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Thornton T, Mills D, Bliss E. The impact of lipopolysaccharide on cerebrovascular function and cognition resulting from obesity-induced gut dysbiosis. Life Sci 2024; 336:122337. [PMID: 38072189 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide epidemic coinciding with a concomitant increase in the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly dementia. Obesity is characterised by increased adiposity, chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, and oxidative stress, which promote endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial dysfunction reduces cerebrovascular function leading to reduced cerebral blood flow and, eventually, cognitive decline, thus predisposing to a neurodegenerative disease. Obesity is also characterised by gut dysbiosis and a subsequent increase in the lipopolysaccharide which increasingly activates toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and further promotes chronic low-grade systemic inflammation. This also disrupts the crosstalk within the gut-brain axis, thus influencing the functions of the central nervous system, including cognition. However, the mechanisms by which obesity-related increases in oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are driven by, or associated with, increased systemic lipopolysaccharide leading to reduced cerebrovascular function and cognition, beyond normal ageing, have not been elucidated. Hence, this review examines how increased concentrations of lipopolysaccharide and the subsequent increased TLR4 activation observed in obesity exacerbate the development of obesity-induced reductions in cerebrovascular function and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Thornton
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia; Respiratory and Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia.
| | - Dean Mills
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia; Respiratory and Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia; Centre for Health Research, Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia; Molecular Biomarkers Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
| | - Edward Bliss
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia; Respiratory and Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia; Centre for Health Research, Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia; Molecular Biomarkers Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
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Vorsteveld EE, Hoischen A, van der Made CI. Next-Generation Sequencing in the Field of Primary Immunodeficiencies: Current Yield, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 61:212-225. [PMID: 33666867 PMCID: PMC7934351 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08838-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies comprise a group of inborn errors of immunity that display significant clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Next-generation sequencing techniques and predominantly whole exome sequencing have revolutionized the understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of genetic diseases, thereby also leading to a sharp increase in the discovery of new genes associated with primary immunodeficiencies. In this review, we discuss the current diagnostic yield of this generic diagnostic approach by evaluating the studies that have employed next-generation sequencing techniques in cohorts of patients with primary immunodeficiencies. The average diagnostic yield for primary immunodeficiencies is determined to be 29% (range 10-79%) and 38% specifically for whole-exome sequencing (range 15-70%). The significant variation between studies is mainly the result of differences in clinical characteristics of the studied cohorts but is also influenced by varying sequencing approaches and (in silico) gene panel selection. We further discuss other factors contributing to the relatively low yield, including the inherent limitations of whole-exome sequencing, challenges in the interpretation of novel candidate genetic variants, and promises of exploring the non-coding part of the genome. We propose strategies to improve the diagnostic yield leading the way towards expanded personalized treatment in PIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil E Vorsteveld
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Caspar I van der Made
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Lung T, Sakem B, Hemmerle A, Nydegger M, Risch M, Risch L, Nydegger U. Autoimmune diseases - New insights into a troublesome field. J Transl Autoimmun 2021; 4:100108. [PMID: 34179743 PMCID: PMC8188057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent updates in the diagnosis and management of chronic inflammatory conditions can be brought together to better understand autoimmune diseases (ADs). With organ-specific or organ-limited and systemic ADs, physicians often are faced with a dilemma when making a diagnosis and may feel a kind of embarrassment when a more distinct nosological entity cannot be found. ADs often overlap with other diseases and good diagnostic procedures for ADs only become evidence-based when refined histopathologic, immunopathologic, and general laboratory analyses are available. Immunofluorescence analyses, Western blotting, CUT & RUN technology allow localization of the site of autoantibody-reactivity on the relevant DNA sequence. The Polymerase chain reaction technology and CRISPR-Cas9, the new gene editor using pools of synthetic non-coding RNAs in screening experiments, are expected to lead to advances in the diagnosis of ADs. The current use of mRNA as a vaccine against COVID-19 has increased confidence in the use of mRNA or long non-coding RNAs in the treatment strategy for ADs. The integration of new knowledge about innate immunity, the complement system, vaccinology, and senescence into the care of patients with ADs expands the therapeutic arsenal of disease-modifying drugs and allows for the repurposing of anti-cytokine monoclonal/biosimilar antibodies, originally designed for chronic inflammatory diseases, for ADs. This review article brings together some of the most relevant ideas; a case report included in this review highlights the difficulty of distinguishing between ADs, chronic inflammation, and/or granular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lung
- Center for Laboratory Medicine Dr Risch, Vaduz, Liechtenstein
| | - Benjamin Sakem
- Center for Laboratory Medicine Dr Risch, Vaduz, Liechtenstein
| | | | - Michèle Nydegger
- Institute of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Triemli City Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Risch
- Center for Laboratory Medicine Dr Risch, Vaduz, Liechtenstein
- Central Laboratory, Kantonsspital Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Risch
- Center for Laboratory Medicine Dr Risch, Vaduz, Liechtenstein
- University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Urs Nydegger
- Center for Laboratory Medicine Dr Risch, Vaduz, Liechtenstein
- University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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Zhang K, Hu X, Zhao Y, Pan G, Li C, Ji H, Li C, Yang L, Abbas MN, Cui H. Scavenger receptor B8 improves survivability by mediating innate immunity in silkworm, Bombyx mori. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:103917. [PMID: 33159959 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Scavenger receptor class B (SR-B) is an extracellular transmembrane glycoprotein that plays a vital role in innate immunity. Although SR-Bs have been widely studied in vertebrates, their functions remained to elucidate in insects. Here, we identified and characterized a scavenger receptor class B member from the silkworm, Bombyx mori (designated as BmSCRB8). BmSCRB8 is broadly expressed in various immune tissues/organs, including fat body, gut, and hemocyte. Its expression is dramatically enhanced after challenge with different types of bacteria or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The recombinant BmSCRB8 protein can detect different types of bacteria by directly binding to PAMPs and significantly improve the bacterial clearance in vivo. After knockdown of BmSCRB8, the pathogenic bacterial clearance was strongly impaired, and several AMP genes were down-regulated following E. coli challenge. Moreover, pathogenic bacteria's treatment following the depletion of BmSCRB8 remarkably decreased silkworm larvae's survival rate. Taken together, these results demonstrate that BmSCRB8 acts as a pattern recognition protein and plays an essential role in silkworm innate immunity by enhancing bacterial clearance and contributing to the production of AMPs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, China; Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, China; Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuzu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, China; Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangzhao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, China; Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Chongyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, China; Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Haoyan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, China; Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Changhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, China; Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Liqun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, China; Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, China; Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400715, Chongqing, China.
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, China; Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 400716, Chongqing, China; Southwest University Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, 400715, Chongqing, China.
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