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Slepicka PF, Yazdanifar M, Bertaina A. Harnessing Mechanisms of Immune Tolerance to Improve Outcomes in Solid Organ Transplantation: A Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688460. [PMID: 34177941 PMCID: PMC8222735 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival after solid organ transplantation (SOT) is limited by chronic rejection as well as the need for lifelong immunosuppression and its associated toxicities. Several preclinical and clinical studies have tested methods designed to induce transplantation tolerance without lifelong immune suppression. The limited success of these strategies has led to the development of clinical protocols that combine SOT with other approaches, such as allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). HSCT prior to SOT facilitates engraftment of donor cells that can drive immune tolerance. Recent innovations in graft manipulation strategies and post-HSCT immune therapy provide further advances in promoting tolerance and improving clinical outcomes. In this review, we discuss conventional and unconventional immunological mechanisms underlying the development of immune tolerance in SOT recipients and how they can inform clinical advances. Specifically, we review the most recent mechanistic studies elucidating which immune regulatory cells dampen cytotoxic immune reactivity while fostering a tolerogenic environment. We further discuss how this understanding of regulatory cells can shape graft engineering and other therapeutic strategies to improve long-term outcomes for patients receiving HSCT and SOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Ferreira Slepicka
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mahboubeh Yazdanifar
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Alice Bertaina
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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2
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Braun WE, Herlitz L, Li J, Schold J, Poggio E, Stephany B, Fatica R, Nally J, Brown K, Fairchild R, Baldwin W, Goldfarb D, Kiser W, Augustine J, Avery R, Tomford JW, Nakamoto S. Continuous function of 80 primary renal allografts for 30-47 years with maintenance prednisone and azathioprine/mycophenolate mofetil therapy: A clinical mosaic of long-term successes. Clin Transplant 2020; 35:e14131. [PMID: 33112428 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Eighty primary renal allograft recipients, 61 living-related and 19 deceased donor, transplanted from 1963 through 1984 had continuous graft function for 30-47 years. They were treated with three different early immunosuppression programs (1963-1970: thymectomy, splenectomy, high oral prednisone; 1971-1979: divided-dose intravenous methylprednisolone; and 1980-1984: antilymphocyte globulin) each with maintenance prednisone and azathioprine, and no calcineurin inhibitor. Long-term treatment often included the anti-platelet medication, dipyridamole. Although both recipient and donor ages were young (27.2 ± 9.5 and 33.1 ± 12.0 years, respectively), six recipients with a parent donor had >40-year success. At 35 years, death-censored graft survival was 85.3% and death with a functioning graft 84.2%; overall graft survival was 69.5% (Kaplan-Meier estimate). Biopsy-documented early acute cellular and highly probable antibody-mediated rejections were reversed with divided-dose intravenous methylprednisolone. Complications are detailed in an integrated timeline. Hypogammaglobulinemia identified after 20 years doubled the infection rate. An association between a monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and non-plasma-cell malignancies was identified. Twenty-seven azathioprine-treated patients tested after 37 years had extremely low levels of T1/T2 B lymphocytes representing a "low immunosuppression state of allograft acceptance (LISAA)". The lifetime achievements of these patients following a single renal allograft and low-dose maintenance immunosuppression are remarkable. Their success evolved as a clinical mosaic.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Braun
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Leal Herlitz
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jianbo Li
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jesse Schold
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Emilio Poggio
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Brian Stephany
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Richard Fatica
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Nally
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kathleen Brown
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert Fairchild
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - William Baldwin
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David Goldfarb
- Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - William Kiser
- Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Joshua Augustine
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robin Avery
- Division of Infectious Disease (Transplant/Oncology), Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Walton Tomford
- Department of Infectious Disease, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Satoru Nakamoto
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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3
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Carmona P, Medina-Armenteros Y, Cabral A, Monteiro SM, Gonçalves Fonseca S, Faria AC, Lemos F, Saitovitch D, Noronha IL, Kalil J, Coelho V. Regulatory/inflammatory cellular response discrimination in operational tolerance. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2019; 34:2143-2154. [PMID: 31280312 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigen-specific cellular response is essential in immune tolerance. We tested whether antigen-specific cellular response is differentially modulated in operational tolerance (OT) in renal transplantation with respect to critical antigenic challenges in allotransplantation-donor antigens, pathogenic antigens and self-antigens. METHODS We analysed the profile of immunoregulatory (REG) and pro-inflammatory (INFLAMMA) cytokines for the antigen-specific response directed to these three antigen groups, by Luminex. RESULTS We showed that, in contrast to chronic rejection and healthy individuals, OT gives rise to an immunoregulatory deviation in the cellular response to donor human leucocyte antigen DR isotype peptides, while preserving the pro-inflammatory response to pathogenic peptides. Cellular autoreactivity to the N6 heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) peptide also showed a REG profile in OT, increasing IL4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13. CONCLUSIONS The REG shift of donor indirect alloreactivity in OT, with inhibition of interleukin (IL)-1B, IL-8, IL-12, IL-17, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, Interferon-γ and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, indicates that this may be an important mechanism in OT. In addition, the differential REG profile of cellular response to the Hsp60 peptide in OT suggests that REG autoimmunity may also play a role in human transplantation tolerance. Despite cross-reactivity of antigen-specific T cell responses, a systemic functional antigen-specific discrimination takes place in OT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Carmona
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia-Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-iii-INCT, Brazil
| | - Yordanka Medina-Armenteros
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia-Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-iii-INCT, Brazil
| | - Amanda Cabral
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia-Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-iii-INCT, Brazil
| | - Sandra Maria Monteiro
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia-Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-iii-INCT, Brazil
| | - Simone Gonçalves Fonseca
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia-Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-iii-INCT, Brazil.,Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Ana Caetano Faria
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia-Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-iii-INCT, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Francine Lemos
- Serviço de Transplante Renal, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - David Saitovitch
- Divisão de Nefrologia, Hospital São Lucas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Irene L Noronha
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia-Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-iii-INCT, Brazil.,Laboratório de Nefrologia Celular e Molecular, Divisão de Nefrologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia-Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-iii-INCT, Brazil
| | - Verônica Coelho
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia-Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-iii-INCT, Brazil
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4
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Cell Therapy as a Tool for Induction of Immunological Tolerance after Liver Transplantation. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 165:554-563. [PMID: 30121913 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4213-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of solid organs, including liver, induces a number of serious complications related to immune incompatibility and requiring long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs. Finding the ways to inducing recipient immunological tolerance to the grafts is a top priority in organ transplantation and immunology. Along with the search for immunosupressive therapy, the development of alternative approaches to induction of immunological tolerance based on cell technologies is now in progress. In this regard, studies of the so-called spontaneous operational tolerance observed in ~20% patients after orthotopic liver transplantation is a promising trend. Understanding of this phenomenon can shed light on the mechanisms of immunological tolerance to allografts and will help to identify specific tolerance biomarkers and cell types with the aptitude for the induction of tolerance to liver allografts.
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5
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Chan-On C, Liberto JM, Sarwal MM. Mechanisms and biomarkers of immune quiescence in kidney transplantation. Hum Immunol 2018; 79:356-361. [PMID: 29408630 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the current understanding of biomarkers of immune quiescence based on reviews of published literature in kidney transplant operational tolerance and mechanistic studies based on a better characterization of the stable, well-functioning renal allograft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitranon Chan-On
- Division of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Juliane M Liberto
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Minnie M Sarwal
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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6
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Bentall A, Cohney SJ. Overcoming preexisting alloantibody in renal transplantation-improving outcomes while reducing needs and costs. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:3003-3005. [PMID: 28891156 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Bentall
- William J. von Liebig Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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7
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Abstract
The field of pediatric solid-organ transplantation has significantly evolved since its beginnings in the early 20th century. As advancements have led to the development of innovative surgical techniques and novel medication regimens, transplantation has now become a routine practice leading to an increase in the rates of organ recipients worldwide. The care of pediatric solid-organ transplant recipients differs from adults in several areas not only due to technically challenging surgeries, but mostly due to the complexity of their immunosuppression management. Although there is large variation of pediatric immunosuppression regimens worldwide, the use of calcineurin inhibitors, either tacrolimus or cyclosporine, still forms the backbone of immunosuppression regimens after solid-organ transplantation. Both medications are relatively well tolerated but are known to have long-term side effects, especially nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. The goal of care in long-term pediatric survivors of solid-organ transplant now aims to safely minimize exposure to immunosuppression and to achieve long-term graft tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niviann M Blondet
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital and the University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Patrick J Healey
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Seattle Children's Hospital and the University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Evelyn Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital and the University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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8
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Behnam Sani K, Sawitzki B. Immune monitoring as prerequisite for transplantation tolerance trials. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 189:158-170. [PMID: 28518214 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever since its first application in clinical medicine, scientists have been urged to induce tolerance towards foreign allogeneic transplants and thus avoid rejection by the recipient's immune system. This would circumvent chronic use of immunosuppressive drugs (IS) and thus avoid development of IS-induced side effects, which are contributing to the still unsatisfactory long-term graft and patient survival after solid organ transplantation. Although manifold strategies of tolerance induction have been described in preclinical models, only three therapeutic approaches have been utilized successfully in a still small number of patients. These approaches are based on (i) IS withdrawal in spontaneous operational tolerant (SOT) patients, (ii) induction of a mixed chimerism and (iii) adoptive transfer of regulatory cells. Results of clinical trials utilizing these approaches show that tolerance induction does not work in all patients. Thus, there is a need for reliable biomarkers, which can be used for patient selection and post-therapeutic immune monitoring of safety, success and failure. In this review, we summarize recent achievements in the identification and validation of such immunological assays and biomarkers, focusing mainly on kidney and liver transplantation. From the published findings so far, it has become clear that indicative biomarkers may vary between different therapeutic approaches applied and organs transplanted. Also, patient numbers studied so far are very small. This is the main reason why nearly all described parameters lack validation and reproducibility testing in large clinical trials, and are therefore not yet suitable for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Behnam Sani
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - B Sawitzki
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Abstract
Alloreactive T lymphocytes are the primary mediators of allograft rejection. The size and diversity of the HLA-alloreactive T cell repertoire has thus far precluded the ability to follow these T cells and thereby to understand their fate in human transplant recipients. This review summarizes the history, challenges, and recent advances in the study of alloreactive T cells. We highlight the historical development of assays to measure alloreactivity and discuss how high-throughput T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing-based assays can provide a new window into the fate of alloreactive T cells in human transplant recipients. A specific approach combining a classical in vitro assay, the mixed lymphocyte reaction, with deep T cell receptor sequencing is described as a tool to track the donor-reactive T cell repertoire for any specific HLA-mismatched donor-recipient pair. This assay can provide mechanistic insights and has potential as a noninvasive, highly specific biomarker for rejection and tolerance.
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10
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Application of Operational Tolerance Signatures Are Limited by Variability and Type of Immunosuppression in Renal Transplant Recipients: A Cross-Sectional Study. Transplant Direct 2016; 3:e125. [PMID: 28349125 PMCID: PMC5361564 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Background Renal transplant recipients (RTR) frequently develop complications relating to chronic immunosuppression. Identifying RTR who could safely reduce immunosuppression is therefore highly desirable. We hypothesized that “signatures” described in RTR who have stopped immunosuppression but maintained stable graft function (“operational tolerance”) may enable identification of immunosuppressed RTR who are candidates for immunosuppression minimization. However, the effect of immunosuppression itself on these signatures and circulating B-cell populations is currently unknown. Methods We undertook a cross-sectional study of 117 RTR to assess the effect of immunosuppression upon circulating B cell populations, humoral alloresponse and 2 previously published “signatures” of operational tolerance. Results Immunosuppression associated with alterations in both published “signatures.” Azathioprine associated with a decrease in transitional and naive B-cell numbers and calcineurin inhibition associated with an increase in the number of circulating plasmablasts. However, only azathioprine use associated with the presence of donor-specific anti-HLA IgG antibodies. Calcineurin inhibition associated with an increase in total serum IgM but not IgG. Data were corrected for age, time since last transplant, and other immunosuppression. Conclusions Current signatures of operational tolerance may be significantly affected by immunosuppressive regimen, which may hinder use in their current form in clinical practice. Calcineurin inhibition may prevent the development of long-lasting humoral alloresponses, whereas azathioprine therapy may be associated with donor specific antibody development.
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11
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Tolerance in Kidney Transplantation: What Is on the B Side? Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8491956. [PMID: 27956762 PMCID: PMC5121468 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8491956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Breg) are in the spotlight for their role in immune homeostasis maintenance and tolerance achievement as in the last years the correlation with functional and increased Breg numbers in autoimmune diseases and transplantation has been extensively proven. Their study is, however, in its infancy with still little knowledge and consensus on their origin, phenotype, and mechanism of action. All this hampers the pursuit of an effective Breg induction method for therapeutic purposes. In this review we aim to summarize the studies on human Breg and their implication in kidney transplantation and to further discuss the issues surrounding therapeutic applications of this cell subset.
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12
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Dugast E, Soulillou JP, Foucher Y, Papuchon E, Guerif P, Paul C, Riochet D, Chesneau M, Cesbron A, Renaudin K, Dantal J, Giral M, Brouard S. Failure of Calcineurin Inhibitor (Tacrolimus) Weaning Randomized Trial in Long-Term Stable Kidney Transplant Recipients. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:3255-3261. [PMID: 27367750 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Long-term renal transplant outcome is limited by side effects of immunosuppressive drugs, particularly calcineurin inhibitor (CNI). We assumed that some patients selected for a "low immunological risk of rejection" could be eligible and benefit from a CNI weaning strategy. We designed a prospective, randomized, multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study (Eudract: 2010-019574-33) to analyze the benefit-risk ratio of tacrolimus weaning on highly selected patients (≥4 years of transplantation, normal histology, stable graft function, no anti-HLA immunization). The primary endpoint was improvement of renal function. Fifty-two patients were scheduled in each treatment arm, placebo compared to the CNI maintenance arm. Only 10 patients were eligible and randomized. Five patients were assigned to the placebo arm and five were assigned to the tacrolimus maintenance arm. In the tacrolimus maintenance arm, all patients maintained stable graft function and no immunological events occurred. Contrastingly, in the placebo arm, all five patients had to reintroduce a full dose of tacrolimus since three of them presented an acute rejection episode (one humoral, one mixed, and one borderline) and two displayed anti-HLA antibodies without histological lesion (one donor-specific antibodies [DSA] and one non-DSA). Clearly, tacrolimus withdrawal must be avoided even in long-term highly selective stable kidney recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dugast
- ITUN, CHU de Nantes, INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - J-P Soulillou
- ITUN, CHU de Nantes, INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Y Foucher
- Université de Nantes, SPHERE Laboratory EA4275, Nantes, France
| | - E Papuchon
- ITUN, CHU de Nantes, INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France.,CIC Biothérapie, Nantes, France
| | - P Guerif
- ITUN, CHU de Nantes, INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France.,CIC Biothérapie, Nantes, France
| | - C Paul
- ITUN, CHU de Nantes, INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - D Riochet
- Department of Pediatrics, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France.,LUNAM University, INSERM, UMR 1064 ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - M Chesneau
- ITUN, CHU de Nantes, INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - A Cesbron
- LabEx Transplantex, Nantes, France.,Etablissement Français du sang, Pays de la Loire, HLA Laboratory, Nantes, France
| | - K Renaudin
- ITUN, CHU de Nantes, INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - J Dantal
- ITUN, CHU de Nantes, INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - M Giral
- ITUN, CHU de Nantes, INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France. .,Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France. .,LabEx Transplantex, Nantes, France. .,EU consortium BIO-DrIM (www.biodrim.eu), Berlin, Germany.
| | - S Brouard
- ITUN, CHU de Nantes, INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France.,LabEx Transplantex, Nantes, France.,EU consortium BIO-DrIM (www.biodrim.eu), Berlin, Germany.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy Graft Oncology", Nantes, France
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13
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Lu J, Zhang X. Immunological characteristics of renal transplant tolerance in humans. Mol Immunol 2016; 77:71-8. [PMID: 27479171 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Establishing allograft tolerance is a highly desirable therapeutic goal in kidney transplantation, from which recipients would greatly benefit by withdrawing or minimizing immunosuppression. Identifying biomarkers in predicting tolerance or early diagnosing rejection is essential to direct personalized management. Recent findings have revealed that multiple populations of immune cells have involved in promoting long-term graft function or inducing rejection in renal transplant recipients. Thus, roles of immune cells add another level to predict the renal tolerant state; tailoring their functional and/or phenotypic characteristics would provide insights into mechanism involved in transplant tolerance that may aid in designing new therapies. Here, we review these findings and discuss the current understanding immunological characteristics of renal transplant tolerance in humans, and their potential clinical translation to immune tolerance biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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14
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article describes biomarkers capable of identifying and predicting operational tolerance in solid organ transplant recipients. We outline the utility of these biomarkers in distinguishing allograft recipients in whom toxic immunosuppressive therapies might safely be minimized or withdrawn, and discuss their value in the appraisal of tolerance induction strategies. Finally, we review the insights derived from biomarker discovery into the cellular mechanisms underlying allograft tolerance. RECENT FINDINGS Important progress has been made in the development of robust signatures of tolerance, in both renal and liver transplant settings. Methodological advances, including high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatic processes, have been brought to bear on biomarker discovery and have heralded improvements in the accuracy with which operational tolerance can be predicted. Although the immunopathological basis for donor-specific tolerance is increasingly recognized to involve a complex interplay between numerous cell types, we review new lines of evidence shedding light on these mechanisms. SUMMARY Significant recent progress in identifying robust tolerance biomarkers has been made. In recognition of the need for rigorous validation of these, the first biomarker-led prospective immunosuppression withdrawal trials are underway. Such projects promise further progress and refinement in tolerance biomarker discovery, and offer hope for the amelioration of the burden associated with immunosuppressive therapies.
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15
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Bartlett ST, Markmann JF, Johnson P, Korsgren O, Hering BJ, Scharp D, Kay TWH, Bromberg J, Odorico JS, Weir GC, Bridges N, Kandaswamy R, Stock P, Friend P, Gotoh M, Cooper DKC, Park CG, O'Connell P, Stabler C, Matsumoto S, Ludwig B, Choudhary P, Kovatchev B, Rickels MR, Sykes M, Wood K, Kraemer K, Hwa A, Stanley E, Ricordi C, Zimmerman M, Greenstein J, Montanya E, Otonkoski T. Report from IPITA-TTS Opinion Leaders Meeting on the Future of β-Cell Replacement. Transplantation 2016; 100 Suppl 2:S1-44. [PMID: 26840096 PMCID: PMC4741413 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Bartlett
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD
| | - James F. Markmann
- Division of Transplantation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
| | - Paul Johnson
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences and Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bernhard J. Hering
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - David Scharp
- Prodo Laboratories, LLC, Irvine, CA
- The Scharp-Lacy Research Institute, Irvine, CA
| | - Thomas W. H. Kay
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and The University of Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan Bromberg
- Division of Transplantation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
| | - Jon S. Odorico
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Gordon C. Weir
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nancy Bridges
- National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Raja Kandaswamy
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Peter Stock
- Division of Transplantation, University of San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Peter Friend
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences and Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mitsukazu Gotoh
- Department of Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - David K. C. Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Chung-Gyu Park
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Phillip O'Connell
- The Center for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Cherie Stabler
- Diabetes Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
| | - Shinichi Matsumoto
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory inc, Naruto Japan
| | - Barbara Ludwig
- Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich at University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden and DZD-German Centre for Diabetes Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pratik Choudhary
- Diabetes Research Group, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Boris Kovatchev
- University of Virginia, Center for Diabetes Technology, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Michael R. Rickels
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Coulmbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Kathryn Wood
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences and Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kristy Kraemer
- National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Albert Hwa
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, New York, NY
| | - Edward Stanley
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Diabetes Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
| | - Mark Zimmerman
- BetaLogics, a business unit in Janssen Research and Development LLC, Raritan, NJ
| | - Julia Greenstein
- Discovery Research, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation New York, NY
| | - Eduard Montanya
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Children's Hospital and Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Mastoridis S, Martínez-Llordella M, Sanchez-Fueyo A. Emergent Transcriptomic Technologies and Their Role in the Discovery of Biomarkers of Liver Transplant Tolerance. Front Immunol 2015; 6:304. [PMID: 26157438 PMCID: PMC4476276 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation offers a unique window into transplant immunology due, in part, to the considerable proportion of recipients who develop immunological tolerance to their allograft. Biomarkers are able to identify and predict such a state of tolerance, and thereby able to establish suitable candidates for the minimization of hazardous immunosuppressive therapies, are not only of great potential clinical benefit but might also shed light on the immunological mechanisms underlying tolerance and rejection. Here, we review the emergent transcriptomic technologies serving as drivers of biomarker discovery, we appraise efforts to identify a molecular signature of liver allograft tolerance, and we consider the implications of this work on the mechanistic understanding of immunological tolerance.
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Novel biomarkers and functional assays to monitor cell-therapy-induced tolerance in organ transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2015; 20:64-71. [PMID: 25563993 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cell-based immunotherapy offers a novel approach to minimize the need for immunosuppressive drugs and to promote a state of immunological tolerance to a transplanted organ. We review the most promising biomarkers and functional assays able to identify patients tolerant to their graft. Such a signature of tolerance is essential in the assessment of the efficacy with which trials of cellular therapies promote immunoregulation and minimize graft rejection. RECENT FINDINGS A multitude of novel cellular therapies have entered early-phase clinical trials in solid-organ transplant patients. Recent multicentre collaborations have enabled the determination of distinct tolerance profiles for both liver and kidney transplant recipients. These have been shown to be highly predictive of tolerance in certain settings and show utility in identifying patients in whom immunosuppressive drugs can be weaned or discontinued. SUMMARY In order to become a viable treatment option in solid-organ transplantation, the latest large, multicentre clinical trials of cellular therapies must utilize, validate and discover the biomarkers with the capacity to reliably identify a signature of immune tolerance.
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Baron D, Giral M, Brouard S. Reconsidering the detection of tolerance to individualize immunosuppression minimization and to improve long-term kidney graft outcomes. Transpl Int 2015; 28:938-59. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Baron
- INSERM; UMR 1064; Nantes France
- CHU de Nantes; ITUN; Nantes France
- Faculté de Médecine; Université de Nantes; Nantes France
| | - Magali Giral
- INSERM; UMR 1064; Nantes France
- CHU de Nantes; ITUN; Nantes France
- Faculté de Médecine; Université de Nantes; Nantes France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- INSERM; UMR 1064; Nantes France
- CHU de Nantes; ITUN; Nantes France
- Faculté de Médecine; Université de Nantes; Nantes France
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19
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Schlickeiser S, Boës D, Streitz M, Sawitzki B. The use of novel diagnostics to individualize immunosuppression following transplantation. Transpl Int 2015; 28:911-20. [PMID: 25611562 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite major improvements in short-term survival of organ allografts, long-term graft survival has not changed significantly. It is also known that toxic side effects of current immunosuppressive drugs (IS) especially calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) contribute to the unsatisfactory graft and patient survival following transplantation. Thus, clinicians strive to reduce or wean IS in potentially eligible patients. Research in the last 10 years has focussed on identification of biomarkers suitable for patient stratification in minimization or weaning trials. Most of the described biomarkers have been run retrospectively on samples collected within single-centre trials. Thus, often their performance has not been validated in other potentially multicentre clinical trials. Ultimately, the utility of biomarkers to identify potential weaning candidates should be investigated in large randomized prospective trials. In particular, for testing in such trials, we need more information about the accuracy, reproducibility, stability and limitations of the described biomarkers. Also, data repositories summarizing crucial information on biomarker performance in age- and gender-matched healthy individuals of different ethnicity are missing. This together with improved bioinformatics tools might help in developing better scores for patient stratification. Here, we will summarize the current results, knowledge and limitations on biomarkers for drug minimization or weaning trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schlickeiser
- Institute of Medical Immunology, CCM, Charité University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Boës
- Institute of Medical Immunology, CCM, Charité University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Streitz
- Institute of Medical Immunology, CCM, Charité University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Sawitzki
- Institute of Medical Immunology, CCM, Charité University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), CVK, Charité University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA, (212) 304-5696;
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