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Contreras-Castillo E, García-Rasilla VY, García-Patiño MG, Licona-Limón P. Stability and plasticity of regulatory T cells in health and disease. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 116:33-53. [PMID: 38428948 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that negatively regulate inflammation upon a pathogenic stimulus are crucial for the maintenance of tissue integrity and organ function. T regulatory cells are one of the main drivers in controlling inflammation. The ability of T regulatory cells to adapt to different inflammatory cues and suppress inflammation is one of the relevant features of T regulatory cells. During this process, T regulatory cells express different transcription factors associated with their counterparts, Th helper cells, including Tbx21, GATA-3, Bcl6, and Rorc. The acquisition of this transcription factor helps the T regulatory cells to suppress and migrate to the different inflamed tissues. Additionally, the T regulatory cells have different mechanisms that preserve stability while acquiring a particular T regulatory cell subtype. This review focuses on describing T regulatory cell subtypes and the mechanisms that maintain their identity in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Contreras-Castillo
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, CU Coyoacán, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - Verónica Yutsil García-Rasilla
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, CU Coyoacán, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - María Guadalupe García-Patiño
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, CU Coyoacán, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - Paula Licona-Limón
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, CU Coyoacán, México City 04510, Mexico
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Peng Y, Yang H, Chen Q, Jin H, Xue YH, Du MQ, Liu S, Yao SY. An angel or a devil? Current view on the role of CD8 + T cells in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis. J Transl Med 2024; 22:183. [PMID: 38378668 PMCID: PMC10877804 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myasthenia gravis (MG) and the experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG) animal model are characterized by T-cell-induced and B-cell-dominated autoimmune diseases that affect the neuromuscular junction. Several subtypes of CD4+ T cells, including T helper (Th) 17 cells, follicular Th cells, and regulatory T cells (Tregs), contribute to the pathogenesis of MG. However, increasing evidence suggests that CD8+ T cells also play a critical role in the pathogenesis and treatment of MG. MAIN BODY Herein, we review the literature on CD8+ T cells in MG, focusing on their potential effector and regulatory roles, as well as on relevant evidence (peripheral, in situ, cerebrospinal fluid, and under different treatments), T-cell receptor usage, cytokine and chemokine expression, cell marker expression, and Treg, Tc17, CD3+CD8+CD20+ T, and CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS Further studies on CD8+ T cells in MG are necessary to determine, among others, the real pattern of the Vβ gene usage of autoantigen-specific CD8+ cells in patients with MG, real images of the physiology and function of autoantigen-specific CD8+ cells from MG/EAMG, and the subset of autoantigen-specific CD8+ cells (Tc1, Tc17, and IL-17+IFN-γ+CD8+ T cells). There are many reports of CD20-expressing T (or CD20 + T) and CXCR5+ CD8 T cells on autoimmune diseases, especially on multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Unfortunately, up to now, there has been no report on these T cells on MG, which might be a good direction for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China.
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China.
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Quan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
| | - Ya-Hui Xue
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
| | - Miao-Qiao Du
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
| | - Shun-Yu Yao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
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Koral G, Ulusoy C, Cossins J, Lazaridis K, Türkoğlu R, Dong YY, Tüzün E, Yılmaz V. Silencing of FCRLB by shRNA ameliorates MuSK-induced EAMG in mice. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 383:578195. [PMID: 37660538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Muscle specific kinase (MuSK) antibody positive myasthenia gravis (MG) often presents with a severe disease course and resistance to treatment. Treatment-refractory patients may respond to B cell depleting treatment methods. Our aim was to investigate whether inhibition of Fc receptor-like B (FCRLB) could effectively suppress autoimmunity without diminishing B cell counts in animal model of MG, a classical antibody-mediated autoimmune disease. METHODS Experimental autoimmune MG was induced in Balb/C mice with two s.c. immunizations with recombinant human MuSK in complete Freund's adjuvant. FCRLB was silenced with a lentiviral particle transported shRNA in myasthenic mice with a single i.p. injection during second MuSK-immunization. Control immunized mice received scrambled shRNA or saline. Mice were observed for clinical parameters for 28 days and at termination, anti-MuSK IgG, neuromuscular junction (NMJ) deposits, muscle AChR expression and lymph node B and T cell ratios were assessed by ELISA, immunofluorescence, immunoblotting and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS FCRLB shRNA-treated mice showed no muscle weakness or weight loss at termination. Also, they exhibited higher grip strength and muscle AChR levels, lower anti-MuSK IgG and NMJ IgG/C3 levels than control mice. Flow cytometry analysis showed that ratios of major effector lymph node B and T cell populations were not altered by FCRLB silencing. However, regulatory T and CD19 + CD5+ B cell ratios were decreased in FCRLB shRNA-group. CONCLUSION Our results provide evidence regarding involvement and therapeutic value of FCRLB in MuSK-MG. Silencing of FCRLB appears to substantially inhibit antibody production without interfering with survival of major lymphocyte populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Koral
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Canan Ulusoy
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Judith Cossins
- Neuromuscular Disorders Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Recai Türkoğlu
- Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yin Yao Dong
- Neuromuscular Disorders Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Erdem Tüzün
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Vuslat Yılmaz
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Cao Y, Hou Y, Zhao L, Huang Y, Liu G. New insights into follicular regulatory T cells in the intestinal and tumor microenvironments. J Cell Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37210730 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells are a novel and unique subset of effector regulatory T (Treg) cells that are located in germinal centers (GCs). Tfr cells express transcription profiles that are characteristic of both follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and Treg cells and negatively regulate GC reactions, including Tfh cell activation and cytokine production, class switch recombination and B cell activation. Evidence also shows that Tfr cells have specific characteristics in different local immune microenvironments. This review focuses on the regulation of Tfr cell differentiation and function in unique local immune microenvironments, including the intestine and tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yueru Hou
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Longhao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yijin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Betzler AC, Ushmorov A, Brunner C. The transcriptional program during germinal center reaction - a close view at GC B cells, Tfh cells and Tfr cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1125503. [PMID: 36817488 PMCID: PMC9936310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) reaction is a key process during an adaptive immune response to T cell specific antigens. GCs are specialized structures within secondary lymphoid organs, in which B cell proliferation, somatic hypermutation and antibody affinity maturation occur. As a result, high affinity antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B cells are generated. An effective GC response needs interaction between multiple cell types. Besides reticular cells and follicular dendritic cells, particularly B cells, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells as well as T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are a key player during the GC reaction. Whereas Tfh cells provide help to GC B cells in selection processes, Tfr cells, a specialized subset of regulatory T cells (Tregs), are able to suppress the GC reaction maintaining the balance between immune activation and tolerance. The formation and function of GCs is regulated by a complex network of signals and molecules at multiple levels. In this review, we highlight recent developments in GC biology by focusing on the transcriptional program regulating the GC reaction. This review focuses on the transcriptional co-activator BOB.1/OBF.1, whose important role for GC B, Tfh and Tfr cell differentiation became increasingly clear in recent years. Moreover, we outline how deregulation of the GC transcriptional program can drive lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika C. Betzler
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexey Ushmorov
- Ulm University, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany,*Correspondence: Cornelia Brunner,
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Tang TF, Chan YT, Cheong HC, Cheok YY, Anuar NA, Looi CY, Gan GG, Wong WF. Regulatory network of BLIMP1, IRF4, and XBP1 triad in plasmacytic differentiation and multiple myeloma pathogenesis. Cell Immunol 2022; 380:104594. [PMID: 36081178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibody secreting plasma cell plays an indispensable role in humoral immunity. As activated B cell undergoes germinal center reaction and develops into plasma cell, it gradually loses B cell characteristics and embraces functional changes associated with immunoglobulins production. Differentiation of B cell into plasma cell involves drastic changes in cell structure, granularity, metabolism, gene expression and epigenetic regulation that couple with the mounting capacity for synthesis of a large quantity of antigen-specific antibodies. The interplay between three hallmark transcriptional regulators IRF4, BLIMP1, and XBP1, is critical for supporting the cellular reprograming activities during B to plasma cell transition. IRF4 promotes plasma cell generation by directing immunoglobulin class switching, proliferation and survival; BLIMP1 serves as a transcriptional repressor that extinguishes B cell features; whereas XBP1 controls unfolded protein response that relieves endoplasmic reticulum stress and permits antibody release during terminal differentiation. Intriguingly, high expression of IRF4, BLIMP1, and XBP1 molecules have been reported in myeloma cells derived from multiple myeloma patients, which negatively impact treatment outcome, prognosis, and relapse frequency. Despite the introduction of immunomodulatory drugs in recent years, multiple myeloma is still an incurable disease with poor survival rate. An in-depth review of IRF4, BLIMP1, and XBP1 triad molecules in plasma cell generation and multiple myeloma tumorigenesis may provide clues to the possibility of targeting these molecules in disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fang Tang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Teng Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Heng Choon Cheong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yi Ying Cheok
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Adila Anuar
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Bioscience, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gin Gin Gan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Kotschenreuther K, Yan S, Kofler DM. Migration and homeostasis of regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:947636. [PMID: 36016949 PMCID: PMC9398455 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.947636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are garnering increased attention in research related to autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). They play an essential role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis by restricting effector T cell activity. Reduced functions and frequencies of Treg cells contribute to the pathogenesis of RA, a common autoimmune disease which leads to systemic inflammation and erosive joint destruction. Treg cells from patients with RA are characterized by impaired functions and by an altered phenotype. They show increased plasticity towards Th17 cells and a reduced suppressive capacity. Besides the suppressive function of Treg cells, their effectiveness is determined by their ability to migrate into inflamed tissues. In the past years, new mechanisms involved in Treg cell migration have been identified. One example of such a mechanism is the phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). Efficient migration of Treg cells requires the presence of VASP. IL-6, a cytokine which is abundantly present in the peripheral blood and in the synovial tissue of RA patients, induces posttranslational modifications of VASP. Recently, it has been shown in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) that this IL-6 mediated posttranslational modification leads to reduced Treg cell trafficking. Another protein which facilitates Treg cell migration is G-protein-signaling modulator 2 (GPSM2). It modulates G-protein coupled receptor functioning, thereby altering the cellular activity initiated by cell surface receptors in response to extracellular signals. The almost complete lack of GPSM2 in Treg cells from RA patients contributes to their reduced ability to migrate towards inflammatory sites. In this review article, we highlight the newly identified mechanisms of Treg cell migration and review the current knowledge about impaired Treg cell homeostasis in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Kotschenreuther
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shuaifeng Yan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David M. Kofler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: David M. Kofler,
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8
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Nadeau S, Martins GA. Conserved and Unique Functions of Blimp1 in Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 12:805260. [PMID: 35154079 PMCID: PMC8829541 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.805260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp1), is an evolutionarily conserved transcriptional regulator originally described as a repressor of gene transcription. Blimp1 crucially regulates embryonic development and terminal differentiation in numerous cell lineages, including immune cells. Initial investigations of Blimp1’s role in immunity established its non-redundant role in lymphocytic terminal effector differentiation and function. In B cells, Blimp1 drives plasmablast formation and antibody secretion, whereas in T cells, Blimp1 regulates functional differentiation, including cytokine gene expression. These studies established Blimp1 as an essential transcriptional regulator that promotes efficient and controlled adaptive immunity. Recent studies have also demonstrated important roles for Blimp1 in innate immune cells, specifically myeloid cells, and Blimp1 has been established as an intrinsic regulator of dendritic cell maturation and T cell priming. Emerging studies have determined both conserved and unique functions of Blimp1 in different immune cell subsets, including the unique direct activation of the igh gene transcription in B cells and a conserved antagonism with BCL6 in B cells, T cells, and myeloid cells. Moreover, polymorphisms associated with the gene encoding Blimp1 (PRDM1) have been linked to numerous chronic inflammatory conditions in humans. Blimp1 has been shown to regulate target gene expression by either competing with other transcription factors for binding to the target loci, and/or by recruiting various chromatin-modifying co-factors that promote suppressive chromatin structure, such as histone de-acetylases and methyl-transferases. Further, Blimp1 function has been shown to be essentially dose and context-dependent, which adds to Blimp1’s versatility as a regulator of gene expression. Here, we review Blimp1’s complex roles in immunity and highlight specific gaps in the understanding of the biology of this transcriptional regulator, with a major focus on aspects that could foster the description and understanding of novel pathways regulated by Blimp1 in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Nadeau
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute (IBIRI), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC), Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gislâine A Martins
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute (IBIRI), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC), Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC), Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC), Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Ribeiro F, Perucha E, Graca L. T follicular cells: the regulators of germinal centre homeostasis. Immunol Lett 2022; 244:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Koenig A, Vaeth M, Xiao Y, Chiarolla CM, Erapaneedi R, Klein M, Dietz L, Hundhausen N, Majumder S, Schuessler F, Bopp T, Klein-Hessling S, Rosenwald A, Berberich I, Berberich-Siebelt F. NFATc1/αA and Blimp-1 Support the Follicular and Effector Phenotype of Tregs. Front Immunol 2022; 12:791100. [PMID: 35069572 PMCID: PMC8770984 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.791100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+CXCR5+Foxp3+ T-follicular regulatory (TFR) cells control the germinal center responses. Like T-follicular helper cells, they express high levels of Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cells c1, predominantly its short isoform NFATc1/αA. Ablation of NFATc1 in Tregs prevents upregulation of CXCR5 and migration of TFR cells into B-cell follicles. By contrast, constitutive active NFATc1/αA defines the surface density of CXCR5, whose level determines how deep a TFR migrates into the GC and how effectively it controls antibody production. As one type of effector Treg, TFR cells express B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1). Blimp-1 can directly repress Cxcr5 and NFATc1/αA is necessary to overcome this Blimp-1-mediated repression. Interestingly, Blimp-1 even reinforces the recruitment of NFATc1 to Cxcr5 by protein-protein interaction and by those means cooperates with NFATc1 for Cxcr5 transactivation. On the contrary, Blimp-1 is necessary to counterbalance NFATc1/αA and preserve the Treg identity. This is because although NFATc1/αA strengthens the follicular development of Tregs, it bears the inherent risk of causing an ex-Treg phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Koenig
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Vaeth
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yin Xiao
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Raghu Erapaneedi
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lena Dietz
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Snigdha Majumder
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Felix Schuessler
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,University Cancer Center Mainz, University Medical Center, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Frankfurt/Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Klein-Hessling
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Centre Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingolf Berberich
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Follicular Regulatory T Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:9943743. [PMID: 34337086 PMCID: PMC8294974 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9943743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells are the regulatory T cell subset mainly localized in the germinal center (GC), acting as modulators of GC responses. They can disrupt Tfh cell- and B cell-linked recognition, induce Tfh apoptosis, and suppress B cell function. Evidences show that dysregulated Tfr cells are associated with the disease activity index and serum autoantibody levels, influencing the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This review focuses on the interaction among Tfr, Tfh, and B cells, summarizes the characterization and function of Tfr cells, concludes the imbalance of CD4+T subsets in SLE, and presents potential therapies for SLE. In general, we discuss the roles of Tfr cells in the progress of SLE and provide potential treatments.
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12
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Ye Y, Wang M, Huang H. Follicular regulatory T cell biology and its role in immune-mediated diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:239-255. [PMID: 33938586 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0321-601rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells are recently found to be a special subgroup of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Tfr cells play an important role in regulating the germinal center (GC) response, especially modulating follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and GC-B cells, thereby affecting the production of antibodies. Tfr cells are involved in the generation and development of many immune-related and inflammatory diseases. This article summarizes the advances in several aspects of Tfr cell biology, with special focus on definition and phenotype, development and differentiation, regulatory factors, functions, and interactions with T/B cells and molecules involved in performance and regulation of Tfr function. Finally, we highlight the current understanding of Tfr cells involvement in autoimmunity and alloreactivity, and describe some drugs targeting Tfr cells. These latest studies have answered some basic questions in Tfr cell biology and explored the roles of Tfr cells in immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishan Ye
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mowang Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Hao H, Nakayamada S, Tanaka Y. Differentiation, functions, and roles of T follicular regulatory cells in autoimmune diseases. Inflamm Regen 2021; 41:14. [PMID: 33934711 PMCID: PMC8088831 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-021-00164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper cells participate in stimulating germinal center (GC) formation and supporting B cell differentiation and autoantibody production. However, T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells suppress B cell activation. Since changes in the number and functions of Tfr cells lead to dysregulated GC reaction and autoantibody response, targeting Tfr cells may benefit the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Differentiation of Tfr cells is a multistage and multifactorial process with various positive and negative regulators. Therefore, understanding the signals regulating Tfr cell generation is crucial for the development of targeted therapies. In this review, we discuss recent studies that have elucidated the roles of Tfr cells in autoimmune diseases and investigated the modulators of Tfr cell differentiation. Additionally, potential immunotherapies targeting Tfr cells are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Hao
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.,Department of Immuno-oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shingo Nakayamada
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
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14
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Huang H, Ran H, Liu X, Yu L, Qiu L, Lin Z, Ou C, Lu Y, Yang W, Liu W. Leflunomide ameliorates experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by regulating humoral and cellular immune responses. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 93:107434. [PMID: 33556668 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leflunomide, an immunosuppressive disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD), is widely used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PA) as well as multiple sclerosis. However, its role in myasthenia gravis (MG) has not yet been clearly explored. Here, we investigated the effect of leflunomide on experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) in vivo and in vitro. The results demonstrated that leflunomide alleviated the severity of EAMG associated with reduced serum total anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) IgG levels. During the development of EAMG, the increase of follicular helper T cells (Tfh) 1, Tfh 17 cells and decrease of follicular regulatory T cells (Tfr) were reversely altered after leflunomide administration. Our work further found that leflunomide might inhibit Tfh cells through the IL-21/STAT3 pathway to reduce the secretion of antibodies by B cells. In addition, leflunomide rebuilt the balance of Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg subsets. These results suggested that leflunomide ameliorated EAMG severity by regulating humoral immune responses and Th cell profiles thereby providing a novel effective treatment strategy for MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Hao Ran
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Li Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Zhongqiang Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Changyi Ou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yaru Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Wenhao Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Weibin Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
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15
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Liu XJ, Zhang LJ, Yi M, Li LM, Wang J, Qi Y, Zhao P, Zhang DQ, Yang L. Interleukin-27 levels in patients with myasthenia gravis. Transl Neurosci 2020; 11:302-308. [PMID: 33312724 PMCID: PMC7706121 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2020-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-27 (IL-27), which belongs to IL-12 family, influences the function of T cells (Tregs) through regulating the expression, and function of forkhead box P3 (FoxP3). In this study, we detected the IL-27 serum levels in 59 myasthenia gravis (MG) patients and 35 healthy controls (HCs). Among them, 32 MG patients received immunoglobulin intravenous (IVIG) injections (0.4 g/kg per day for 5 consecutive days). IL-27 levels were collected before and after the treatments and subjected to a comparative study. Finally, we assessed the correlations of IL-27 levels with the clinical characteristics of MG. As a result, serum IL-27 levels were significantly higher in MG patients than those in the HCs. Meanwhile, significant reduction was detected after the IVIG treatment. IL-27 levels positively correlated with both MG activities of daily living and quantitative MG score. IL-27 may participate in the pathogenesis of MG and can be used as an early marker for the diagnosis and prognosis of MG. In addition, IL-27 can be used as a target for MG treatment through the regulation of specific immune signaling and maintaining immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jiao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li-Min Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Qi
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Da-Qi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin, China
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16
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Xie MM, Chen Q, Liu H, Yang K, Koh B, Wu H, Maleki SJ, Hurlburt BK, Cook-Mills J, Kaplan MH, Dent AL. T follicular regulatory cells and IL-10 promote food antigen-specific IgE. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:3820-3832. [PMID: 32255767 PMCID: PMC7324176 DOI: 10.1172/jci132249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergies are a major clinical problem and are driven by IgE antibodies (Abs) specific for food antigens (Ags). T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are a specialized subset of FOXP3+ T cells that modulate Ab responses. Here, we analyzed the role of Tfr cells in regulating Ag-specific IgE using a peanut-based food allergy model in mice. Peanut-specific IgE titers and anaphylaxis responses were significantly blunted in Tfr cell-deficient Foxp3-Cre Bcl6fl/fl mice. Loss of Tfr cells led to greatly increased nonspecific IgE levels, showing that Tfr cells have both helper and suppressor functions in IgE production in the germinal center (GC) that work together to facilitate the production of Ag-specific IgE. Foxp3-Cre Ptenfl/fl mice with augmented Tfr cell responses had markedly higher levels of peanut-specific IgE, revealing an active helper function by Tfr cells on Ag-specific IgE. The helper function of Tfr cells for IgE production involves IL-10, and the loss of IL-10 signaling by B cells led to a severely curtailed peanut-specific IgE response, decreased GCB cell survival, and loss of GC dark zone B cells after peanut sensitization. We thus reveal that Tfr cells have an unexpected helper role in promoting food allergy and may represent a target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Byunghee Koh
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Soheila J. Maleki
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Barry K. Hurlburt
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Joan Cook-Mills
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Mark H. Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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17
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Huang Y, Chen Z, Wang H, Ba X, Shen P, Lin W, Wang Y, Qin K, Huang Y, Tu S. Follicular regulatory T cells: a novel target for immunotherapy? Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1106. [PMID: 32082569 PMCID: PMC7019198 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High‐affinity antibodies are produced during multiple processes in germinal centres (GCs), where follicular helper T (Tfh) cells interact closely with B cells to support B‐cell survival, differentiation and proliferation. Recent studies have revealed that a specialised subset of regulatory T cells, follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells, especially fine‐tune Tfh cells and GC B cells, ultimately regulating GC reactions. Alterations in frequencies or function of Tfr cells may result in multiple autoantibody‐mediated or autoantibody‐associated diseases. This review discusses recent insights into the physiology and pathology of Tfr cells, with a special emphasis on their potential roles in human diseases. Discrepancies are common among studies, reflecting the limited understanding of Tfr cells. Further exploration of the mechanisms of Tfr cells in these diseases and thus targeting Tfr cells may help reinstate immune homeostasis and provide novel immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Huang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Xin Ba
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Pan Shen
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Weiji Lin
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Kai Qin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Shenghao Tu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
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18
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Aloulou M, Fazilleau N. Regulation of B cell responses by distinct populations of CD4 T cells. Biomed J 2019; 42:243-251. [PMID: 31627866 PMCID: PMC6818157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Maturation of B cells in Germinal Centers (GC) is a hallmark in adaptive immunity and the basis of successful vaccines that protect us against lethal infections. Nonetheless, vaccination efficacy is very much reduced in aged population and against highly mutagenic viruses. Therefore, it is key to understand how B cell selection takes place in GC in order to develop new and fully protective vaccines. The cellular mechanisms that control selection of GC B cells are performed by different T cell populations. On one side, cognate entanglement of B cells with T follicular helper (Tfh) cells through cytokines and co-stimulatory signals promotes survival, proliferation, mutagenesis and terminal differentiation of GC B cells. On the other hand, regulatory T cells have also been reported within GC and interfere with T cell help for antibody production. These cells have been classified as a distinct T cell sub-population called T Follicular regulatory cells (Tfr). In this review, we investigate the phenotype, function and differentiation of these two cell populations. In addition, based on the different functions of these cell subsets, we highlight the open questions surrounding their heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Aloulou
- Center for Pathophysiology of Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; INSERM U1043, Toulouse, France; CNRS UMR5282, Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Fazilleau
- Center for Pathophysiology of Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France; INSERM U1043, Toulouse, France; CNRS UMR5282, Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.
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19
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Xie MM, Fang S, Chen Q, Liu H, Wan J, Dent AL. Follicular regulatory T cells inhibit the development of granzyme B-expressing follicular helper T cells. JCI Insight 2019; 4:128076. [PMID: 31434804 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells are found in the germinal center (GC) response and help shape the antibody (Ab) response. However, the precise role of TFR cells in the GC is controversial. Here, we addressed TFR cell function using mice with impaired TFR cell development (Bcl6-flox/Foxp3-cre, or Bcl6FC mice), mice with augmented TFR cell development (Blimp1-flox/Foxp3-cre, or Blimp1FC mice), and two different methods of immunization. Unexpectedly, GC B cell levels positively correlated with TFR cell levels. Using a gene profiling approach, we found that TFH cells from TFR-deficient mice showed strong upregulation of granzyme B (Gzmb) and other effector CD8+ T cell genes, many of which were Stat4 dependent. The upregulation of cytotoxic genes was the highest in TFH cells from TFR-deficient mice where Blimp1 was also deleted in Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Bcl6-flox/Prdm1-flox/Foxp3-cre [DKO] mice). Granzyme B- and Eomesodermin-expressing TFH cells correlated with a higher rate of apoptotic GC B cells. Klrg1+ TFH cells from DKO mice expressed higher levels of Gzmb. Our data show that TFR cells repress the development of abnormal cytotoxic TFH cells, and the presence of cytotoxic TFH cells correlates with a lower GC and Ab response. Our data show what we believe is a novel mechanism of action for TFR cells helping the GC response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Xie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Shuyi Fang
- Indiana University School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jun Wan
- Indiana University School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and.,Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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20
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Fonseca VR, Ribeiro F, Graca L. T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells: Dissecting the complexity of Tfr‐cell compartments. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:112-127. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Válter R. Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte – Hospital de Santa Maria Lisboa Portugal
| | - Filipa Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência Oeiras Portugal
| | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência Oeiras Portugal
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21
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Gong Y, Tong J, Wang S. Are Follicular Regulatory T Cells Involved in Autoimmune Diseases? Front Immunol 2017; 8:1790. [PMID: 29312316 PMCID: PMC5732443 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the germinal center (GC), follicular helper T (TFH) cells interact with B cells and undergo a series of GC reactions to ultimately produce high-affinity antibodies and memory plasma cells. Recent studies have found a subpopulation of regulatory T cells called follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells. TFR cells can inhibit TFH cells and/or B cells in a variety of ways to specifically regulate GC reactions. Dysfunction of TFR cells may lead to immune disorders and a variety of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the differentiation and function of TFR cells and provide an overview of TFR cells in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglu Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jia Tong
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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