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Li Y, Zhang L, He M, Zhao Y. Sequence analysis of microbiota in clinical human cases with diabetic foot ulcers from China. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34368. [PMID: 39104504 PMCID: PMC11298921 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) seriously threaten the health and quality of life of patients. The microbiota is the primary reason for the refractory and high recurrence of DFU. This study aimed to determine the wound microbiota at different DFU stages. Methods Wound samples were collected from 48 patients with DFU and divided into three phases: inflammatory (I, n = 49), proliferation (P, n = 22), and remodeling (R, n = 19). The wound samples obtained at different stages were then subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the different groups was calculated according to the criterion of 97 % sequence similarity. The diversity of the microbiota differentially presented bacterial taxa at the phylum and genus levels, and important phyla and genera in the different groups were further explored. Results After sequencing, 3351, 925, and 777 OTUs were observed in groups I, P, and R, respectively, and 175 OTUs overlapped. Compared with the inflammatory stage, the α-diversity of wound microbiota at proliferation and remodeling stages was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). At the phylum level, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, and Bacteroidota were the dominant phyla, accounting for more than 90 % of all the phyla. At the genus level, Random Forest and linear discriminant analysis effect size analyses showed that Peptoniphilus, Lactobacillus, Prevotella, Veillonella, Dialister, Streptococcus, and Ruminococcus were the signature wound microbiota for the inflammatory stage; Anaerococcus, Ralstonia, Actinomyces, and Akkermansia were important species for the proliferation stage; and the crucial genera for the remodeling stage were Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Sondgrassella, Bifidobacterium, and Faecalibacterium. Conclusions There were significant differences in the composition and structure of the wound microbiota in patients with DFU at different stages, which may lay a foundation for effectively promoting wound healing in DFU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- The Ninth Clinical School of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan Central Hospital, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Taiyuan Central Hospital, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Meifang He
- Department of Endocrinology, Taiyuan Central Hospital, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuebin Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Taiyuan Central Hospital, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
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Lin X, Han R, Liang T, Zhang C, Xu Y, Peng H, Zhou X, Huang L. In vitro assessment of the bacterial stress response and resistance evolution during multidrug-resistant bacterial invasion of the Xenopus tropicalis intestinal tract under typical stresses. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133599. [PMID: 38280323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome might be both a sink and source of resistance genes (RGs). To investigate the impact of environmental stress on the disturbance of exogenous multidrug-resistant bacteria (mARB) within the indigenous microbiome and proliferation of RGs, an intestinal conjugative system was established to simulate the invasion of mARB into the intestinal microbiota in vitro. Oxytetracycline (OTC) and heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb), commonly encountered in aquaculture, were selected as typical stresses for investigation. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), hydroxyl radical (OH·-) and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) were measured to investigate their influence on the acceptance of RGs by intestinal bacteria. The results showed that the transfer and diffusion of RGs under typical combined stressors were greater than those under a single stressor. Combined effect of OTC and heavy metals (Zn, Cu) significantly increased the activity and extracellular EPS content of bacteria in the intestinal conjugative system, increasing intI3 and RG abundance. OTC induced a notable inhibitory response in Citrobacter and exerted the proportion of Citrobacter and Carnobacterium in microbiota. The introduction of stressors stimulates the proliferation and dissemination of RGs within the intestinal environment. These results enhance our comprehension of the typical stresses effect on the RGs dispersal in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Jieyang 515200, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ruiqi Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Taojie Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chaonan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yanbin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Jieyang 515200, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Huishi Peng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Analysis and Test Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lu Huang
- Analysis and Test Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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Chen H, Wang J, Ding K, Xu J, Yang Y, Tang C, Zhou Y, Yu W, Wang H, Huang Q, Li B, Kuang D, Wu D, Luo Z, Gao J, Zhao Y, Liu J, Peng X, Lu S, Liu H. Gastrointestinal microbiota and metabolites possibly contribute to distinct pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 proto or its variants in rhesus monkeys. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2334970. [PMID: 38563680 PMCID: PMC10989708 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2334970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) infection is evidenced with involvement in COVID-19 pathogenesis caused by SARS-CoV-2. However, the correlation between GI microbiota and the distinct pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Proto and its emerging variants remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to determine if GI microbiota impacted COVID-19 pathogenesis and if the effect varied between SARS-CoV-2 Proto and its variants. We performed an integrative analysis of histopathology, microbiomics, and transcriptomics on the GI tract fragments from rhesus monkeys infected with SARS-CoV-2 proto or its variants. Based on the degree of pathological damage and microbiota profile in the GI tract, five of SARS-CoV-2 strains were classified into two distinct clusters, namely, the clusters of Alpha, Beta and Delta (ABD), and Proto and Omicron (PO). Notably, the abundance of potentially pathogenic microorganisms increased in ABD but not in the PO-infected rhesus monkeys. Specifically, the high abundance of UCG-002, UCG-005, and Treponema in ABD virus-infected animals positively correlated with interleukin, integrins, and antiviral genes. Overall, this study revealed that infection-induced alteration of GI microbiota and metabolites could increase the systemic burdens of inflammation or pathological injury in infected animals, especially in those infected with ABD viruses. Distinct GI microbiota and metabolite profiles may be responsible for the differential pathological phenotypes of PO and ABD virus-infected animals. These findings improve our understanding the roles of the GI microbiota in SARS-CoV-2 infection and provide important information for the precise prevention, control, and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Chen
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Junbin Wang
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kaiyun Ding
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Cong Tang
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanan Zhou
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenhai Yu
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Haixuan Wang
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Bai Li
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dexuan Kuang
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Daoju Wu
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhiwu Luo
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiahong Gao
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiansheng Liu
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, IMBCAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, IMBCAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongqi Liu
- Institute of Medical biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical School (IMBCAMS & PUMC), Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Zheng S, Wang H, Han J, Dai X, Lv Y, Sun T, Liu H. Microbiota-derived imidazole propionate inhibits type 2 diabetic skin wound healing by targeting SPNS2-mediated S1P transport. iScience 2023; 26:108092. [PMID: 37876799 PMCID: PMC10590984 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Imidazole propionate (ImP) is a recently discovered metabolite of T2DM-related gut microbiota. The effect of ImP on T2DM wound healing has not been studied yet. In this research, the changes of ImP-producing bacteria on the skin are firstly evaluated. 16sRNA sequencing results showed that the abundance of ImP-producing bacteria-Streptococcus in the intestine and skin of T2DM mice is significantly increased. Animal experiments show that ImP can inhibit the process of wound healing and inhibit the formation of blood vessels in the process of wound healing. Molecular mechanism research results show that ImP can inhibit S1P secretion mediated by SPNS2, and inhibit the activation of Rho signaling pathway, thereby affecting the angiogenesis process of HUVEC cells. This work also provides a potential drug HMPA that promotes T2DM wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingxia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xintong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
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Sultana R, Ahmed I, Saima S, Salam MT, Sultana S. Diabetic foot ulcer-a systematic review on relevant microbial etiology and antibiotic resistance in Asian countries. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2023; 17:102783. [PMID: 37257221 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is one of the most common but uncontrolled health issues of diabetic patients that needs more therapeutic considerations. This systematic review aims to study the current status of the etiological agents responsible for DFU, their frequency in some of the most occurring Asian countries, and their antibiotic resistance pattern based on available studies. METHODS Here, the literature survey was conducted on all the DFU studies with the records of etiological agents and conventional therapeutic treatment published until March 2021 using Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) and Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. RESULTS Overall, in our study, a total of 73 studies representing 12 Asian countries worldwide have been included. We found that the highest number of studies were reported from India (45%) followed by Pakistan (11%), China, Iran and others. 71% of recent studies reported DFU being attributed to poly-microbial infections while the dominant position was significantly secured by Gram- negative bacteria (77%, p = 0.34). Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the most prevalent isolate followed by Pseudomonas and then Escherichia coli (mean value - 22%, 17%, and 15% respectively). Antibiotic sensitivity pattern was determined based on availability in terms of median resistance (MR) and interquartile range (IQR) which showed the growing resistance developed by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates. Gram positive pathogens were still reported as susceptible to vancomycin (MR 0%, IQR 0-22.8%), linezolid (MR 0%, IQR 0-15.53%) and imipenem (MR 11%, IQR 0-23.53%). Carbapenem genera, colistin, and amikacin were the most effective drugs against Gram-negative pathogens. CONCLUSION The findings of this study highly recommend searching for alternative and complementary therapeutic regimens instead of prescribing conventional drugs blindly without investigating the progression of the stages of the ulcer, which may help reduce the medical and economic burden of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokaia Sultana
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), New Elephant Road, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh; Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | | | - Sabera Saima
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | | | - Shahnaz Sultana
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), New Elephant Road, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh.
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Wang X, Chen D, Du J, Cheng K, Fang C, Liao X, Liu Y, Sun J, Lian X, Ren H. Occupational exposure in swine farm defines human skin and nasal microbiota. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1117866. [PMID: 37065142 PMCID: PMC10090692 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1117866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic environments take an active part in shaping the human microbiome. Herein, we studied skin and nasal microbiota dynamics in response to the exposure in confined and controlled swine farms to decipher the impact of occupational exposure on microbiome formation. The microbiota of volunteers was longitudinally profiled in a 9-months survey, in which the volunteers underwent occupational exposure during 3-month internships in swine farms. By high-throughput sequencing, we showed that occupational exposure compositionally and functionally reshaped the volunteers’ skin and nasal microbiota. The exposure in farm A reduced the microbial diversity of skin and nasal microbiota, whereas the microbiota of skin and nose increased after exposure in farm B. The exposure in different farms resulted in compositionally different microbial patterns, as the abundance of Actinobacteria sharply increased at expense of Firmicutes after exposure in farm A, yet Proteobacteria became the most predominant in the volunteers in farm B. The remodeled microbiota composition due to exposure in farm A appeared to stall and persist, whereas the microbiota of volunteers in farm B showed better resilience to revert to the pre-exposure state within 9 months after the exposure. Several metabolic pathways, for example, the styrene, aminobenzoate, and N-glycan biosynthesis, were significantly altered through our PICRUSt analysis, and notably, the function of beta-lactam resistance was predicted to enrich after exposure in farm A yet decrease in farm B. We proposed that the differently modified microbiota patterns might be coordinated by microbial and non-microbial factors in different swine farms, which were always environment-specific. This study highlights the active role of occupational exposure in defining the skin and nasal microbiota and sheds light on the dynamics of microbial patterns in response to environmental conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiran Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dongrui Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Juan Du
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- Guangxi State Farms Yongxin Jinguang Animal Husbandry Group Co., Ltd, Nanning, China
| | - Chang Fang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Liao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yahong Liu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Sun,
| | - Xinlei Lian
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Xinlei Lian,
| | - Hao Ren
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Hao Ren,
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