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Seabaugh JA, Anderson DM. Pathogenicity and virulence of Yersinia. Virulence 2024; 15:2316439. [PMID: 38389313 PMCID: PMC10896167 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2316439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The genus Yersinia includes human, animal, insect, and plant pathogens as well as many symbionts and harmless bacteria. Within this genus are Yersinia enterocolitica and the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex, with four human pathogenic species that are highly related at the genomic level including the causative agent of plague, Yersinia pestis. Extensive laboratory, field work, and clinical research have been conducted to understand the underlying pathogenesis and zoonotic transmission of these pathogens. There are presently more than 500 whole genome sequences from which an evolutionary footprint can be developed that details shared and unique virulence properties. Whereas the virulence of Y. pestis now seems in apparent homoeostasis within its flea transmission cycle, substantial evolutionary changes that affect transmission and disease severity continue to ndergo apparent selective pressure within the other Yersiniae that cause intestinal diseases. In this review, we will summarize the present understanding of the virulence and pathogenesis of Yersinia, highlighting shared mechanisms of virulence and the differences that determine the infection niche and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarett A. Seabaugh
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
| | - Deborah M. Anderson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
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2
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Venugopal G, Pechous RD. Yersinia pestis and pneumonic plague: Insight into how a lethal pathogen interfaces with innate immune populations in the lung to cause severe disease. Cell Immunol 2024; 403-404:104856. [PMID: 39002222 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of bubonic, septicemic and pneumonic plague. The historical importance and potential of plague to re-emerge as a threat worldwide are indisputable. The most severe manifestion of plague is pneumonic plague, which results in disease that is 100% lethal without treatment. Y. pestis suppresses host immune responses early in the lung to establish infection. The later stages of infection see the rapid onset of hyperinflammatory responses that prove lethal. The study of Y. pestis host/pathogen interactions have largely been investigated during bubonic plague and with attenuated strains in cell culture models. There remains a somewhat limited understanding of the interactions between virulent Y. pestis and immune populations in the lung that drive severe disease. In this review we give a broad overview of the progression of pneumonic plague and highlighting how Y. pestis interfaces with host innate immune populations in the lung to cause lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath Venugopal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Roger D Pechous
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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Nenasheva VV, Stepanenko EA, Tarantul VZ. Multi-Directional Mechanisms of Participation of the TRIM Gene Family in Response of Innate Immune System to Bacterial Infections. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:1283-1299. [PMID: 39218025 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924070101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The multigene TRIM family is an important component of the innate immune system. For a long time, the main function of the genes belonging to this family was believed to be an antiviral defense of the host organism. The issue of their participation in the immune system response to bacterial invasion has been less studied. This review is the first comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms of functioning of the TRIM family genes in response to bacterial infections, which expands our knowledge about the role of TRIM in the innate immune system. When infected with different types of bacteria, individual TRIM proteins regulate inflammatory, interferon, and other responses of the immune system in the cells, and also affect autophagy and apoptosis. Functioning of TRIM proteins in response to bacterial infection, as well as viral infection, often includes ubiquitination and various protein-protein interactions with both bacterial proteins and host cell proteins. At the same time, some TRIM proteins, on the contrary, contribute to the infection development. Different members of the TRIM family possess similar mechanisms of response to viral and bacterial infection, and the final impact of these proteins could vary significantly. New data on the effect of TRIM proteins on bacterial infections make an important contribution to a more detailed understanding of the innate immune system functioning in animals and humans when interacting with pathogens. This data could also be used for the search of new targets for antibacterial defense.
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Zhu C, Xu S, Jiang R, Yu Y, Bian J, Zou Z. The gasdermin family: emerging therapeutic targets in diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:87. [PMID: 38584157 PMCID: PMC10999458 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01801-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The gasdermin (GSDM) family has garnered significant attention for its pivotal role in immunity and disease as a key player in pyroptosis. This recently characterized class of pore-forming effector proteins is pivotal in orchestrating processes such as membrane permeabilization, pyroptosis, and the follow-up inflammatory response, which are crucial self-defense mechanisms against irritants and infections. GSDMs have been implicated in a range of diseases including, but not limited to, sepsis, viral infections, and cancer, either through involvement in pyroptosis or independently of this process. The regulation of GSDM-mediated pyroptosis is gaining recognition as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of various diseases. Current strategies for inhibiting GSDMD primarily involve binding to GSDMD, blocking GSDMD cleavage or inhibiting GSDMD-N-terminal (NT) oligomerization, albeit with some off-target effects. In this review, we delve into the cutting-edge understanding of the interplay between GSDMs and pyroptosis, elucidate the activation mechanisms of GSDMs, explore their associations with a range of diseases, and discuss recent advancements and potential strategies for developing GSDMD inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Zhu
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity & Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ruoyu Jiang
- School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yizhi Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity & Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Jinjun Bian
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Zui Zou
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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La Bella S, Di Ludovico A, Di Donato G, Basaran O, Ozen S, Gattorno M, Chiarelli F, Breda L. The pyrin inflammasome, a leading actor in pediatric autoinflammatory diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1341680. [PMID: 38250061 PMCID: PMC10796709 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1341680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The activation of the pyrin inflammasome represents a highly intriguing mechanism employed by the innate immune system to effectively counteract pathogenic agents. Despite its key role in innate immunity, pyrin has also garnered significant attention due to its association with a range of autoinflammatory diseases (AIDs) including familial Mediterranean fever caused by disruption of the MEFV gene, or in other genes involved in its complex regulation mechanisms. Pyrin activation is strictly dependent on homeostasis-altering molecular processes, mostly consisting of the disruption of the small Ras Homolog Family Member A (RhoA) GTPases by pathogen toxins. The downstream pathways are regulated by the phosphorylation of specific pyrin residues by the kinases PKN1/2 and the binding of the chaperone 14-3-3. Furthermore, a key role in pyrin activation is played by the cytoskeleton and gasdermin D, which is responsible for membrane pores in the context of pyroptosis. In addition, recent evidence has highlighted the role of steroid hormone catabolites and alarmins S100A8/A9 and S100A12 in pyrin-dependent inflammation. The aim of this article is to offer a comprehensive overview of the most recent evidence on the pyrin inflammasome and its molecular pathways to better understand the pathogenesis behind the significant group of pyrin-related AIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio La Bella
- Department of Pediatrics, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Armando Di Ludovico
- Department of Pediatrics, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giulia Di Donato
- Department of Pediatrics, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Ozge Basaran
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Seza Ozen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Marco Gattorno
- UOC Rheumatology and Autoinflammatory Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Chiarelli
- Department of Pediatrics, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Luciana Breda
- Department of Pediatrics, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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Farag SI, Francis MK, Gurung JM, Wai SN, Stenlund H, Francis MS, Nadeem A. Macrophage innate immune responses delineate between defective translocon assemblies produced by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis YopD mutants. Virulence 2023; 14:2249790. [PMID: 37621095 PMCID: PMC10461508 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2249790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Translocon pores formed in the eukaryotic cell membrane by a type III secretion system facilitate the translocation of immune-modulatory effector proteins into the host cell interior. The YopB and YopD proteins produced and secreted by pathogenic Yersinia spp. harboring a virulence plasmid-encoded type III secretion system perform this pore-forming translocator function. We had previously characterized in vitro T3SS function and in vivo pathogenicity of a number of strains encoding sited-directed point mutations in yopD. This resulted in the classification of mutants into three different classes based upon the severity of the phenotypic defects. To investigate the molecular and functional basis for these defects, we explored the effectiveness of RAW 264.7 cell line to respond to infection by representative YopD mutants of all three classes. Signature cytokine profiles could separate the different YopD mutants into distinct categories. The activation and suppression of certain cytokines that function as central innate immune response modulators correlated well with the ability of mutant bacteria to alter anti-phagocytosis and programmed cell death pathways. These analyses demonstrated that sub-optimal translocon pores impact the extent and magnitude of host cell responsiveness, and this limits the capacity of pathogenic Yersinia spp. to fortify against attack by both early and late arms of the host innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah I. Farag
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Monika K. Francis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jyoti M. Gurung
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sun Nyunt Wai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hans Stenlund
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Swedish Metabolomics Centre (SMC), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Matthew S. Francis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Aftab Nadeem
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Malik HS, Magnotti F, Loeven NA, Delgado JM, Kettenbach AN, Henry T, Bliska JB. Phosphoprotein phosphatase activity positively regulates oligomeric pyrin to trigger inflammasome assembly in phagocytes. mBio 2023; 14:e0206623. [PMID: 37787552 PMCID: PMC10653879 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02066-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Pyrin, a unique cytosolic receptor, initiates inflammatory responses against RhoA-inactivating bacterial toxins and effectors like Yersinia's YopE and YopT. Understanding pyrin regulation is crucial due to its association with dysregulated inflammatory responses, including Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF), linked to pyrin gene mutations. FMF mutations historically acted as a defense mechanism against plague. Negative regulation of pyrin through PKN phosphorylation is well established, with Yersinia using the YopM effector to promote pyrin phosphorylation and counteract its activity. This study highlights the importance of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity in positively regulating pyrin inflammasome assembly in phagocytic cells of humans and mice. Oligomeric murine pyrin has S205 phosphorylated before inflammasome assembly, and this study implicates the dephosphorylation of murine pyrin S205 by two catalytic subunits of PP2A in macrophages. These findings offer insights for investigating the regulation of oligomeric pyrin and the balance of kinase and phosphatase activity in pyrin-associated infectious and autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleema S. Malik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Flora Magnotti
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nicole A. Loeven
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jose M. Delgado
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Arminja N. Kettenbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Thomas Henry
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - James B. Bliska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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Özkılınç Önen M, Onat UI, Uğurlu S, Timuçin AC, Öz Arslan D, Everest E, Özdoğan H, Tahir Turanlı E. Detection of a rare variant in PSTPIP1 through three generations in a family with an initial diagnosis of FMF/MKD-overlapping phenotype. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023; 62:3188-3196. [PMID: 36692132 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The presence of FMF cases without MEFV (MEFV innate immunity regulator, pyrin) pathogenic variants led us to search for other genes' involvement in the disease development. Here, we describe the presence of genetic heterogeneity in a three-generation family with an FMF/mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD)-overlapping phenotype without MEFV/MVK (mevalonate kinase) pathogenic variants. METHOD Targeted sequencing revealed a rare, fully penetrant variant in PSTPIP1 (p.Arg228Cys, rs781341816). Computational stability analyses of PSTPIP1 protein were performed. PSTPIP1-pyrin protein interaction was examined by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients and healthy controls. PBMCs were cultured, and inflammation was induced by LPS+ATP treatment, followed by protein level measurements of caspase-1, IL1ß, pyrin and PSTPIP1 in cell lysates and mature caspase-1 and mature IL1ß in supernatants. RESULTS The conserved, rare (GnomAD, 0.000028) PSTPIP1 p.Arg228Cys variant, previously reported in ClinVar as a variant with uncertain significance, showed complete penetrance in the family presenting an autosomal dominant pattern. Computational analyses showed a potentially destabilizing effect of the variant on PSTPIP1 protein. Accordingly, PSTPIP1-pyrin interaction was increased in patients harboring the variant, which resulted in elevated levels of mature caspase-1 and IL1ß in the inflammation-induced patient samples. CONCLUSIONS Unlike previously described cases with pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne (PAPA)-associated PSTPIP1 variants, our patients with the p.Arg228Cys variant presented with an FMF/MKD-overlapping phenotype. As additional data on the genetic heterogeneity in the variable clinical spectrum of autoinflammatory syndromes, we suggest that the p.Arg228Cys variant in PSTPIP1 is related to inflammation responses through strong PSTPIP1-pyrin interaction and pyrin inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Özkılınç Önen
- Molecular Biology-Genetics and Biotechnology Program, Graduate School of Science, Engineering and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umut I Onat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Acıbadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdal Uğurlu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet C Timuçin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Acıbadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Devrim Öz Arslan
- Biophysics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Acıbadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Everest
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huri Özdoğan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eda Tahir Turanlı
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Acıbadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Molecular and Translational Biomedicine Program, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Acıbadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Li B, Guo J, Zhou X, Li W, Wang N, Cao R, Cui S. The emerging role of pyroptosis in neuropathic pain. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110562. [PMID: 37364324 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain caused by somatosensory system injuries is notoriously difficult to treat. Previous research has shown that neuroinflammation and cell death have been implicated in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. Pyroptosis is a form of programmed cell death associated with inflammatory processes, as it can enhance or sustain the inflammatory response by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review presents the current knowledge on pyroptosis and its underlying mechanisms, including the canonical and noncanonical pathways. Moreover, we discuss recent findings on the role of pyroptosis in neuropathic pain and its potential as a therapeutic target. In conclusion, this review highlights the potential significance of pyroptosis as a promising target for developing innovative therapies to treat neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolong Li
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Third Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Jin Guo
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Third Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Xiongyao Zhou
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Third Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Weizhen Li
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Third Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Third Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Rangjuan Cao
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Third Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, Changchun, China.
| | - Shusen Cui
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Third Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, Changchun, China.
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Zhang Z, Li X, Wang Y, Wei Y, Wei X. Involvement of inflammasomes in tumor microenvironment and tumor therapies. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:24. [PMID: 36932407 PMCID: PMC10022228 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are macromolecular platforms formed in response to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, whose formation would cause maturation of interleukin-1 (IL-1) family members and gasdermin D (GSDMD), leading to IL-1 secretion and pyroptosis respectively. Several kinds of inflammasomes detecting different types of dangers have been found. The activation of inflammasomes is regulated at both transcription and posttranscription levels, which is crucial in protecting the host from infections and sterile insults. Present findings have illustrated that inflammasomes are involved in not only infection but also the pathology of tumors implying an important link between inflammation and tumor development. Generally, inflammasomes participate in tumorigenesis, cell death, metastasis, immune evasion, chemotherapy, target therapy, and radiotherapy. Inflammasome components are upregulated in some tumors, and inflammasomes can be activated in cancer cells and other stromal cells by DAMPs, chemotherapy agents, and radiation. In some cases, inflammasomes inhibit tumor progression by initiating GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in cancer cells and stimulating IL-1 signal-mediated anti-tumor immunity. However, IL-1 signal recruits immunosuppressive cell subsets in other cases. We discuss the conflicting results and propose some possible explanations. Additionally, we also summarize interventions targeting inflammasome pathways in both preclinical and clinical stages. Interventions targeting inflammasomes are promising for immunotherapy and combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Zhang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Li
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
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Dubyak GR, Miller BA, Pearlman E. Pyroptosis in neutrophils: Multimodal integration of inflammasome and regulated cell death signaling pathways. Immunol Rev 2023; 314:229-249. [PMID: 36656082 PMCID: PMC10407921 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a proinflammatory mode of lytic cell death mediated by accumulation of plasma membrane (PM) macropores composed of gasdermin-family (GSDM) proteins. It facilitates two major functions in innate immunity: (i) elimination of intracellular replicative niches for pathogenic bacteria; and (ii) non-classical secretion of IL-1 family cytokines that amplify host-beneficial inflammatory responses to microbial infection or tissue damage. Physiological roles for gasdermin D (GSDMD) in pyroptosis and IL-1β release during inflammasome signaling have been extensively characterized in macrophages. This involves cleavage of GSDMD by caspase-1 to generate GSDMD macropores that mediate IL-1β efflux and progression to pyroptotic lysis. Neutrophils, which rapidly accumulate in large numbers at sites of tissue infection or damage, become the predominant local source of IL-1β in coordination with their potent microbiocidal capacity. Similar to macrophages, neutrophils express GSDMD and utilize the same spectrum of diverse inflammasome platforms for caspase-1-mediated cleavage of GSDMD. Distinct from macrophages, neutrophils possess a remarkable capacity to resist progression to GSDMD-dependent pyroptotic lysis to preserve their viability for efficient microbial killing while maintaining GSDMD-dependent mechanisms for export of bioactive IL-1β. Rather, neutrophils employ cell-specific mechanisms to conditionally engage GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in response to bacterial pathogens that use neutrophils as replicative niches. GSDMD and pyroptosis have also been mechanistically linked to induction of NETosis, a signature neutrophil pathway that expels decondensed nuclear DNA into extracellular compartments for immobilization and killing of microbial pathogens. This review summarizes a rapidly growing number of recent studies that have produced new insights, unexpected mechanistic nuances, and some controversies regarding the regulation of, and roles for, neutrophil inflammasomes, pyroptosis, and GSDMs in diverse innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R. Dubyak
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Brandon A. Miller
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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Li Y, Jiang Q. Uncoupled pyroptosis and IL-1β secretion downstream of inflammasome signaling. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1128358. [PMID: 37090724 PMCID: PMC10117957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1128358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are supramolecular platforms that organize in response to various damage-associated molecular patterns and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Upon activation, inflammasome sensors (with or without the help of ASC) activate caspase-1 and other inflammatory caspases that cleave gasdermin D and pro-IL-1β/pro-IL-18, leading to pyroptosis and mature cytokine secretion. Pyroptosis enables intracellular pathogen niche disruption and intracellular content release at the cost of cell death, inducing pro-inflammatory responses in the neighboring cells. IL-1β is a potent pro-inflammatory regulator for neutrophil recruitment, macrophage activation, and T-cell expansion. Thus, pyroptosis and cytokine secretion are the two main mechanisms that occur downstream of inflammasome signaling; they maintain homeostasis, drive the innate immune response, and shape adaptive immunity. This review aims to discuss the possible mechanisms, timing, consequences, and significance of the two uncoupling preferences downstream of inflammasome signaling. While pyroptosis and cytokine secretion may be usually coupled, pyroptosis-predominant and cytokine-predominant uncoupling are also observed in a stimulus-, cell type-, or context-dependent manner, contributing to the pathogenesis and development of numerous pathological conditions such as cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes, LPS-induced sepsis, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. Hyperactive cells consistently release IL-1β without LDH leakage and pyroptotic death, thereby leading to prolonged inflammation, expanding the lifespans of pyroptosis-resistant neutrophils, and hyperactivating stimuli-challenged macrophages, dendritic cells, monocytes, and specific nonimmune cells. Death inflammasome activation also induces GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis with no IL-1β secretion, which may increase lethality in vivo. The sublytic GSDMD pore formation associated with lower expressions of pyroptotic components, GSDMD-mediated extracellular vesicles, or other GSDMD-independent pathways that involve unconventional secretion could contribute to the cytokine-predominant uncoupling; the regulation of caspase-1 dynamics, which may generate various active species with different activities in terms of GSDMD or pro-IL-1β, could lead to pyroptosis-predominant uncoupling. These uncoupling preferences enable precise reactions to different stimuli of different intensities under specific conditions at the single-cell level, promoting cooperative cell and host fate decisions and participating in the pathogen "game". Appropriate decisions in terms of coupling and uncoupling are required to heal tissues and eliminate threats, and further studies exploring the inflammasome tilt toward pyroptosis or cytokine secretion may be helpful.
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Xu XD, Chen JX, Zhu L, Xu ST, Jiang J, Ren K. The emerging role of pyroptosis-related inflammasome pathway in atherosclerosis. Mol Med 2022; 28:160. [PMID: 36544112 PMCID: PMC9773468 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS), a chronic sterile inflammatory disorder, is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The dysfunction and unnatural death of plaque cells, including vascular endothelial cells (VEC), macrophages, and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), are crucial factors in the progression of AS. Pyroptosis was described as a form of cell death at least two decades ago. It is featured by plasma membrane swelling and rupture, cell lysis, and consequent robust release of cytosolic contents and pro-inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-18, and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). Pyroptosis of plaque cells is commonly observed in the initiation and development of AS, and the levels of pyroptosis-related proteins are positively correlated with plaque instability, indicating the crucial contribution of pyroptosis to atherogenesis. Furthermore, studies have also identified some candidate anti-atherogenic agents targeting plaque cell pyroptosis. Herein, we summarize the research progress in understating (1) the discovery and definition of pyroptosis; (2) the characterization and molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis; (3) the regulatory mechanisms of pyroptosis in VEC, macrophage, and VSMC, as well as their potential role in AS progression, aimed at providing therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dan Xu
- grid.412679.f0000 0004 1771 3402Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xian Chen
- grid.443397.e0000 0004 0368 7493Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570100 Hainan People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhu
- grid.252251.30000 0004 1757 8247College of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ting Xu
- grid.411971.b0000 0000 9558 1426Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044 Liaoning People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Jiang
- grid.443397.e0000 0004 0368 7493Department of Organ Transplantation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570100 Hainan People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Ren
- grid.252251.30000 0004 1757 8247College of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012 Anhui People’s Republic of China ,grid.443397.e0000 0004 0368 7493Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570100 Hainan People’s Republic of China
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Marine-derived microbes and molecules for drug discovery. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:18. [PMID: 35655291 PMCID: PMC9164490 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention has been paid to marine-derived biomolecules as sources of therapeutics for autoimmune diseases. Nagasaki Prefecture has many islands and is surrounded by seas, straits, gulfs, bays, and coves, giving it the second longest coastline in Japan after Hokkaido. We have collected more than 20,000 marine microbes and have been preparing an original marine microbial extract library, which contains small and mid-size biomolecules that may penetrate cell membranes and interfere with the intracellular protein–protein interaction involved in the development of autoinflammatory diseases such as familial Mediterranean fever. In addition, we have been developing an indoor shark farming system to prepare shark nanobodies that could be developed as potential therapeutic agents for autoimmune diseases. Sharks produce heavy-chain antibodies, called immunoglobulin new antigen receptors (IgNARs), consisting of one variable domain (VNAR) and five constant domains (CNAR); of these, VNAR can recognize a variety of foreign antigens. A VNAR single domain fragment, called a nanobody, can be expressed in Escherichia coli and has the properties of an ideal therapeutic candidate for autoimmune diseases. Shark nanobodies contain complementarity-determining regions that are formed through the somatic rearrangement of variable, diversity, and joining segments, with the segment end trimming and the N- and P-additions, as found in the variable domains of mammalian antibodies. The affinity and diversity of shark nanobodies are thus expected to be comparable to those of mammalian antibodies. In addition, shark nanobodies are physically robust and can be prepared inexpensively; as such, they may lead to the development of highly specific, stable, effective, and inexpensive biotherapeutics in the future. In this review, we first summarize the history of the development of conventional small molecule drugs and monoclonal antibody therapeutics for autoimmune diseases, and then introduce our drug discovery system at Nagasaki University, including the preparation of an original marine microbial extract library and the development of shark nanobodies.
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Reprogramming of Cell Death Pathways by Bacterial Effectors as a Widespread Virulence Strategy. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0061421. [PMID: 35467397 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00614-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulation of programmed cell death (PCD) processes during bacterial infections is an evolving arms race between pathogens and their hosts. The initiation of apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis pathways are essential to immunity against many intracellular and extracellular bacteria. These cellular self-destructive mechanisms are used by the infected host to restrict and eliminate bacterial pathogens. Without a tight regulatory control, host cell death can become a double-edged sword. Inflammatory PCDs contribute to an effective immune response against pathogens, but unregulated inflammation aggravates the damage caused by bacterial infections. Thus, fine-tuning of these pathways is required to resolve infection while preserving the host immune homeostasis. In turn, bacterial pathogens have evolved secreted virulence factors or effector proteins that manipulate PCD pathways to promote infection. In this review, we discuss the importance of controlled cell death in immunity to bacterial infection. We also detail the mechanisms employed by type 3 secreted bacterial effectors to bypass these pathways and their importance in bacterial pathogenesis.
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Role of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Virulence Plasmid in Pathogen-Phagocyte Interactions in Mesenteric Lymph Nodes. EcoSal Plus 2021; 9:eESP00142021. [PMID: 34910573 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0014-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is an Enterobacteriaceae family member that is commonly transmitted by the fecal-oral route to cause infections. From the small intestine, Y. pseudotuberculosis can invade through Peyer's patches and lymph vessels to infect the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). Infection of MLNs by Y. pseudotuberculosis results in the clinical presentation of mesenteric lymphadenitis. MLNs are important for immune responses to intestinal pathogens and microbiota in addition to their clinical relevance to Y. pseudotuberculosis infections. A characteristic of Y. pseudotuberculosis infection in MLNs is the formation of pyogranulomas. Pyogranulomas are composed of neutrophils, inflammatory monocytes, and lymphocytes surrounding extracellular microcolonies of Y. pseudotuberculosis. Key elements of the complex pathogen-host interaction in MLNs have been identified using mouse infection models. Y. pseudotuberculosis requires the virulence plasmid pYV to induce the formation of pyogranulomas in MLNs. The YadA adhesin and the Ysc-Yop type III secretion system (T3SS) are encoded on pYV. YadA mediates bacterial binding to host receptors, which engages the T3SS to preferentially translocate seven Yop effectors into phagocytes. The effectors promote pathogenesis by blocking innate immune defenses such as superoxide production, degranulation, and inflammasome activation, resulting in survival and growth of Y. pseudotuberculosis. On the other hand, certain effectors can trigger immune defenses in phagocytes. For example, YopJ triggers activation of caspase-8 and an apoptotic cell death response in monocytes within pyogranulomas that limits dissemination of Y. pseudotuberculosis from MLNs to the bloodstream. YopE can be processed as an antigen by phagocytes in MLNs, resulting in T and B cell responses to Y. pseudotuberculosis. Immune responses to Y. pseudotuberculosis in MLNs can also be detrimental to the host in the form of chronic lymphadenopathy. This review focuses on interactions between Y. pseudotuberculosis and phagocytes mediated by pYV that concurrently promote pathogenesis and host defense in MLNs. We propose that MLN pyogranulomas are immunological arenas in which opposing pYV-driven forces determine the outcome of infection in favor of the pathogen or host.
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Uğurlu Ö, Evran S. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay to explore protein-protein interactions of the Yersinia virulence factor YopM. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 582:43-48. [PMID: 34689104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia outer protein M (YopM) is one of the effector proteins and essential for virulence. YopM is delivered by the Yersinia type III secretion system (T3SS) into the host cell, where it shows immunosuppressive effect through interaction with host proteins. Therefore, protein-protein interactions of YopM is significant to understand its molecular mechanism. In this study, we aimed to explore protein-protein interactions of YopM with the two components of T3SS, namely LcrV and LcrG. We used bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay and monitored the reassembly of green fluorescence protein in Escherichia coli. As an indicator of the protein-protein interaction, we monitored the in vivo reconstitution of fluorescence by measuring fluorescence intensity and imaging the cells under fluorescence microscope. We showed, for the first time, that YopM interacts with LcrG, but not with LcrV. Here, we propose BiFC assay as a simple method to screen novel interaction partners of YopM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Uğurlu
- Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, 35100, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Hatay Vocational School of Health Services, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Tayfur Sökmen Campus, 31060, Alahan-Antakya/ Hatay, Turkey
| | - Serap Evran
- Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, 35100, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey.
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History of the Plague: An Ancient Pandemic for the Age of COVID-19. Am J Med 2021; 134:176-181. [PMID: 32979306 PMCID: PMC7513766 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During the fourteenth century, the bubonic plague or Black Death killed more than one third of Europe or 25 million people. Those afflicted died quickly and horribly from an unseen menace, spiking high fevers with suppurative buboes (swellings). Its causative agent is Yersinia pestis, creating recurrent plague cycles from the Bronze Age into modern-day California and Mongolia. Plague remains endemic in Madagascar, Congo, and Peru. This history of medicine review highlights plague events across the centuries. Transmission is by fleas carried on rats, although new theories include via human body lice and infected grain. We discuss symptomatology and treatment options. Pneumonic plague can be weaponized for bioterrorism, highlighting the importance of understanding its clinical syndromes. Carriers of recessive familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) mutations have natural immunity against Y. pestis. During the Black Death, Jews were blamed for the bubonic plague, perhaps because Jews carried FMF mutations and died at lower plague rates than Christians. Blaming minorities for epidemics echoes across history into our current coronavirus pandemic and provides insightful lessons for managing and improving its outcomes.
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Kanneganti TD. Intracellular innate immune receptors: Life inside the cell. Immunol Rev 2020; 297:5-12. [PMID: 32856334 PMCID: PMC7592123 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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