5165720 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cAMP-responsive element modulator alpha (CREMα) plays a role in autoimmunity and, in particular, in systemic lupus erythematosus. CREMα negatively regulates IL-2 transcription and activates IL-17 expression by direct transcriptional mechanisms. To understand the role of CREM in autoimmunity, we recently generated a mouse with a transgenic overexpression of CREMα selectively in T cells. This mouse is characterized by enhanced IL-17 and IL-21 expression. We, herein, dissect the transcriptional mechanisms of enhanced IL-21 transcription in these mice. T cells of CREMα transgenic mice display an enhanced binding of CREMα to the CD3ζ chain promoter resulting in decreased CD3ζ chain expression. This is accompanied by a decreased excitation threshold and enhanced Ca2+ influx, which is known to induce IL-21 expression via NFATc2 activation. However, CREMα directly binds to cAMP-response element (CRE) half-site within the Il-21 promoter, which results in enhanced promoter activity shown by promoter reporter assays. CREMα-induced IL-21 transcription is not abrogated in the presence of cyclosporine A but depends on an intact CRE site within the IL-21 promoter, which suggests that CREM largely enhances IL-21 expression by direct transcriptional regulation. IL-21 transcription is critical for IL-17 generation in these mice, since IL-21 receptor blockade downregulates IL-17 transcription to wild-type levels. Finally, this is of functional relevance since CREMα transgenic mice display enhanced disease activity in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis accompanied by higher local IL-21 expression. Thus, we describe two novel mechanisms of CREMα-dependent IL-21 transcription. Since T cells of systemic lupus erythematosus patients are characterized by enhanced IL-21 transcription, this might also be of functional relevance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Ohl
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Anastasia Wiener
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Ralph Lippe
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Angela Schippers
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Carolin Zorn
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Johannes Roth
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Norbert Wagner
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Klaus Tenbrock
- Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
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16
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Wang Y, Jiang X, Zhu J, Dan Yue, Zhang X, Wang X, You Y, Wang B, Xu Y, Lu C, Sun X, Yoshikai Y. IL-21/IL-21R signaling suppresses intestinal inflammation induced by DSS through regulation of Th responses in lamina propria in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31881. [PMID: 27545302 PMCID: PMC4992961 DOI: 10.1038/srep31881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum level of IL-21 is increased in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), suggesting that IL-21/IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) signaling may be involved in the pathogenesis of IBD. However, the role of IL-21/IL-21 receptor signaling plays in the pathogenesis of IBD is not very clear. In this study, using IL-21R.KO mice, we tested the role of IL-21/IL-21R signaling in the regulation of T helper cell responses during intestinal inflammation. Here we found that IL-21R.KO mice were more susceptible to DSS-induced colitis as compared with C57BL/6 mice. The spontaneous inflammatory cytokines released by macrophages in LP of colon were significantly increased, and Th2, Th17 and Treg responses were down-regulated markedly. However, Th1 responses were significantly up-regulated in IL-21R.KO mice. Meanwhile, the population of CD8(+)CD44(+)IFN-γ(+) T cells was markedly elevated in LP of inflammatory intestine of IL-21RKO mice. In vivo, after disease onset, DSS-induced intestinal inflammation was ameliorated in C57BL/6 mice treated with rIL-21. Our results demonstrate that IL-21/IL-21R signaling contributes to protection against DSS-induced acute colitis through suppression of Th1 and activation of Th2, Th17 and Treg responses in mice. Therefore, therapeutic manipulation of IL-21/IL-21R activity may allow improved immunotherapy for IBD and other inflammatory diseases associated with Th cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuefeng Jiang
- Department of Immunology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junfeng Zhu
- Life Science School, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dan Yue
- Department of Immunology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Sheng Jing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Department of Immunology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Immunology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong You
- Department of Immunology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Biao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Northeast Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Shenyang, China
| | - Changlong Lu
- Department of Immunology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Department of Immunology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yasunobu Yoshikai
- Division of Host Defense, Center for Prevention of Infectious Disease, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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17
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Hormetic Effect of Chronic Hypergravity in a Mouse Model of Allergic Asthma and Rhinitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27260. [PMID: 27251783 PMCID: PMC4890117 DOI: 10.1038/srep27260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effect of chronic hypergravity in a mouse model of allergic asthma and rhinitis. Forty BALB/c mice were divided as: group A (n = 10, control) sensitized and challenged with saline, group B (n = 10, asthma) challenged by intraperitoneal and intranasal ovalbumin (OVA) to induce allergic asthma and rhinitis, and groups C (n = 10, asthma/rotatory control) and D (n = 10, asthma/hypergravity) exposed to 4 weeks of rotation with normogravity (1G) or hypergravity (5G) during induction of asthma/rhinitis. Group D showed significantly decreased eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in their BAL fluid compared with groups B and C (p < 0.05). In real-time polymerase chain reaction using lung homogenate, the expression of IL-1β was significantly upregulated (p < 0.001) and IL-4 and IL-10 significantly downregulated (p < 0.05) in group D. Infiltration of inflammatory cells into lung parenchyma and turbinate, and the thickness of respiratory epithelium was significantly reduced in group D (p < 0.05). The expression of Bcl-2 and heme oxygenase-1 were significantly downregulated, Bax and extracellular dismutase significantly upregulated in Group D. Therefore, chronic hypergravity could have a hormetic effect for allergic asthma and rhinitis via regulation of genes involved in antioxidative and proapoptotic pathways. It is possible that we could use hypergravity machinery for treating allergic respiratory disorders.
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Repeated Activation of Lung Invariant NKT Cells Results in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-Like Symptoms. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147710. [PMID: 26811900 PMCID: PMC4727802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic airway inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and emphysema, which lead to reduced lung function and breathlessness. The pathologies of COPD are due to an abnormal immune response. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are an important population of innate lymphocytes and have been implicated in the regulation of immune responses associated with a broad range of diseases including COPD. We have here analyzed the role of iNKT cells in a model of COPD induced by repeated intranasal administration of iNKT cell agonist α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer). Our results demonstrated that mice that received repeated intranasal administration of α-GalCer had molecular and inflammatory features of COPD including airway inflammation with significant increases in infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes, CD8+ T cells, as well as proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. In particular, these mice also showed the presence of pulmonary emphysema, mucus production, and pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, neutralization of IL-4 reduced α-GalCer induced emphysema. This study indicates the importance of iNKT cells in the pathogenesis of COPD by an IL-4 dependent mechanism.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Type 2 (Th2) immune responses play important roles in intestinal immunity by contributing to the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis, not only conferring protection against helminthic infection but also participating in pro-inflammatory pathways in chronic intestinal inflammatory disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease. The current review focuses on recent developments regarding the role of Th2 responses in intestinal inflammation. RECENT FINDINGS Th2 gut mucosal responses are promoted by mediators that are released following injury to the epithelium, and act as alarmin-type danger signals. Interleukin (IL)-33 is prominent among such factors and demonstrates a dichotomous function, exerting either protective or pro-inflammatory effects, depending on its cellular compartmentalization. The pool of type 2 effector cells has been enriched recently to include not only classical CD4+ Th2 lymphocytes but also a subset of innate lymphocytes (ILC2s) that express the transcriptional factor GATA binding protein 3 and secrete IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. ILC2s play important roles during infection with helminths and bi-directionally interact with Th2 CD4+ lymphocytes, thus establishing a transition from innate to adaptive immunological pathways. Th2 responses are also involved in pro-inflammatory pathways at the intestinal mucosa, and neutralization of the pivotal cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 has been shown to regulate experimental intestinal inflammation. In striking contrast, however, neutralization of human IL-13 had no therapeutic effect in patients with ulcerative colitis. SUMMARY Further studies will be required to delineate the specific mechanisms of type 2 mucosal immunity in inflammatory bowel disease and examine the applicability of Th2-targeted therapies for intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgos Bamias
- Academic Department of Gastroenterology, Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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