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Wu A, Zhang J. Neuroinflammation, memory, and depression: new approaches to hippocampal neurogenesis. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:283. [PMID: 38012702 PMCID: PMC10683283 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of most common and severe mental disorders, major depressive disorder (MDD) significantly increases the risks of premature death and other medical conditions for patients. Neuroinflammation is the abnormal immune response in the brain, and its correlation with MDD is receiving increasing attention. Neuroinflammation has been reported to be involved in MDD through distinct neurobiological mechanisms, among which the dysregulation of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus (HPC) is receiving increasing attention. The DG of the hippocampus is one of two niches for neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain, and neurotrophic factors are fundamental regulators of this neurogenesis process. The reported cell types involved in mediating neuroinflammation include microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, meningeal leukocytes, and peripheral immune cells which selectively penetrate the blood-brain barrier and infiltrate into inflammatory regions. This review summarizes the functions of the hippocampus affected by neuroinflammation during MDD progression and the corresponding influences on the memory of MDD patients and model animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbiao Wu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jiyan Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Gómez J, Artigas L, Valls R, Gervas-Arruga J. An in silico approach to identify early damage biomarker candidates in metachromatic leukodystrophy. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2023; 35:100974. [PMID: 37275681 PMCID: PMC10233284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2023.100974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a rare, autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease. Deficient activity of arylsulfatase A causes sulfatides to accumulate in cells of different tissues, including those in the central and peripheral nervous systems, leading to progressive demyelination and neurodegeneration. Although there is some association between specific arylsulfatase A alleles and disease severity, genotype-phenotype correlations are not fully understood. We aimed to identify biomarker candidates of early tissue damage in MLD using a modeling approach based on systems biology. A review of the literature was performed in an initial disease characterization step, allowing identification of pathophysiological processes involved in MLD and proteins relating to these processes. Three mathematical models were generated to simulate different stages of MLD at the molecular level: an early pro-inflammatory stage model (including only processes considered to be active in the early stages of disease), a pre-demyelination stage model (including additional processes that are active after some disease progression), and a demyelination stage model (in which all pathophysiological processes are active). The models evaluated 3457 proteins of interest, individually and by pairs through data mining techniques, applying five filters to prioritize biomarkers that could differentiate between the models. Sixteen potential biomarkers were identified, including effectors relating to mitochondrial dysfunction, remyelination, and neurodegeneration. The findings were corroborated in a gene expression data set from T lymphocytes of patients with MLD; all candidates formed combinations that were able to distinguish patients with MLD from controls, and all but one candidate distinguished late-infantile MLD from juvenile MLD as part of a combinatorial biomarker pair. In particular, pro-neuregulin-1 appeared as differential on all comparisons (patients with MLD vs controls and within clinical subtypes); casein kinase II subunit alpha was detected as a potential individual marker within clinical subtypes. These findings provide a panel of biomarker candidates suitable for experimental validation and highlight the utility of mathematical models to identify biomarker candidates of early tissue damage in MLD with a high degree of accuracy and sensitivity.
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Tavaf MJ, Soltanmohammadi A, Zargarani S, Yazdanpanah E, Sadighimoghaddam B, Yousefi B, Sameni HR, Haghmorad D. Berberine promotes immunological outcomes and decreases neuroinflammation in the experimental model of multiple sclerosis through the expansion of Treg and Th2 cells. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e766. [PMID: 36705421 PMCID: PMC9837936 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Among the most frequent demyelinating autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) is multiple sclerosis. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is used as an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Berberine is an alkaloid found in some medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory effects. METHODS C57BL/6 female mice were used and divided into three groups: (1) The control group received PBS, (2) the low-dose treatment group received 10 mg/kg of berberine, and (3) The high-dose treatment group received 30 mg/kg of berberine. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein and complete Freund's adjuvant were subcutaneously administered to induce EAE. Mice were given intraperitoneal injections of pertussis toxin on the day of immunization and 2 days later. Histological studies showed low lymphocyte infiltration and demyelination of CNS in the treated groups. RESULTS The clinical scores of the treatment group with low-dose berberine (T1: 2 ± 0.13) and high-dose berberine (T2: 1.5 ± 0.14) were significantly (p < .001) lower than the control group (CTRL: 4.5 ± 0.13). Treatment groups decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, interleukin [IL]-17) (p < .001) as well as increased anti-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-4, IL-10, IL-27, IL-33, IL-35, TGF-β) (p < .01) when compared to the CTRL group. Treatment groups with berberine reduced expression of the Th1 and Th17 cytokines and transcription factors (p < .001) and increased expression of transcription factors and Th2 and Treg cytokines (p < .01) in contrast to CTRL group. CONCLUSION Berberine appears to have a protective effect on disease development and alleviating disease status in EAE, which appears to be due to the cell expansion and function of Treg and Th2 cells in addition to berberine's anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam J. Tavaf
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineSemnan University of Medical SciencesSemnanIran
| | - Azita Soltanmohammadi
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineSemnan University of Medical SciencesSemnanIran
| | - Simin Zargarani
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineSemnan University of Medical SciencesSemnanIran
| | - Esmaeil Yazdanpanah
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Immunology Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | | | - Bahman Yousefi
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineSemnan University of Medical SciencesSemnanIran
| | - Hamid R. Sameni
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cellular Sciences, School of MedicineSemnan University of Medical SciencesSemnanIran
| | - Dariush Haghmorad
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineSemnan University of Medical SciencesSemnanIran
- Cancer Research CenterSemnan University of Medical SciencesSemnanIran
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Crockett AM, Kebir H, Benallegue N, Adelman P, Gur RE, Sullivan K, Anderson SA, Alvarez JI. Immune status of the murine 22q11.2 deletion syndrome model. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2249840. [PMID: 36337041 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mice modeling the hemizygous deletion of chromosome 22q11.2 (22qMc) have been utilized to address various clinical phenotypes associated with the disease, including cardiac malformations, altered neural circuitry, and behavioral deficits. Yet, the status of the T cell compartment, an important clinical concern among 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22qDS) patients, has not been addressed. While infancy and early childhood in 22qDS are associated with deficient T cell numbers and thymic hypoplasia, which can be severe in a small subset of patients, studies suggest normalization of the T cell counts by adulthood. We found that adult 22qMc do not exhibit thymic hypoplasia or altered thymic T cell development. Our findings that immune cell counts and inflammatory T cell activation are unaffected in 22qMc lend support to the hypothesis that human 22qDS immunodeficiencies are secondary to thymic hypoplasia, rather than intrinsic effects due to the deletion. Furthermore, the 22q11.2 deletion does not impact the differentiation capacity of T cells, nor their activity and response during inflammatory activation. Thus, 22qMc reflects the T cell compartment in adult 22qDS patients, and our findings suggest that 22qMc may serve as a novel model to address experimental and translational aspects of immunity in 22qDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Crockett
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hania Kebir
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Naïl Benallegue
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Inserm, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - Philippa Adelman
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathleen Sullivan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stewart A Anderson
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jorge I Alvarez
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Lukens JR, Williams JL. An introduction to neuroimmunology. Immunol Rev 2022; 311:5-8. [PMID: 36039857 PMCID: PMC9489657 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jessica L. Williams
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
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