Ventilation and posture effects on inhalation exposures to volatile cleaning ingredients in a simulated domestic worker cleaning environment

Occupational lead exposure health risk assessment and heme biosynthesis: A study on batik artisans in yogyakarta, Indonesia

This study aims to assess dermal and inhalation lead exposure levels among batik industry workers and evaluate noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks associated with lead exposure. We investigate potential relationships between lead exposure (dermal average daily dose and inhalation exposure concentration) and the workers' blood hemoglobin levels (Hb), as well as their urinary ALA (u-ALA) concentrations. Additionally, we explore any possible associations between Hb and u-ALA levels among the workers and identify various factors influencing lead exposure levels. A total of 30 workers were recruited for the study. Interviews and exposure sampling were conducted to measure dermal and inhaled lead exposure. Sample analysis methods include XRF for exposure samples, spectrophotometry for u-ALA, and HiCN colorimetric for Hb. Carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risk assessments, correlation analysis, as well as ANOVA for factors analysis, were performed. The average dermal exposure dose and inhalation exposure concentration of lead were 6.53 ± 3.2 ng/kg/day and 0.021 ± 0.015 μg/m3, respectively. Hazard Index (HI) values for all workers were below 1 (average: 0.372 ± 0.155), indicating no expected noncarcinogenic health effects due to lead exposure. The average Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR) was (5.18 ± 3.84) × 10-8, significantly below acceptable limits. Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between Hb and u-ALA (r = -0.519, p = 0.058 for male workers and r = -0.531, p = 0.034 for female workers), supporting their use as lead exposure biomarkers. The factors analysis demonstrated a significant impact of working conditions on inhalation exposure (p = 0.018), with outdoor workers experiencing lower lead inhalation. This research provides crucial insights into potential dangers faced by batik workers due to lead exposure, emphasizing the importance of targeted interventions. The strong correlation between Hb and u-ALA indicates their combined effectiveness in detecting lead exposure, even at low levels. The study underscores the significance of outdoor work as a protective measure against inhaling heavy metals, such as lead, present in the air. The assessment of health risks associated with lead exposure in the batik industry lays the groundwork for informed decision-making and interventions to protect workers' well-being, particularly in informal sectors workplaces where health risks are often overlooked.

Safety data sheets as an information pathway on hazards of occupationally used cleaning agents

To investigate consistency and accessibility of asthma and skin allergy hazard information in safety data sheets (SDSs) for cleaning agents on the Swedish market, we compiled a database of 504 SDSs and 351 therein declared ingredients. Labelling of products was compared to that of ingredients according to harmonised classification. For each ingredient, also notified classification and three additional sources on sensitising properties were compared. Product labelling most frequently indicated corrosion and irritation hazards. Only 3% of products were labelled as skin sensitisers and none as asthmagens. According to harmonised classification, 9% of products contained skin sensitisers, using other information sources increased the number to 46%. While 2% of products contained respiratory sensitisers according to harmonised classification, the number increased to 17% when using other information sources. Furthermore, sensitisers were declared across several sections of the SDSs, hampering easy access of such information. In conclusion, there are inconsistencies in hazard identification of cleaning agents and their ingredients. Hence, SDSs may not altogether fulfil its hazard information role. Improved criteria for identifying sensitisers and respiratory irritants are warranted. Additionally, we argue that all ingredients should be listed in section 3 regardless of concentration, to facilitate access of information about sensitising properties.

Evaluation of Workplace Exposures to Volatile Chemicals During COVID-19 Building Disinfection Activities with Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry

We conducted an experimental case study to demonstrate the application of proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS) for mobile breathing zone (BZ) monitoring of volatile chemical exposures in workplace environments during COVID-19 disinfection activities. The experiments were conducted in an architectural engineering laboratory-the Purdue zero Energy Design Guidance for Engineers (zEDGE) Tiny House, which served as a simulated workplace environment. Controlled disinfection activities were carried out on impermeable high-touch indoor surfaces, including the entry door, kitchen countertop, toilet bowl, bathroom sink, and shower. Worker inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was evaluated by attaching the PTR-TOF-MS sampling line to the researcher's BZ while the disinfection activity was carried out throughout the entire building. The results demonstrate that significant spatiotemporal variations in VOC concentrations can occur in the worker's BZ during multi-surface disinfection events. Application of high-resolution monitoring techniques, such as PTR-TOF-MS, are needed to advance characterization of worker exposures towards the development of appropriate mitigation strategies for volatile disinfectant chemicals.

Household use of green and homemade cleaning products, wipe application mode, and asthma among French adults from the CONSTANCES cohort

While exposure to irritant and sprayed cleaning products at home is known to have a harmful role in asthma, the potential health effect of other categories or forms has not been investigated. We studied the associations of household use of cleaning products, including green, homemade products, and disinfecting wipes, with asthma based on data from the large French population-based CONSTANCES cohort. Participants completed standardized questionnaires on respiratory health and household use of cleaning products. Cross-sectional associations of cleaning products with current asthma, adjusted for gender, age, smoking status, BMI, and educational level, were evaluated by logistic regressions. Analyses were conducted in 41 570 participants (mean age: 47 years, 56% women, weekly use of the six specific products/forms studied varied from 11% to 37%). Weekly use of irritants (OR = 1.23 [1.13-1.35]), scented (OR = 1.15 [1.06-1.26]), green (OR = 1.09 [1.00-1.20]), and homemade products (OR = 1.19 [1.06-1.34]), as well as sprays (OR = 1.18 [1.08-1.29]), disinfecting wipes (OR = 1.21 [1.09-1.34]) were significantly associated with asthma, with significant trends according to the frequency of use. When they were not co-used with irritants/sprays, associations were reduced and persisted only for disinfecting wipes. Weekly use of disinfecting wipes at home was associated with current asthma, but fewer risks were observed for the use of green and homemade products.

Indoor exposure levels of ammonia in residences, schools, and offices in China from 1980 to 2019: A systematic review

Indoor ammonia (NH₃ ) pollution has been paid more and more attention in view of its health risk. However, few studies have investigated the exposure level in the non-occupational environment in China. This study systematically reviewed the indoor ammonia exposure level in different regions, the equivalent exposure concentration of different populations, and the factors that influence indoor air ammonia in residences, offices, and schools in China. The literature published in 1980-2019 from main databases was searched and detailed screened, and finally, 56 related studies were selected. The results illustrated that the median concentration of indoor air ammonia in residences, offices, and school buildings was 0.21 mg/m³ , 0.26 mg/m³ , and 0.15 mg/m³ . There were 46.4%, 71.4%, and 40% of these samples exceeding the NH₃  standard, respectively. The national concentrations and the equivalent exposure levels of adults and children were calculated and found to be higher than 0.20 mg/m³ . The concentration of ammonia varied greatly in different climate zones and economic development regions. Higher concentrations were found in the severe cold zone and the regions with higher economic level. This review reveals a high exposure risk of indoor air ammonia and the crucial impact of human emission, indoor air temperature, new concrete, and economic level, suggesting further investigation on indoor air ammonia evaluation and health effects.