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Richtwerte für Polychlorierte Biphenyle (PCB) in der Innenraumluft. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2025; 68:201-218. [PMID: 39806213 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-024-04000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2025]
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Hammel SC, Schlünssen V, Hope D, Dereviankin M, Sandau CD, Hougaard KS, Meyer HW, Kines P, Jensen KA, Frederiksen M. Lower chlorinated PCBs accumulate in demolition workers while working on a contaminated worksite. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 193:109076. [PMID: 39542766 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.109076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2024] [Revised: 10/06/2024] [Accepted: 10/14/2024] [Indexed: 11/17/2024]
Abstract
Several buildings in a Danish social housing estate exceeded indoor air guidance values for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), leading to their demolition. Here, we conducted a biomonitoring study among the workers on-site (n = 24) to evaluate their exposure to all 209 PCBs across the two-year demolition. We compared their PCB serum concentrations and accumulation to those of demolition workers at other worksites (n = 21) and office workers (n = 17). Demolition workers were provided with personal protective equipment according to risk assessments for PCB-related work. Serum PCBs were measured from baseline and up to two annual follow-up visits using gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. Forty-six peaks representing 58 PCBs were detected in > 60 % of serum samples; eight congeners were found in every sample. PCB-153 was the most abundant congener (median = 22.1 ng/g lipid). After adjusting for age and smoking status, demolition workers after one year on the contaminated site experienced more than a four-fold increase in all lower chlorinated PCBs compared to office workers at baseline, with increases most prominent for tri- and tetra-CBs (10β = 6.2 and 9.2, p < 0.01). Nine PCBs were significantly elevated from baseline to year 1 in only contaminated-site demolition workers, with the largest increase observed for PCB-66/80. For higher chlorinated PCBs, levels remained consistent or decreased slightly over the three samples from these workers. Those who worked in active demolition for at least 4 years at baseline experienced a 40 % increase (95 % CI: 10 %, 90 %) in the WHO-12 PCB sum. Age significantly predicted increases in PCBs, which tracked closely with logKow values. Our study showed that despite safety measures, demolition workers who worked on a PCB-contaminated site experienced increased and accumulating internal exposure to lower chlorinated PCBs compared to general demolition and office workers. Consequently, workers' safety should be carefully considered to reduce exposures among this high risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Hammel
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Vivi Schlünssen
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Environment, Occupation and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David Hope
- Pacific Rim Laboratories Inc., Surrey, BC, Canada
| | | | - Courtney D Sandau
- Chemistry Matters Inc., Calgary, Canada; Mount Royal University, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Calgary, Canada
| | - Karin Sørig Hougaard
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Harald W Meyer
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Pete Kines
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Keld Alstrup Jensen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Marie Frederiksen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Chen Q, Yi S, Yang L, Zhu L. Penetration pathways, influencing factors and predictive models for dermal absorption of exobiotic molecules: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172390. [PMID: 38608904 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive summary of the skin penetration pathways of xenobiotics, including metals, organic pollutants, and nanoparticles (NPs), with a particular focus on the methodologies employed to elucidate these penetration routes. The impacts of the physicochemical properties of exogenous substances and the properties of solvent carriers on the penetration efficiencies were discussed. Furthermore, the review outlines the steady-state and transient models for predicting the skin permeability of xenobiotics, emphasizing the models which enable realistic visualization of pharmaco-kinetic phenomena via detailed geometric representations of the skin microstructure, such as stratum corneum (SC) (bricks and mortar) and skin appendages (hair follicles and sebaceous gland units). Limitations of published research, gaps in current knowledge, and recommendations for future research are highlighted, providing insight for a better understanding of the skin penetration behavior of xenobiotics and associated health risks in practical application contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Shujun Yi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China.
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
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Hammel SC, Frederiksen M. Quantifying 209 Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners in Silicone Wristbands to Evaluate Differences in Exposure among Demolition Workers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:6499-6508. [PMID: 38572580 PMCID: PMC11025118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
A social housing estate in Denmark was designated for demolition due to exceedance of guidance values for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in indoor air. Here, we deployed precleaned silicone wristbands (n = 46) among demolition workers of these contaminated buildings during single workdays while conducting various work tasks. We established a method to analyze all 209 PCBs in wristbands to identify prominent congeners of exposure and evaluate differences between tasks. Wristbands were extracted using microwave-assisted extraction and then concentrated for gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analysis. Twenty-nine chromatographic peaks representing 37 congeners were detected in every wristband, and tetra-CBs were the dominant homologue group. PCB-66, -44, and -70 were the most abundant congeners measured in worker wristbands, none of which are included within the typical seven indicator or WHO 12 PCBs. Workers who cut PCB-containing sealants had wristbands with the highest PCB concentrations (geometric mean ∑209PCBs = 1963 ng/g wristband), which were followed by those handling concrete elements on the building roof. Additionally, wristbands captured a broader range of PCBs than has been previously measured in air and serum samples. Taken together, our results highlight the importance of total congener analysis in assessing current PCB exposure in demolition work and the utility of wristbands for assessing these exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C. Hammel
- National Research Centre
for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Marie Frederiksen
- National Research Centre
for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Wang M, Li Y, Lv Y, Tang J, Wei P, Lu P, Zhao L, Li G, Cao Z, An T. Quantitative characterization of resident' exposure to typical semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) around a non-ferrous metal smelting plant. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133353. [PMID: 38154186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
To comprehensively characterize residents' exposure to major semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), samples of indoor floor wipes, size-segregated airborne particles, gaseous air, food, and paired skin wipes were simultaneously collected from residential areas around a large non-ferrous metal smelting plant as compared with the control areas, and three typical SVOCs (including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and halogenated PAHs (HPAHs)) were determined. Comparison and correlation analysis among matrices indicated PAHs were the major contaminants emitted from metal smelting activities compared to HPAHs and PCBs, with naphthalene verified as the most important characteristic compound, and their accumulation on skin may be a comprehensive consequence of contact with floor dust and air. While patterns of human exposure pathways for the SVOCs were found to be clearly correlated to their vapor pressure, dermal absorption was the major contributor (51.1-76.3%) to total carcinogenic risk (TCR) of PAHs and HPAHs for surrounding residents, especially for low molecular weight PAHs, but dietary ingestion (98.6%) was the dominant exposure pathway to PCBs. The TCR of PAHs exceeded the acceptable level (1 × 10-4), implying smelting activities obviously elevated the health risk. This study will serve developing pertinent exposure and health risk prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yiyi Li
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yinyi Lv
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pengkun Wei
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Ping Lu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Randerath I, Quinete N, Müller JP, Stingl J, Bertram J, Schettgen T, Kraus T, Ziegler P. Partial dechlorination of 2,4,4'-trichlorobiphenyl (PCB 28) mediated by recombinant human CYP1A2. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:159-163. [PMID: 37917334 PMCID: PMC10761437 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03621-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Randerath
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Natalia Quinete
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, Florida, 33181, USA
| | - Julian Peter Müller
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of RWTH, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Stingl
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of RWTH, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jens Bertram
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schettgen
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Patrick Ziegler
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Shen M, Liu G, Zhou L, Yin H, Arif M. Comparison of pollution status and source apportionment for PCBs and OCPs of indoor dust from an industrial city. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:2473-2494. [PMID: 36006579 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the pollution status of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was investigated in indoor and outdoor dust from three different functional areas of Hefei, China. The relationship between the concentrations of PCBs and OCPs and different influencing factors in dwellings was studied. The results showed that the concentrations of PCBs and OCPs were higher in samples from dwellings with higher smoking frequency, lower cleaning frequency, higher floors and smaller household size. The results of Spearman's correlation coefficient analysis indicated that PCBs and OCPs were not consistently associated with each other, while sources of low-chlorinated PCBs and high-chlorinated PCBs were different. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows the shape of indoor dust was a mixture of blocky, flocculated, spherical structures, and irregular shapes. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization model (PMF) showed that the PCBs and OCPs of indoor dust came from both indoor and outdoor sources between local and regional transport. Carbon (δ13C) and Nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope results indicate or show that the indoor dust (δ13C: - 24.37‰, δ15N: 6.88‰) and outdoor dust (δ13C: - 12.65‰, δ15N: 2.558‰) is derived from fossil fuel, coal combustion, road dust, fly ash, C4 biomass and soil. Potential source contribution factor (PSCF) and concentration weighted-trajectory analysis suggest that sources of pollutants were local and regional transport from surrounding provinces and marine emissions. The average daily dose (adult: 8.20E-04, children: 2.37E-03) of pollutants and the carcinogenic risks (adult: 1.23E-02, children: 2.65E-02) were relatively greater for children than adults. This study demonstrates the utility of SEM to characterize indoor dust morphology while combining PMF, PSCF, and stable isotope methods in identifying indoor PCBs and OCPs sources and regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchen Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, Shaanxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Li Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, Shaanxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, Shaanxi, China
| | - Muhammad Arif
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, 66000, Pakistan
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Deen L, Clark A, Hougaard KS, Meyer HW, Frederiksen M, Pedersen EB, Petersen KU, Flachs EM, Bonde JPE, Tøttenborg SS. Risk of cardiovascular diseases following residential exposure to airborne polychlorinated biphenyls: A register-based cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 222:115354. [PMID: 36709868 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoor air in buildings constructed with materials containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may be contaminated with especially lower-chlorinated PCBs. So far, the cardiovascular consequences of living with such contamination are unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) following residential exposure to predominantly lower-chlorinated PCBs in indoor air. METHODS The Health Effects of PCBs in Indoor Air (HESPAIR) cohort is register-based with 51 921 residents of two residential areas near Copenhagen: Farum Midtpunkt and Brøndby Strand Parkerne. Here, indoor air was contaminated with PCB in one third of the apartments due to construction with materials containing PCB. Individual PCB exposure was estimated based on register-based information on relocation dates and indoor air PCB measurements in subsets of the apartments. Information on CVD was retrieved from the Danish National Patient Register for the follow-up period of 1977-2018. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios using Cox regression with time-varying exposure. RESULTS Cumulative residential exposure to airborne PCB was not associated with a higher overall risk for CVD (HR for highly exposed (≥3300 ng/m3 PCB × year): 1.02, 95% CI 0.94-1.10). This was also the case for most of the specific cardiovascular diseases, apart from acute myocardial infarction where a higher risk was observed for residents exposed to ≥3300 ng/m3 PCB × year compared to the reference group (HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.00-1.35). However, no exposure-response relationship was apparent and additional adjustment for education attenuated the risk estimate. DISCUSSION In this, to our knowledge, first study ever to examine the risk of CVD following residential exposure to PCBs in indoor air, we observed limited support for cardiovascular effects of living in PCB-contaminated indoor air. Considering the prevalence of exposure to airborne PCBs and lack of literature on their potential health effects, these findings need to be corroborated in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Deen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark; Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Alice Clark
- Real World Science, Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin Sørig Hougaard
- Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Harald William Meyer
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark
| | - Marie Frederiksen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ellen Bøtker Pedersen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark
| | - Kajsa Ugelvig Petersen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark
| | - Esben Meulengracht Flachs
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Ellekilde Bonde
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark; Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sandra Søgaard Tøttenborg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark; Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hammel SC, Andersen HV, Knudsen LE, Frederiksen M. Inhalation and dermal absorption as dominant pathways of PCB exposure for residents of contaminated apartment buildings. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 247:114056. [PMID: 36395656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Applications of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in buildings and their persistence in indoor environments have led to cases of current and highly elevated exposure in humans, despite the global cease of production decades ago. Personal exposure to PCBs was assessed among residents in a social housing estate in Denmark containing both contaminated (n = 67) and non-contaminated (n = 23) apartments. Samples and estimated daily intakes (EDIs) were assessed for 15 PCB congeners, and body burden, which was limited by the dietary data availability, was compared across 7 indicator PCBs, with its sum (PCBsum7) often applied in European regulation of PCBs. Median PCBsum7 EDI across measured pathways for exposed residents was 101 ng· (kg bodyweight)-1· day-1, with the majority of exposure (60%) coming from inhalation of contaminated indoor air. Calculated from both PCBs measured in indoor air and on hand wipes, dermal absorption estimates showed comparable results and served as a secondary exposure pathway, accounting for 35% of personal exposure and considering selected assumptions and sources of physical-chemical parameters. Estimates revealed that diet was the primary PCB source among the reference group, accounting for over 75% of the PCBsum7 EDI across exposure routes. When evaluating overall EDIs across the two study groups and including dietary estimates, PCB exposure among exposed residents was around 10 times higher than the reference group. Solely within the exposed population, pathway-specific body burdens were calculated to account for exposure across years of residence in contaminated apartments, where lower chlorinated PCBs were dominant in indoor air. Among these dominant congeners, estimated body burdens of PCB-28 and -52 were significantly correlated with measured serum (rs = 0.49, 0.45; p < 0.001). This study demonstrates that inhalation and dermal absorption serve as dominant exposure pathways for residents of apartments contaminated with predominantly lower chlorinated PCBs and suggest that predictions of body burden from indoor environment measurements may be comparable to measured serum PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Hammel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Helle Vibeke Andersen
- Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2400, Copenhagen SV, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth E Knudsen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, 1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Marie Frederiksen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Casey A, Bush B, Carpenter DO. PCBs in indoor air and human blood in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133551. [PMID: 35033515 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and three chlorinated pesticides were determined in serum from 21 residents of Pittsfield, MA and in the basement, living room and outdoor air of the 10 homes in which they lived. Median serum PCB levels were 4.2 ng/g, which are at least four times the average level in the US population, and consisted primarily of more highly chlorinated, persistent congeners. This reflects contamination with PCBs coming from the local General Electric facility. Median basement air concentration was 20.3 ng/m3, while the median living room air was 11.4 ng/m3 and median outdoor air concentration was 3.0 ng/m3. The PCB congeners detected in air were primarily low chlorinated (four and fewer) congeners, reflecting the greater volatility of PCBs with fewer chlorines. The congener pattern between basement and living room air showed a 95% correlation, while correlation with outdoor air was much less. While the congener pattern in air is very different from that of the PCB products used in Pittsfield (Aroclors 1254 and 1260), low chlorinated PCBs are detected in the vapor phase after air is blown across the commercial mixtures. The human serum samples did not show detectible levels of many of the congeners seen in the basement air samples, reflecting rapid metabolism of lower chlorinated PCBs by the human body. However, with continuous inhalation of indoor air, especially in the living room, the exposure to these non-persistent congeners may still have adverse health effects. Cellular studies of some of these non-persistent, low chlorinated congeners indicate that they are neurotoxic, mutagenic and cytotoxic. These results demonstrate the importance of consideration of inhalation of PCBs as a route of exposure, especially in indoor sites, and suggest that monitoring serum PCB concentration may not always provide a good measurement of exposure, especially to congeners that are relatively rapidly metabolized but have significant toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Casey
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Brian Bush
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - David O Carpenter
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA.
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12
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Tam N, Lai KP, Kong RYC. Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals reproductive impairments caused by PCBs and OH-PCBs through the dysregulation of ER and AR signaling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149913. [PMID: 34474298 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Reports have highlighted the presence of PCBs and their metabolites, OH-PCBs, in human serum as well as their endocrine-disrupting effects on reproductive function through direct interactions with the androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor (ER). However, the molecular mechanisms directly linking the actions of PCBs and OH-PCBs on the AR and ER to induce reproductive impairment remain poorly understood. In this study, we characterized the cellular response to PCBs and OH-PCBs acting on AR and ER transactivation at the transcriptome level coupled with bioinformatics analysis to identify the downstream pathways of androgen and estrogen signaling that leads to reproductive dysfunction. We first confirmed the agonistic and antagonistic effects of several PCBs and OH-PCBs on AR- and ER-mediated reporter gene activity using the androgen-responsive LNCaP and estrogen-responsive MCF-7 cell lines, respectively. Anti-estrogenic activity was not detected among the tested compounds; however, we found that in addition to anti-androgenic and estrogenic activity, PCB 28 and PCB 138 exhibited androgenic activity, while most of the tested OH-PCBs showed a synergistic effect on DHT-mediated transactivation of the AR. Bioinformatics analysis of transcriptome profiles from selected PCBs and OH-PCBs revealed various pathways that were dysregulated depending on their agonistic, antagonistic, or synergistic effects. The OH-PCBs with estrogenic activity affected pathways including vitamin metabolism and calcium transport. Other notable dysregulated pathways include cholesterol transport in response to androgenic PCBs, thyroid hormone metabolism in response to anti-androgenic PCBs, and antioxidant pathways in response to androgen-synergistic OH-PCBs. Our results demonstrate that PCBs and OH-PCBs directly alter specific pathways through androgen- or estrogen-mediated signaling, thereby providing additional insights into the mechanisms by which these compounds cause reproductive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Tam
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Keng Po Lai
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, PR China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Richard Yuen Chong Kong
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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13
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Kofoed AB, Deen L, Hougaard KS, Petersen KU, Meyer HW, Pedersen EB, Ebbehøj NE, Heitmann BL, Bonde JP, Tøttenborg SS. Maternal exposure to airborne polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and risk of adverse birth outcomes. Eur J Epidemiol 2021; 36:861-872. [PMID: 34420151 PMCID: PMC8416822 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-021-00793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human health effects of airborne lower-chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls (LC-PCBs) are largely unexplored. Since PCBs may cross the placenta, maternal exposure could potentially have negative consequences for fetal development. We aimed to determine if exposure to airborne PCB during pregnancy was associated with adverse birth outcomes. In this cohort study, exposed women had lived in PCB contaminated apartments at least one year during the 3.6 years before conception or the entire first trimester of pregnancy. The women and their children were followed for birth outcomes in Danish health registers. Logistic regression was performed to estimate odds ratios (OR) for changes in secondary sex ratio, preterm birth, major congenital malformations, cryptorchidism, and being born small for gestational age. We performed linear regression to estimate difference in birth weight among children of exposed and unexposed mothers. All models were adjusted for maternal age, educational level, ethnicity, and calendar time. We identified 885 exposed pregnancies and 3327 unexposed pregnancies. Relative to unexposed women, exposed women had OR 0.97 (95% CI 0.82, 1.15) for secondary sex ratio, OR 1.13 (95% CI 0.76, 1.67) for preterm birth, OR 1.28 (95% CI 0.81, 2.01) for having a child with major malformations, OR 1.73 (95% CI 1.01, 2.95) for cryptorchidism and OR 1.23 (95% CI 0.88, 1.72) for giving birth to a child born small for gestational age. The difference in birth weight for children of exposed compared to unexposed women was − 32 g (95% CI—79, 14). We observed an increased risk of cryptorchidism among boys after maternal airborne LC-PCB exposure, but due to the proxy measure of exposure, inability to perform dose–response analyses, and the lack of comparable literature, larger cohort studies with direct measures of exposure are needed to investigate the safety of airborne LC-PCB exposure during pregnancy
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Bungum Kofoed
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 20F, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Laura Deen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 20F, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin Sørig Hougaard
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kajsa Ugelvig Petersen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 20F, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Harald William Meyer
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 20F, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ellen Bøtker Pedersen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 20F, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Erik Ebbehøj
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 20F, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Berit Lilienthal Heitmann
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Section for General Practice, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Bonde
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 20F, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sandra Søgaard Tøttenborg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 20F, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Kim JH, Hwang S, Jo SH. Non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl 19 has distinct effects on human Kv1.3 and Kv1.5 channels. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 411:115365. [PMID: 33316272 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent and serious organic pollutants and can theoretically form 209 congeners. PCBs can be divided into two categories: dioxin-like (DL) and non-DL (NDL). NDL-PCBs, which lack aryl hydrocarbon receptor affinity, have been shown to perturb the functions of Jurkat T cells, cerebellar granule cells, and uterine cells. Kv1.3 and Kv1.5 channels are important in immune and heart functions, respectively. We investigated the acute effects of 2,2',6-trichlorinated biphenyl (PCB19), an NDL-PCB, on the currents of human Kv1.3 and Kv1.5 channels. PCB19 acutely blocked the Kv1.3 peak currents concentration-dependently with an IC50 of ~2 μM, without changing the steady-state current. The PCB19-induced inhibition of the Kv1.3 peak current occurred rapidly and voltage-independently, and the effect was irreversible, excluding the possibility of genomic regulation. PCB19 increased the time constants of both activation and inactivation of Kv1.3 channels, resulting in the slowing down of both ultra-rapid activation and intrinsic inactivation. However, PCB19 failed to alter the steady-state curves of activation and inactivation. Regarding the Kv1.5 channel, PCB19 affected neither the peak current nor the steady-state current at the same concentrations tested in the Kv1.3 experiments, showing selective inhibition of PCB19 on the Kv1.3 than the Kv1.5. The presented data indicate that PCB19 could acutely affect the human Kv1.3 channel through a non-genomic mechanism, possibly causing toxic effects on various human physiological functions related to the Kv1.3 channel, such as immune and neural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hui Kim
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in BIT Medical Convergence, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Soobeen Hwang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in BIT Medical Convergence, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Jo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in BIT Medical Convergence, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea.
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Abstract
Introduction: Air pollution is linked to mortality and morbidity. Since humans spend nearly all their time indoors, improving indoor air quality (IAQ) is a compelling approach to mitigate air pollutant exposure. To assess interventions, relying on clinical outcomes may require prolonged follow-up, which hinders feasibility. Thus, identifying biomarkers that respond to changes in IAQ may be useful to assess the effectiveness of interventions. Methods: We conducted a narrative review by searching several databases to identify studies published over the last decade that measured the response of blood, urine, and/or salivary biomarkers to variations (natural and intervention-induced) of changes in indoor air pollutant exposure. Results: Numerous studies reported on associations between IAQ exposures and biomarkers with heterogeneity across study designs and methods. This review summarizes the responses of 113 biomarkers described in 30 articles. The biomarkers which most frequently responded to variations in indoor air pollutant exposures were high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), von Willebrand Factor (vWF), 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP). Conclusions: This review will guide the selection of biomarkers for translational studies evaluating the impact of indoor air pollutants on human health.
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Andersen HV, Gunnarsen L, Knudsen LE, Frederiksen M. PCB in air, dust and surface wipes in 73 Danish homes. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 229:113429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Frederiksen M, Andersen HV, Haug LS, Thomsen C, Broadwell SL, Egsmose EL, Kolarik B, Gunnarsen L, Knudsen LE. PCB in serum and hand wipes from exposed residents living in contaminated high-rise apartment buildings and a reference group. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 224:113430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Salthammer T. Emerging indoor pollutants. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 224:113423. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Cao Z, Chen Q, Zhu C, Chen X, Wang N, Zou W, Zhang X, Zhu G, Li J, Mai B, Luo X. Halogenated Organic Pollutant Residuals in Human Bared and Clothing-Covered Skin Areas: Source Differentiation and Comprehensive Health Risk Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:14700-14708. [PMID: 31633338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To comprehensively clarify human exposure to halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) through dermal uptake and hand-to-mouth intake, skin wipe samples from four typical skin locations from 30 volunteers were collected. The total concentration of the target chemicals (24 HFRs and 16 PCBs) ranged from 203 to 4470 ng/m2. BDE-209 and DBDPE accounted for about 37 and 40% of ∑24HFRs, respectively, and PCB-41 and PCB-110 were the dominant PCB congeners, with proportion of 24 and 10%, respectively. Although exhibiting relatively lower concentrations of contaminants than bared skin locations, clothing-covered skin areas were also detected with considerable levels of HFRs and PCBs, indicating clothing to be a potentially significant exposure source. Significant differences in HFR and PCB levels and profiles were also observed between males and females, with more lower-volatility chemicals in male-bared skin locations and more higher-volatility compounds in clothing-covered skin locations of female participants. The mean estimated whole-body dermal absorption doses of ∑8HFRs and ∑16PCBs (2.9 × 10-4 and 6.7 × 10-6 mg/kg·d) were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than ingestion doses via hand-to-mouth contact (6.6 × 10-7 and 3.1 × 10-7 mg/kg·d). The total noncarcinogenic health risk resulted from whole-body dermal absorption and oral ingestion to ∑7HFRs and ∑16PCBs were 5.2 and 0.35, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007 , China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Qiaoying Chen
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007 , China
| | - Chunyou Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007 , China
| | - Neng Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007 , China
| | - Wei Zou
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007 , China
| | - Xingli Zhang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007 , China
| | - Guifen Zhu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007 , China
| | - Jinghua Li
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453007 , China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
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20
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Cao Z, Chen Q, Ren M, Zhang L, Shen F, Wang X, Shi S, Zhao Y, Yan G, Peng J. Higher health risk resulted from dermal exposure to PCBs than HFRs and the influence of haze. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:223-231. [PMID: 31271988 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the influence of haze on human dermal exposure to a series of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), paired forehead wipes were collected from 46 volunteers (23 males, 23 females) using gauze pads soaked in isopropyl alcohol under heavy and light haze pollution levels. The median levels of ∑27HFRs and ∑27PCBs in all 92 samples were 672 and 1300ng/m2, respectively. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) (171ng/m2) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) (134ng/m2) were the dominant components of HFRs, indicating that dermal exposure may also be the significant pathway for non-volatile compounds. PCB-37 contributed the most to ∑27PCBs, with a median concentration of 194ng/m2, followed by PCB-60 (141ng/m2). Generally, PBDE, PCB and DD (dehalogenated derivatives of DPs) levels on the foreheads of female participants (291, 1340, 0.92ng/m2) were higher (p=0.037, 0.001, and 0.031, respectively) than those of male participants (226, 989, and 0.45ng/m2). A significant difference (p=0.001) in PCBs was found between light (1690ng/m2) and heavy (996ng/m2) haze pollution conditions. Nevertheless, HFR levels under heavy (median=595ng/m2, ranging from 295 to 1490ng/m2) and light haze pollution conditions (ranging from 205 to 1220ng/m2 with a median of 689ng/m2) did not show significant differences (p=0.269). The non-carcinogenic health risk resulting from dermal exposure to ∑8HFRs and ∑27PCBs was 8.72×10-5 and 1.63×10-2, respectively, raising more concern about populations' exposure to PCBs than HFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Qiaoying Chen
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Meihui Ren
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Fangfang Shen
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Shiyu Shi
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Youhua Zhao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Guangxuan Yan
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jianbiao Peng
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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Ti Q, Gu C, Liu C, Cai J, Bian Y, Yang X, Song Y, Wang F, Sun C, Jiang X. Comparative evaluation of influence of aging, soil properties and structural characteristics on bioaccessibility of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 210:941-948. [PMID: 30208554 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Though bioaccessibility commonly recognized as a guideline for risk assessment is closely related with pollution occurrence and chemical species of compounds, the mechanistic links are barely evaluated particularly for widespread polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soil. With the biomimetic extraction of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (β-HPCD), the temporal and spatial influences of soil properties, aging and structural characteristics, e.g. polarity of PCB congeners on bioaccessibility were investigated for PCBs. Sensitive variation of bioaccessibility with aging, soil organic matter (SOM), particle size and soil moisture were clearly evidenced for different PCB congeners. Due to aging, the bioaccessibility decreased in the long term after stabilization for 36 h. In concert with the first-order kinetics, the decay rates of bioaccessibility were shown with congener-specificity and were well correlated with dipoles of PCBs. The increment of SOM diminished the bioaccessibility for the strengthened adsorption while the increased particle size and soil moisture elevated it possibly due to the less adsorption on soil particles and more accommodation of PCBs in soil pore water. Except the positive correlations with particle size, soil moisture and dipole moment, the greater dependency on aging and SOM was highlighted for bioaccessibility by partial least squares (PLS) analysis. The mutual relationship with influential factors was quantitatively formulated for accelerative prediction of bioaccessibility, and the comparative evaluation and detailed insights into the mechanistic links would thus help enhance the precise determination of bioaccessibility and risk assessment of PCBs in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Ti
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Chenggang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China.
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Jun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Yongrong Bian
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Xinglun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
| | - Cheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, PR China
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