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Li X, An T, Yang Y, Xu Z, Chen S, Yi Z, Deng C, Zhou F, Man Y, Hu C. TLR9 activation in large wound induces tissue repair and hair follicle regeneration via γδT cells. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:598. [PMID: 39153998 PMCID: PMC11330466 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06994-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying tissue repair in response to damage have been one of main subjects of investigation. Here we leverage the wound-induced hair neogenesis (WIHN) models in adult mice to explore the correlation between degree of damage and the healing process and outcome. The multimodal analysis, in combination with single-cell RNA sequencing help to explore the difference in wounds of gentle and heavy damage degrees, identifying the potential role of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in sensing the injury and regulating the immune reaction by promoting the migration of γδT cells. The TLR9 deficient mice or wounds injected with TLR9 antagonist have greatly impaired healing and lower WIHN levels. Inhibiting the migration of γδT cells or knockout of γδT cells also suppress the wound healing and regeneration, which can't be rescued by TLR9agonist. Finally, the amphiregulin (AREG) is shown as one of most important effectors secreted by γδT cells and keratinocytes both in silicon or in the laboratory, whose expression influences WIHN levels and the expression of stem cell markers. In total, our findings reveal a previously unrecognized role for TLR9 in sensing skin injury and influencing the tissue repair and regeneration by modulation of the migration of γδT cells, and identify the TLR9-γδT cells-areg axis as new potential targets for enhancing tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Tiantian An
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhaoyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuaidong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zumu Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chen Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Man
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Chen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Hu W, Zhang X, Liu Z, Yang J, Sheng H, Liu Z, Chen C, Shang R, Chen Y, Lu Y, Hu X, Huang Y, Yin W, Cai X, Fan D, Yan L, Hao J, Luo G, He W. Spatiotemporal orchestration of macrophage activation trajectories by Vγ4 T cells during skin wound healing. iScience 2024; 27:109545. [PMID: 38617557 PMCID: PMC11015460 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated macrophage polarization from pro-inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes underlies impaired cutaneous wound healing. This study reveals Vγ4+ γδ T cells spatiotemporally calibrate macrophage trajectories during skin repair via sophisticated interferon-γ (IFN-γ) conditioning across multiple interconnected tissues. Locally within wound beds, infiltrating Vγ4+ γδ T cells directly potentiate M1 activation and suppress M2 polarization thereby prolonging local inflammation. In draining lymph nodes, infiltrated Vγ4+ γδ T cells expand populations of IFN-γ-competent lymphocytes which disseminate systemically and infiltrate into wound tissues, further enforcing M1 macrophages programming. Moreover, Vγ4+γδ T cells flushed into bone marrow stimulate increased IFN-γ production, which elevates the output of pro-inflammatory Ly6C+monocytes. Mobilization of these monocytes continually replenishes the M1 macrophage pool in wounds, preventing phenotypic conversion to M2 activation. Thus, multi-axis coordination of macrophage activation trajectories by trafficking Vγ4+ γδ T cells provides a sophisticated immunological mechanism regulating inflammation timing and resolution during skin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wengang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhongyang Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Jiacai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hao Sheng
- Urology Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ruoyu Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yunxia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yifei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaohong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wenjing Yin
- Academy of Biological Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Dejiang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lingfeng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianlei Hao
- Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People’s Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000 Guangdong, China
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Gaoxing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Weifeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Chongqing 400038, China
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Tubero Euzebio Alves V, Bruno M, Mukherjee S, Wang L, Danaher R, Su L, Starr M, Gonzalez O. Sex-Related Effect of Aging in Gingival Gamma-Delta T Cells. J Dent Res 2024; 103:62-70. [PMID: 37968805 PMCID: PMC10985387 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231205210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging affects the number and function of gamma-delta (γδ) T cells in a tissue-specific manner, modifying the risk for inflammatory disease. These aging-related γδT-cell variations in gingival tissues that could increase the risk for inflammation and periodontal disease remain unknown. Here we sought to identify quantitative and qualitative variations in gingival γδT cells associated with aging that could have an impact in oral immunoinflammatory responses. For this, gingival tissues from young (4 mo) and aged (24 mo) male and female mice were collected and analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell suspensions were stimulated and stained with eFluor450 (cell viability), anti-CD45 (hematopoietic cells), anti-CD3 (lymphocytes), anti-TCRγδ (γδT cells), anti-IL-15rα (cell proliferation), and anti-Notch-3 (senescence marker). Detection of intracellular cytokines IL-17A and interferon γ (IFNγ) was performed. Gingival expression of specific γ- and δ-chains and cytokines was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. A significantly higher number of IL-17A-producing γδT cells and IL-17A expression levels were observed in gingival tissues from aged females but not males. Similarly, the number of gingival Notch-3+ γδT cells increased with aging only in females. IL-15rα was not detected in gingival γδT cells. Chains γ1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 as well as δ1, 2, 4, and 6 were detected. Detection levels of all γ chains except γ1 as well as δ1 and δ2 changed with aging in males, females, or both. Interestingly, number of IL-17A-producing conventional T cells similarly increased with aging only in females. Both sexes showed increased IFNγ+ conventional T-cell numbers with aging; however, it reached significance only in females. In conclusion, the number of gingival IL-17A-producing γδT cells and IL-17A expression increase naturally with aging specifically in females. This sexual dimorphism in gingival γδT and conventional Th17 cell numbers and phenotypes suggests distinct aging-related mechanisms of periodontitis in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Tubero Euzebio Alves
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - M.E.C. Bruno
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - S. Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - L. Wang
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - R.J. Danaher
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - L. Su
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - M.E. Starr
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - O.A. Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Hu Y, Hu Q, Li Y, Lu L, Xiang Z, Yin Z, Kabelitz D, Wu Y. γδ T cells: origin and fate, subsets, diseases and immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:434. [PMID: 37989744 PMCID: PMC10663641 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01653-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The intricacy of diseases, shaped by intrinsic processes like immune system exhaustion and hyperactivation, highlights the potential of immune renormalization as a promising strategy in disease treatment. In recent years, our primary focus has centered on γδ T cell-based immunotherapy, particularly pioneering the use of allogeneic Vδ2+ γδ T cells for treating late-stage solid tumors and tuberculosis patients. However, we recognize untapped potential and optimization opportunities to fully harness γδ T cell effector functions in immunotherapy. This review aims to thoroughly examine γδ T cell immunology and its role in diseases. Initially, we elucidate functional differences between γδ T cells and their αβ T cell counterparts. We also provide an overview of major milestones in γδ T cell research since their discovery in 1984. Furthermore, we delve into the intricate biological processes governing their origin, development, fate decisions, and T cell receptor (TCR) rearrangement within the thymus. By examining the mechanisms underlying the anti-tumor functions of distinct γδ T cell subtypes based on γδTCR structure or cytokine release, we emphasize the importance of accurate subtyping in understanding γδ T cell function. We also explore the microenvironment-dependent functions of γδ T cell subsets, particularly in infectious diseases, autoimmune conditions, hematological malignancies, and solid tumors. Finally, we propose future strategies for utilizing allogeneic γδ T cells in tumor immunotherapy. Through this comprehensive review, we aim to provide readers with a holistic understanding of the molecular fundamentals and translational research frontiers of γδ T cells, ultimately contributing to further advancements in harnessing the therapeutic potential of γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Qinglin Hu
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Ligong Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Zhinan Yin
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China.
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Yangzhe Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China.
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5
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Alonso S, Edelblum K. Metabolic regulation of γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes. DISCOVERY IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 2:kyad011. [PMID: 38179241 PMCID: PMC10766425 DOI: 10.1093/discim/kyad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Elucidating the relationship between cellular metabolism and T cell function has substantially advanced our understanding of how T cells are regulated in response to activation. The metabolic profiles of circulating or peripheral T cells have been well-described, yet less is known regarding how complex local microenvironments shape or modulate the bioenergetic profile of tissue-resident T lymphocytes. Intraepithelial lymphocytes expressing the γδ T cell receptor (γδ IEL) provide immunosurveillance of the intestinal epithelium to limit tissue injury and microbial invasion; however, their activation and effector responses occur independently of antigen recognition. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding γδ T cell and IEL metabolic profiles and how this informs our understanding of γδ IEL metabolism. We will also discuss the role of the gut microbiota in shaping the metabolic profile of these sentinel lymphocytes, and in turn, how these bioenergetics contribute to regulation of γδ IEL surveillance behavior and effector function. Improved understanding of the metabolic processes involved in γδ IEL homeostasis and function may yield novel strategies to amplify the protective functions of these cells in the context of intestinal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Alonso
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karen Edelblum
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Wiarda JE, Watkins HR, Gabler NK, Anderson CL, Loving CL. Intestinal location- and age-specific variation of intraepithelial T lymphocytes and mucosal microbiota in pigs. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 139:104590. [PMID: 36410569 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Intraepithelial T lymphocytes (T-IELs) are T cells located within the epithelium that provide a critical line of immune defense in the intestinal tract. In pigs, T-IEL abundances and phenotypes are used to infer putative T-IEL functions and vary by intestinal location and age, though investigations regarding porcine T-IELs are relatively limited. In this study, we expand on analyses of porcine intestinal T-IELs to include additional phenotypic designations not previously recognized in pigs. We describe non-conventional CD8α+CD8β- αβ T-IELs that were most prevalent in the distal intestinal tract and primarily CD16+CD27-, a phenotype suggestive of innate-like activation and an activated cell state. Additional T-IEL populations included CD8α+CD8β+ αβ, CD2+CD8α+ γδ, and CD2+CD8α- γδ T-IELs, with increasing proportions of CD16+CD27- phenotype in the distal intestine. Thus, putative non-conventional, activated T-IELs were most abundant in the distal intestine within multiple γδ and αβ T-IEL populations. A comparison of T-IEL and respective mucosal microbial community structures across jejunum, ileum, and cecum of 5- and 7-week-old pigs revealed largest community differences were tissue-dependent for both T-IELs and the microbiota. Between 5 and 7 weeks of age, the largest shifts in microbial community compositions occurred in the large intestine, while the largest shifts in T-IEL communities were in the small intestine. Therefore, results indicate different rates of community maturation and stabilization for porcine T-IELs and the mucosal microbiota for proximal versus distal intestinal locations between 5 and 7 weeks of age. Collectively, data emphasize the intestinal tract as a site of location- and age-specific T-IEL and microbial communities that have important implications for understanding intestinal health in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne E Wiarda
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA; Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Agricultural Research Service Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Hannah R Watkins
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Christopher L Anderson
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA; Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Crystal L Loving
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA; Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Martínez-Vargas IU, Sánchez-Bello ME, Miguel-Rodríguez CE, Hernández-Cázares F, Santos-Argumedo L, Talamás-Rohana P. Myo1f has an essential role in γδT intraepithelial lymphocyte adhesion and migration. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1041079. [PMID: 37207213 PMCID: PMC10189005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1041079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
γδT intraepithelial lymphocyte represents up to 60% of the small intestine intraepithelial compartment. They are highly migrating cells and constantly interact with the epithelial cell layer and lamina propria cells. This migratory phenotype is related to the homeostasis of the small intestine, the control of bacterial and parasitic infections, and the epithelial shedding induced by LPS. Here, we demonstrate that Myo1f participates in the adhesion and migration of intraepithelial lymphocytes. Using long-tailed class I myosins KO mice, we identified the requirement of Myo1f for their migration to the small intestine intraepithelial compartment. The absence of Myo1f affects intraepithelial lymphocytes' homing due to reduced CCR9 and α4β7 surface expression. In vitro, we confirm that adhesion to integrin ligands and CCL25-dependent and independent migration of intraepithelial lymphocytes are Myo1f-dependent. Mechanistically, Myo1f deficiency prevents correct chemokine receptor and integrin polarization, leading to reduced tyrosine phosphorylation which could impact in signal transduction. Overall, we demonstrate that Myo1f has an essential role in the adhesion and migration in γδT intraepithelial lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving Ulises Martínez-Vargas
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Elena Sánchez-Bello
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Emilio Miguel-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Felipe Hernández-Cázares
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, ; Patricia Talamás-Rohana,
| | - Patricia Talamás-Rohana
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo, ; Patricia Talamás-Rohana,
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Wiarda JE, Loving CL. Intraepithelial lymphocytes in the pig intestine: T cell and innate lymphoid cell contributions to intestinal barrier immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1048708. [PMID: 36569897 PMCID: PMC9772029 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1048708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) include T cells and innate lymphoid cells that are important mediators of intestinal immunity and barrier defense, yet most knowledge of IELs is derived from the study of humans and rodent models. Pigs are an important global food source and promising biomedical model, yet relatively little is known about IELs in the porcine intestine, especially during formative ages of intestinal development. Due to the biological significance of IELs, global importance of pig health, and potential of early life events to influence IELs, we collate current knowledge of porcine IEL functional and phenotypic maturation in the context of the developing intestinal tract and outline areas where further research is needed. Based on available findings, we formulate probable implications of IELs on intestinal and overall health outcomes and highlight key findings in relation to human IELs to emphasize potential applicability of pigs as a biomedical model for intestinal IEL research. Review of current literature suggests the study of porcine intestinal IELs as an exciting research frontier with dual application for betterment of animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne E. Wiarda
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States,Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Crystal L. Loving
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States,Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States,*Correspondence: Crystal L. Loving,
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Gui Y, Cheng H, Zhou J, Xu H, Han J, Zhang D. Development and function of natural TCR + CD8αα + intraepithelial lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059042. [PMID: 36569835 PMCID: PMC9768216 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of intestinal homeostasis results from the ability of the intestinal epithelium to absorb nutrients, harbor multiple external and internal antigens, and accommodate diverse immune cells. Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are a unique cell population embedded within the intestinal epithelial layer, contributing to the formation of the mucosal epithelial barrier and serving as a first-line defense against microbial invasion. TCRαβ+ CD4- CD8αα+ CD8αβ- and TCRγδ+ CD4- CD8αα+ CD8αβ- IELs are the two predominant subsets of natural IELs. These cells play an essential role in various intestinal diseases, such as infections and inflammatory diseases, and act as immune regulators in the gut. However, their developmental and functional patterns are extremely distinct, and the mechanisms underlying their development and migration to the intestine are not fully understood. One example is that Bcl-2 promotes the survival of thymic precursors of IELs. Mature TCRαβ+ CD4- CD8αα+ CD8αβ- IELs seem to be involved in immune regulation, while TCRγδ+ CD4- CD8αα+ CD8αβ- IELs might be involved in immune surveillance by promoting homeostasis of host microbiota, protecting and restoring the integrity of mucosal epithelium, inhibiting microbiota invasion, and limiting excessive inflammation. In this review, we elucidated and organized effectively the functions and development of these cells to guide future studies in this field. We also discussed key scientific questions that need to be addressed in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Gui
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyang Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajia Han
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Institute for Clinical Research, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Jiajia Han, ; Dunfang Zhang,
| | - Dunfang Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Jiajia Han, ; Dunfang Zhang,
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10
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Røyset ES, Sahlin Pettersen HP, Xu W, Larbi A, Sandvik AK, Steigen SE, Catalan‐Serra I, Bakke I. Deep learning-based image analysis reveals significant differences in the number and distribution of mucosal CD3 and γδ T cells between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. J Pathol Clin Res 2022; 9:18-31. [PMID: 36416283 PMCID: PMC9732684 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Colon mucosae of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) display differences in the number and distribution of immune cells that are difficult to assess by eye. Deep learning-based analysis on whole slide images (WSIs) allows extraction of complex quantitative data that can be used to uncover different inflammatory patterns. We aimed to explore the distribution of CD3 and γδ T cells in colon mucosal compartments in histologically inactive and active inflammatory bowel disease. By deep learning-based segmentation and cell detection on WSIs from a well-defined cohort of CD (n = 37), UC (n = 58), and healthy controls (HCs, n = 33), we quantified CD3 and γδ T cells within and beneath the epithelium and in lamina propria in proximal and distal colon mucosa, defined by the Nancy histological index. We found that inactive CD had significantly fewer intraepithelial γδ T cells than inactive UC, but higher total number of CD3 cells in all compartments than UC and HCs. Disease activity was associated with a massive loss of intraepithelial γδ T cells in UC, but not in CD. The total intraepithelial number of CD3 cells remained constant regardless of disease activity in both CD and UC. There were more mucosal CD3 and γδ T cells in proximal versus distal colon. Oral corticosteroids had an impact on γδ T cell numbers, while age, gender, and disease duration did not. Relative abundance of γδ T cells in mucosa and blood did not correlate. This study reveals significant differences in the total number of CD3 and γδ T cells in particularly the epithelial area between CD, UC, and HCs, and demonstrates useful application of deep segmentation to quantify cells in mucosal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Synnøve Røyset
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (MH)NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway,Department of Pathology, St. Olav's HospitalTrondheim University HospitalTrondheimNorway,Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olav's HospitalTrondheim University HospitalTrondheimNorway
| | - Henrik P Sahlin Pettersen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (MH)NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway,Department of Pathology, St. Olav's HospitalTrondheim University HospitalTrondheimNorway
| | - Weili Xu
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN)Agency for Science Technology and Research, BiopolisSingapore
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN)Agency for Science Technology and Research, BiopolisSingapore
| | - Arne K Sandvik
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (MH)NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav's HospitalTrondheim University HospitalTrondheimNorway,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR)NTNUTrondheimNorway
| | - Sonja E Steigen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health SciencesUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway,Department of Clinical PathologyUniversity Hospital of North NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Ignacio Catalan‐Serra
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (MH)NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR)NTNUTrondheimNorway,Department of Medicine, GastroenterologyLevanger Hospital, Nord‐Trøndelag Hospital TrustLevangerNorway
| | - Ingunn Bakke
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (MH)NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway,Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olav's HospitalTrondheim University HospitalTrondheimNorway
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11
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Fischer M, Edelblum KL. Intravital Microscopy to Visualize Murine Small Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocyte Migration. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e516. [PMID: 35926140 PMCID: PMC9373685 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are critical sentinels involved in host defense and maintenance of the intestinal mucosal barrier. IELs expressing the γδ T-cell receptor provide continuous surveillance of the villous epithelium by migrating along the basement membrane and into the lateral intercellular space between adjacent enterocytes. Intravital imaging has furthered our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which IELs navigate the epithelial compartment and interact with neighboring enterocytes at steady state and in response to infectious or inflammatory stimuli. Further, evaluating IEL migratory behavior can provide additional insight into the nature and extent of cellular interactions within the intestinal mucosa. Three protocols describe methodology to visualize small intestinal IEL motility in real time using fluorescent reporter-transgenic mice and/or fluorophore-conjugated primary antibodies and spinning-disk confocal microscopy. Using Imaris image analysis software, a fourth protocol provides a framework to analyze IEL migration and quantify lymphocyte/epithelial interactions. Together, these protocols for intravital imaging and subsequent analyses provide the basis for elucidating the spatiotemporal dynamics of mucosal immune cells and interactions with neighboring enterocytes under physiological or pathophysiological conditions. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Mouse preparation and laparotomy Support Protocol: Antibody labeling of cell surface markers Basic Protocol 2: Image acquisition by spinning-disk confocal microscopy Basic Protocol 3: 4D analysis of images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Fischer
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 205 S Orange Ave, Cancer Center G1228, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Karen L. Edelblum
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 205 S Orange Ave, Cancer Center G1228, Newark, NJ 07103
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12
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Wu X, Gu B, Yang H. The role of γδ T cells in the interaction between commensal and pathogenic bacteria in the intestinal mucosa. Int Rev Immunol 2022; 42:379-392. [PMID: 35583374 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2022.2076846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is an important structure involved in resistance to pathogen infection. It is mainly composed of four barriers, which have different but interrelated functions. Pathogenic bacteria can damage these intestinal mucosal barriers. Here, we mainly review the mechanisms of pathogen damage to biological barriers. Most γδ T cells are located on the surface of the intestinal mucosa, with the ability to migrate and engage in crosstalk with microorganisms. Commensal bacteria are involved in the activation and migration of γδ T cells to monitor the invasion of pathogens. Pathogen invasion alters the migration pattern of γδ T cells. γδ T cells accelerate pathogen clearance and limit opportunistic invasion of commensal bacteria. By discussing these interactions among γδ T cells, commensal bacteria and pathogenic bacteria, we suggest that γδ T cells may link the interactions between commensal bacteria and pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wu
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Gu
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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13
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Engineering-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092266. [PMID: 35565395 PMCID: PMC9100203 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that can be genetically engineered and differentiated into different types of immune cells, providing an unlimited resource for developing off-the-shelf cell therapies. Here, we present a comprehensive review that describes the current stages of iPSC-based cell therapies, including iPSC-derived T, nature killer (NK), invariant natural killer T (iNKT), gamma delta T (γδ T), mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and macrophages (Mφs). Abstract Cell-based immunotherapy, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, has revolutionized the treatment of hematological malignancies, especially in patients who are refractory to other therapies. However, there are critical obstacles that hinder the widespread clinical applications of current autologous therapies, such as high cost, challenging large-scale manufacturing, and inaccessibility to the therapy for lymphopenia patients. Therefore, it is in great demand to generate the universal off-the-shelf cell products with significant scalability. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide an “unlimited supply” for cell therapy because of their unique self-renewal properties and the capacity to be genetically engineered. iPSCs can be differentiated into different immune cells, such as T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, gamma delta T (γδ T), mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and macrophages (Mφs). In this review, we describe iPSC-based allogeneic cell therapy, the different culture methods of generating iPSC-derived immune cells (e.g., iPSC-T, iPSC-NK, iPSC-iNKT, iPSC-γδT, iPSC-MAIT and iPSC-Mφ), as well as the recent advances in iPSC-T and iPSC-NK cell therapies, particularly in combinations with CAR-engineering. We also discuss the current challenges and the future perspectives in this field towards the foreseeable applications of iPSC-based immune therapy.
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14
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Li Y, Ma Y, Jin Y, Peng X, Wang X, Zhang P, Liu P, Liang C, Yang Q. Porcine intraepithelial lymphocytes undergo migration and produce an antiviral response following intestinal virus infection. Commun Biol 2022; 5:252. [PMID: 35318455 PMCID: PMC8941121 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The location of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) between epithelial cells provide a first line of immune defense against enteric infection. It is assumed that IELs migrate only along the basement membrane or into the lateral intercellular space (LIS) between epithelial cells. Here, we identify a unique transepithelial migration of porcine IELs as they move to the free surface of the intestinal epithelia. The major causative agent of neonatal diarrhea in piglets, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), increases the number of IELs entering the LIS and free surface of the intestinal epithelia, driven by chemokine CCL2 secreted from virus-infected intestinal epithelial cells. Remarkably, only virus pre-activated IELs inhibits PEDV infection and their antiviral activity depends on the further activation by virus-infected cells. Although high levels of perforin is detected in the co-culture system, the antiviral function of activated IELs is mainly mediated by IFN-γ secretion inducing robust antiviral response in virus-infected cells. Our results uncover a unique migratory behavior of porcine IELs as well as their protective role in the defense against intestinal infection. When piglets are infected with intestinal virus, porcine intraepithelial lymphocytes undergo intra-and trans-epithelial migration promoted by chemokines from infected epithelial cells and produce an antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, college of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Yichao Ma
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, college of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Yuxin Jin
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, college of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Xuebin Peng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, college of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Xiuyu Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, college of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Penghao Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, college of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, college of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Chun Liang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, college of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, college of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
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15
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Déchanet-Merville J, Prinz I. From basic research to clinical application of γδ T cells. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:5-9. [PMID: 33245813 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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