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Huang P, Tang Q, Li M, Yang Q, Zhang Y, Lei L, Li S. Manganese-derived biomaterials for tumor diagnosis and therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:335. [PMID: 38879519 PMCID: PMC11179396 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is widely recognized owing to its low cost, non-toxic nature, and versatile oxidation states, leading to the emergence of various Mn-based nanomaterials with applications across diverse fields, particularly in tumor diagnosis and therapy. Systematic reviews specifically addressing the tumor diagnosis and therapy aspects of Mn-derived biomaterials are lacking. This review comprehensively explores the physicochemical characteristics and synthesis methods of Mn-derived biomaterials, emphasizing their role in tumor diagnostics, including magnetic resonance imaging, photoacoustic and photothermal imaging, ultrasound imaging, multimodal imaging, and biodetection. Moreover, the advantages of Mn-based materials in tumor treatment applications are discussed, including drug delivery, tumor microenvironment regulation, synergistic photothermal, photodynamic, and chemodynamic therapies, tumor immunotherapy, and imaging-guided therapy. The review concludes by providing insights into the current landscape and future directions for Mn-driven advancements in the field, serving as a comprehensive resource for researchers and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiying Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Qinglai Tang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Yuming Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Lanjie Lei
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, China.
| | - Shisheng Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
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2
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Cao Y, Li Y, Ren C, Yang C, Hao R, Mu T. Manganese-based nanomaterials promote synergistic photo-immunotherapy: green synthesis, underlying mechanisms, and multiple applications. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:4097-4117. [PMID: 38587869 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02844e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Single phototherapy and immunotherapy have individually made great achievements in tumor treatment. However, monotherapy has difficulty in balancing accuracy and efficiency. Combining phototherapy with immunotherapy can realize the growth inhibition of distal metastatic tumors and enable the remote monitoring of tumor treatment. The development of nanomaterials with photo-responsiveness and anti-tumor immunity activation ability is crucial for achieving photo-immunotherapy. As immune adjuvants, photosensitizers and photothermal agents, manganese-based nanoparticles (Mn-based NPs) have become a research hotspot owing to their multiple ways of anti-tumor immunity regulation, photothermal conversion and multimodal imaging. However, systematic studies on the synergistic photo-immunotherapy applications of Mn-based NPs are still limited; especially, the green synthesis and mechanism of Mn-based NPs applied in immunotherapy are rarely comprehensively discussed. In this review, the synthesis strategies and function of Mn-based NPs in immunotherapy are first introduced. Next, the different mechanisms and leading applications of Mn-based NPs in immunotherapy are reviewed. In addition, the advantages of Mn-based NPs in synergistic photo-immunotherapy are highlighted. Finally, the challenges and research focus of Mn-based NPs in combination therapy are discussed, which might provide guidance for future personalized cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Cao
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Li
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Caixia Ren
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Chengkai Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Rongzhang Hao
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
| | - Tiancheng Mu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China.
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Pan S, Sun Z, Zhao B, Miao L, Zhou Q, Chen T, Zhu X. Therapeutic application of manganese-based nanosystems in cancer radiotherapy. Biomaterials 2023; 302:122321. [PMID: 37722183 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an important therapeutic modality in the treatment of cancers. Nevertheless, the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as hypoxia and high glutathione (GSH), limit the efficacy of radiotherapy. Manganese-based (Mn-based) nanomaterials offer a promising prospect for sensitizing radiotherapy due to their good responsiveness to the TME. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of radiosensitization of Mn-based nanosystems, including alleviating tumor hypoxia, increasing reactive oxygen species production, increasing GSH conversion, and promoting antitumor immunity. We further illustrate the applications of these mechanisms in cancer radiotherapy, including the development and delivery of radiosensitizers, as well as their combination with other therapeutic modalities. Finally, we summarize the application of Mn-based nanosystems as contrast agents in realizing precision therapy. Hopefully, the present review will provide new insights into the biological mechanisms of Mn-based nanosystems, as well as their applications in radiotherapy, in order to address the difficulties and challenges that remain in their clinical application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Pan
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Zhengwei Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Liqing Miao
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China; Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, China.
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China.
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Benoit A, Vogin G, Duhem C, Berchem G, Janji B. Lighting Up the Fire in the Microenvironment of Cold Tumors: A Major Challenge to Improve Cancer Immunotherapy. Cells 2023; 12:1787. [PMID: 37443821 PMCID: PMC10341162 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy includes immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) such as antibodies targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) or the programmed cell death protein/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis. Experimental and clinical evidence show that immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) provides long-term survival benefits to cancer patients in whom other conventional therapies have failed. However, only a minority of patients show high clinical benefits via the use of ICI alone. One of the major factors limiting the clinical benefits to ICI can be attributed to the lack of immune cell infiltration within the tumor microenvironment. Such tumors are classified as "cold/warm" or an immune "desert"; those displaying significant infiltration are considered "hot" or inflamed. This review will provide a brief summary of different tumor properties contributing to the establishment of cold tumors and describe major strategies that could reprogram non-inflamed cold tumors into inflamed hot tumors. More particularly, we will describe how targeting hypoxia can induce metabolic reprogramming that results in improving and extending the benefit of ICI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Benoit
- Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment (TIME) Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (A.B.); (G.B.)
| | - Guillaume Vogin
- Centre National de Radiothérapie François Baclesse, L-4005 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
- Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Université de Lorraine—UMR 7365, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Caroline Duhem
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Centre Hospitalier du Luxembourg, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg;
| | - Guy Berchem
- Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment (TIME) Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (A.B.); (G.B.)
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Centre Hospitalier du Luxembourg, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg;
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Bassam Janji
- Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment (TIME) Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (A.B.); (G.B.)
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Zhang L, Li M, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhang F, Lin Z, Zhang Y, Ma M, Wang S. Hollow-polydopamine-nanocarrier-based near-infrared-light/pH-responsive drug delivery system for diffuse alveolar hemorrhage treatment. Front Chem 2023; 11:1222107. [PMID: 37398980 PMCID: PMC10308381 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1222107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is a serious complication caused by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Tissue damage and changes in immune response are all associated with excessive free radical production. Therefore, removing excess reactive oxygen species are considered a feasible scheme for diffuse alveolar hemorrhage treatment. Cyclophosphamide is often used as the main therapeutic drug in clinics. However, CTX carries a high risk of dose-increasing toxicity, treatment intolerance, and high recurrence rate. The combination of therapeutic drugs and functional nanocarriers may provide an effective solution. PDA is rich in phenolic groups, which can remove the reactive oxygen species generated in inflammatory reactions, and can serve as excellent free radical scavengers. Methods: We developed a hollow polydopamine (HPDA) nanocarrier loaded with CTX by ionization to prepare the novel nanoplatform, CTX@HPDA, for DAH treatment. The monodisperse silica nanoparticles were acquired by reference to the typical Stober method. PDA was coated on the surface of SiO2 by oxidation self-polymerization method to obtain SiO2@PDA NPs. Then, HPDA NPs were obtained by HF etching. Then HPDA was loaded with CTX by ionization to prepare CTX@HPDA. Then we tested the photothermal effect, animal model therapeutics effect, and biosafety of CTX@HPDA. Results: Material tests showed that the CTX@ HPDA nanoplatform had a uniform diameter and could release CTX in acidic environments. The vitro experiments demonstrated that CTX@HPDA has good photothermal conversion ability and photothermal stability. Animal experiments demonstrated that the CTX@HPDA nanoplatform had good biocompatibility. The nanoplatform can dissociate in acidic SLE environment and trigger CTX release through photothermal conversion. Combining HPDA, which scavenges oxygen free radicals, and CTX, which has immunosuppressive effect, can treat pulmonary hemorrhage in SLE. Micro-CT can be used to continuously analyze DAH severity and lung changes in mice after treatment. The pulmonary exudation in the various treatment groups improved to varying degrees. Discussion: In this study, we report a photothermal/PH-triggered nanocarrier (CTX@HPDA) for the precise treatment of SLE-DAH. CTX@HPDA is a simple and efficient nanocarrier system for DAH therapy. This work provides valuable insights into SLE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Zhang
- Lab of Molecular Imaging and Medical Intelligence, Department of Radiology, Longgang Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mifang Li
- Lab of Molecular Imaging and Medical Intelligence, Department of Radiology, Longgang Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yeying Wang
- Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yibiao Liu
- Lab of Molecular Imaging and Medical Intelligence, Department of Radiology, Longgang Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feiyuan Zhang
- Lab of Molecular Imaging and Medical Intelligence, Department of Radiology, Longgang Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhihao Lin
- Lab of Molecular Imaging and Medical Intelligence, Department of Radiology, Longgang Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Lab of Molecular Imaging and Medical Intelligence, Department of Radiology, Longgang Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingliang Ma
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shouju Wang
- Lab of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Li G, Wu S, Chen W, Duan X, Sun X, Li S, Mai Z, Wu W, Zeng G, Liu H, Chen T. Designing Intelligent Nanomaterials to Achieve Highly Sensitive Diagnoses and Multimodality Therapy of Bladder Cancer. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201313. [PMID: 36599700 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is among the most common malignant tumors of the genitourinary system worldwide. In recent years, the rate of BC incidence has increased, and the recurrence rate is high, resulting in poor quality of life for patients. Therefore, how to develop an effective method to achieve synchronous precise diagnoses and BC therapies is a difficult problem to solve clinically. Previous reports usually focus on the role of nanomaterials as drug delivery carriers, while a summary of the functional design and application of nanomaterials is lacking. Summarizing the application of functional nanomaterials in high-sensitivity diagnosis and multimodality therapy of BC is urgently needed. This review summarizes the application of nanotechnology in BC diagnosis, including the application of nanotechnology in the sensoring of BC biomarkers and their role in monitoring BC. In addition, conventional and combination therapies strategy in potential BC therapy are analyzed. Moreover, different kinds of nanomaterials in BC multimodal therapy according to pathological features of BC are also outlined. The goal of this review is to present an overview of the application of nanomaterials in the theranostics of BC to provide guidance for the application of functional nanomaterials to precisely diagnose and treat BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanlin Li
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
| | - Sicheng Wu
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
| | - Wenzhe Chen
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolu Duan
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
| | - Xinyuan Sun
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
| | - Shujue Li
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
| | - Zanlin Mai
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
| | - Wenzheng Wu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, P. R. China
| | - Guohua Zeng
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
| | - Hongxing Liu
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510631, P. R. China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510631, P. R. China
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Zhang C, Zhao J, Wang W, Geng H, Wang Y, Gao B. Current advances in the application of nanomedicine in bladder cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:114062. [PMID: 36469969 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the urinary system, however there are several shortcomings in current diagnostic and therapeutic measures. In terms of diagnosis, the diagnostic tools currently available are not sufficiently sensitive and specific, and imaging is poor, leading to misdiagnosis and missed diagnoses, which can delay treatment. In terms of treatment, current treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and other emerging treatments, as well as combination therapies. However, the main reasons for poor efficacy and side effects during treatment are the lack of specificity and targeting, improper dose control of drugs and photosensitizers, damage to normal cells while attacking cancer cells, and difficulty in delivering siRNA to cancer cells. Nanomedicine is an emerging approach. Among the many nanotechnologies applied in the medical field, nanocarrier-assisted drug delivery systems have attracted extensive research interest due to their great translational value. Well-designed nanoparticles can deliver agents or drugs to specific cell types within target organs through active targeting or passive targeting (enhanced permeability and retention), which allows for imaging, diagnosis, as well as treatment of cancer. This paper reviews advances in the application of various nanocarriers and their advantages and drawbacks, with a focus on their use in the diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Weihao Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Huanhuan Geng
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yinzhe Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Baoshan Gao
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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Kong C, Zhang S, Lei Q, Wu S. State-of-the-Art Advances of Nanomedicine for Diagnosis and Treatment of Bladder Cancer. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12100796. [PMID: 36290934 PMCID: PMC9599190 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a common malignant tumor of the urinary system. Cystoscopy, urine cytology, and CT are the routine diagnostic methods. However, there are some problems such as low sensitivity and difficulty in staging, which must be urgently supplemented by novel diagnostic methods. Surgery, intravesical instillation, systemic chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are the main clinical treatments for bladder cancer. It is difficult for conventional treatment to deal with tumor recurrence, progression and drug resistance. In addition, the treatment agents usually have the defects of poor specific distribution ability to target tumor tissues and side effects. The rapid development of nanomedicine has brought hope for the treatment of bladder cancer in reducing side effects, enhancing tumor inhibition effects, and anti-drug resistance. Overall, we review the new progression of nano-platforms in the diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfan Kong
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Qifang Lei
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Song Wu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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