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Plesnar‐Bielak A, Łukasiewicz A. Sexual conflict in a changing environment. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1854-1867. [PMID: 33960630 PMCID: PMC8518779 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sexual conflict has extremely important consequences for various evolutionary processes including its effect on local adaptation and extinction probability during environmental change. The awareness that the intensity and dynamics of sexual conflict is highly dependent on the ecological setting of a population has grown in recent years, but much work is yet to be done. Here, we review progress in our understanding of the ecology of sexual conflict and how the environmental sensitivity of such conflict feeds back into population adaptivity and demography, which, in turn, determine a population's chances of surviving a sudden environmental change. We link two possible forms of sexual conflict - intralocus and interlocus sexual conflict - in an environmental context and identify major gaps in our knowledge. These include sexual conflict responses to fluctuating and oscillating environmental changes and its influence on the interplay between interlocus and intralocus sexual conflict, among others. We also highlight the need to move our investigations into more natural settings and to investigate sexual conflict dynamics in wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Plesnar‐Bielak
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of BiologyJagiellonian Universityul. Gronostajowa 730‐387KrakówPoland
| | - Aleksandra Łukasiewicz
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandPO Box 11180101JoensuuFinland
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of BiologyAdam Mickiewicz Universityul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 661‐614PoznańPoland
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2
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Buzatto BA, Clark HL. Selection for Male Weapons Boosts Female Fecundity, Eliminating Sexual Conflict in the Bulb Mite. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2311. [PMID: 32047190 PMCID: PMC7012872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme differences between the sexes are usually explained by intense sexual selection on male weapons or ornaments. Sexually antagonistic genes, with a positive effect on male traits but a negative effect on female fitness, create a negative inter-sexual correlation for fitness (sexual conflict). However, such antagonism might not be apparent if sexually selected male traits are condition-dependent, and condition elevates female fitness. Here we reveal a surprising positive genetic correlation between male weaponry and female fecundity. Using mite lines that had previously been through 13 generations of selection on male weapons (fighting legs), we investigated correlated evolution in female fecundity. Females from lines under positive selection for weapons (up lines) evolved higher fecundity, despite evolving costly, thicker legs. This is likely because male mites have condition-dependent weaponry that increases our ability to indirectly select on male condition. Alleles with positive effects on condition in both sexes could have generated this correlation because: the up lines evolved a higher proportion of fighters and there were positive correlations between weapon size and the male morph and sex ratios of the offspring. This positive inter-sexual genetic correlation should boost the evolution of male weapons and extreme sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A Buzatto
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences (M092), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009, WA, Australia. .,Department of Biological Sciences (E8C 209), Macquarie University, Eastern Road, Sydney, 2109, NSW, Australia.
| | - Huon L Clark
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences (M092), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009, WA, Australia
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Liu PC, Hao DJ. Behavioural and transcriptional changes in post-mating females of an egg parasitoid wasp species. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181453. [PMID: 30800387 PMCID: PMC6366167 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In many animals, mating is essential for the production of offspring by females; however, mating seems to not be necessary in Hymenoptera insects. Virgin females can produce offspring, although the sex of the offspring is all male. Usually, behavioural and physiological changes are induced by mating in female insects, including parasitoid wasps. However, very little is known about the resulting changes in gene expression that contribute to the post-mating response in females; thus, we studied this aspect in the egg parasitoid wasp species Anastatus disparis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) by transcriptional analysis. A total of 55 differentially expressed genes were identified in post-mating females, and most of the genes (90.9%) were downregulated. Upregulated genes encoded products that were mainly involved in fatty acid synthesis and pyrimidine metabolism, while the downregulated genes were mainly involved in substance transport and metabolism. In addition, post-mating A. disparis females exhibited a tendency to accelerate egg maturation and became unreceptive to further mating. Based on the transcriptional data, we discuss how specific genes mediate these behavioural and physiological changes. Overall, our study provided new and comprehensive insights into post-mating changes in females and provided a basis for future mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Jun Hao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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4
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Skwierzyńska AM, Radwan J, Plesnar‐Bielak A. Male-limited secondary sexual trait interacts with environment in determining female fitness. Evolution 2018; 72:1716-1722. [PMID: 29984827 PMCID: PMC6175437 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Selection for secondary sexual trait (SST) elaboration may increase intralocus sexual conflict over the optimal values of traits expressed from shared genomes. This conflict can reduce female fitness, and the resulting gender load can be exacerbated by environmental stress, with consequences for a population's ability to adapt to novel environments. However, how the evolution of SSTs interacts with environment in determining female fitness is not well understood. Here, we investigated this question using replicate lines of bulb mites selected for increased or decreased prevalence of a male SST-thickened legs used as weapons. The fitness of females from these lines was measured at a temperature to which the mites were adapted (24°C), as well as at two novel temperatures: 18°C and 28°C. We found the prevalence of the SST interacted with temperature in determining female fecundity. At 28°C, females from populations with high SST prevalence were less fecund than females from populations in which the SST was rare, but the reverse was true at 18°C. Thus, a novel environment does not universally depress female fitness more in populations with a high degree of sexually selected dimorphism. We discuss possible consequences of the interaction we detected for adaptation to novel environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek Radwan
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of BiologyAdam Mickiewicz UniversityPoznańPoland
| | - Agata Plesnar‐Bielak
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityGronostajowa7, 30‐387KrakówPoland
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5
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Skwierzyńska AM, Plesnar‐Bielak A. Proximate mechanisms of the differences in reproductive success of males bearing different alleles of Pgdh – a gene involved in a sexual conflict in bulb mite. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:657-664. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Boulton RA, Collins LA, Shuker DM. Beyond sex allocation: the role of mating systems in sexual selection in parasitoid wasps. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 90:599-627. [PMID: 24981603 PMCID: PMC4409842 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the diverse array of mating systems and life histories which characterise the parasitic Hymenoptera, sexual selection and sexual conflict in this taxon have been somewhat overlooked. For instance, parasitoid mating systems have typically been studied in terms of how mating structure affects sex allocation. In the past decade, however, some studies have sought to address sexual selection in the parasitoid wasps more explicitly and found that, despite the lack of obvious secondary sexual traits, sexual selection has the potential to shape a range of aspects of parasitoid reproductive behaviour and ecology. Moreover, various characteristics fundamental to the parasitoid way of life may provide innovative new ways to investigate different processes of sexual selection. The overall aim of this review therefore is to re-examine parasitoid biology with sexual selection in mind, for both parasitoid biologists and also researchers interested in sexual selection and the evolution of mating systems more generally. We will consider aspects of particular relevance that have already been well studied including local mating structure, sex allocation and sperm depletion. We go on to review what we already know about sexual selection in the parasitoid wasps and highlight areas which may prove fruitful for further investigation. In particular, sperm depletion and the costs of inbreeding under chromosomal sex determination provide novel opportunities for testing the role of direct and indirect benefits for the evolution of mate choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Boulton
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St AndrewsDyers Brae, Greenside place, Fife KY16 9TH, U.K.
| | - Laura A Collins
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St AndrewsDyers Brae, Greenside place, Fife KY16 9TH, U.K.
| | - David M Shuker
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St AndrewsDyers Brae, Greenside place, Fife KY16 9TH, U.K.
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Plesnar Bielak A, Skrzynecka AM, Miler K, Radwan J. Selection for alternative male reproductive tactics alters intralocus sexual conflict. Evolution 2014; 68:2137-44. [PMID: 24641007 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intralocus sexual conflict (IASC) arises when fitness optima for a shared trait differ between the sexes; such conflict may help maintain genetic variation within populations. Sex-limited expression of sexually antagonistic traits may help resolve the conflict, but the extent of this resolution remains a subject of debate. In species with alternative male reproductive tactics, unresolved conflict should manifest more in a more sexually dimorphic male phenotype. We tested this prediction in the bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus robini), a species in which aggressive fighters coexist with benign scramblers. To do this, we established replicated lines in which we increased the proportion of each of the alternative male morphs using artificial selection. After approximately 40 generations, the proportion of fighters and scramblers stabilized at >0.9 in fighter- and scrambler-selected lines, respectively. We then measured several female fitness components. As predicted by IASC theory, female fecundity and longevity were lower in lines selected for fighters and higher in lines selected for scramblers. This finding indicates that sexually selected phenotypes are associated with an ontogenetic conflict that is not easily resolved. Furthermore, we suggest that IASC may be an important mechanism contributing to the maintenance of genetic variation in the expression of alternative reproductive tactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Plesnar Bielak
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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8
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Dowling DK, Williams BR, Garcia-Gonzalez F. Maternal sexual interactions affect offspring survival and ageing. J Evol Biol 2013; 27:88-97. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. K. Dowling
- School of Biological Sciences; Monash University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - B. R. Williams
- School of Biological Sciences; Monash University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - F. Garcia-Gonzalez
- Doñana Biological Station; Spanish Research Council CSIC; Isla de la Cartuja Seville Spain
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology; School of Animal Biology; The University of Western Australia; Nedlands WA Australia
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9
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Plesnar-Bielak A, Skrzynecka AM, Prokop ZM, Radwan J. Mating system affects population performance and extinction risk under environmental challenge. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:4661-7. [PMID: 22977151 PMCID: PMC3479737 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.1867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure of organisms to adapt to sudden environmental changes may lead to extinction. The type of mating system, by affecting fertility and the strength of sexual selection, may have a major impact on a population's chances to adapt and survive. Here, we use experimental evolution in bulb mites (Rhizoglyphus robini) to examine the effects of the mating system on population performance under environmental change. We demonstrate that populations in which monogamy was enforced suffered a dramatic fitness decline when evolving at an increased temperature, whereas the negative effects of change in a thermal environment were alleviated in polygamous populations. Strikingly, within 17 generations, all monogamous populations experiencing higher temperature went extinct, whereas all polygamous populations survived. Our results show that the mating system may have dramatic effects on the risk of extinction under environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jacek Radwan
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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10
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Barbosa M, Connolly SR, Hisano M, Dornelas M, Magurran AE. Fitness consequences of female multiple mating: a direct test of indirect benefits. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:185. [PMID: 22978442 PMCID: PMC3499236 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The observation that females mate multiply when males provide nothing but sperm - which sexual selection theory suggests is unlikely to be limiting - continues to puzzle evolutionary biologists. Here we test the hypothesis that multiple mating is prevalent under such circumstances because it enhances female fitness. We do this by allowing female Trinidadian guppies to mate with either a single male or with multiple males, and then tracking the consequences of these matings across two generations. Results Overall, multiply mated females produced 67% more F2 grand-offspring than singly mated females. These offspring, however, did not grow or mature faster, nor were they larger at birth, than F2 grand-offspring of singly mated females. Our results, however, show that multiple mating yields benefits to females in the form of an increase in the production of F1. The higher fecundity among multiply mated mothers was driven by greater production of sons but not daughters. However, contrary to expectation, individually, the offspring of multiply mated females do not grow at different rates than offspring of singly mated females, nor do any indirect fitness benefits or costs accrue to second-generation offspring. Conclusions The study provides strong evidence that multiple mating is advantageous to females, even when males contribute only sperm. This benefit is achieved through an increase in fecundity in the first generation, rather than through other fitness correlates such as size at birth, growth rate, time to sexual maturation and survival. Considered alongside previous work that female guppies can choose to mate with multiple partners, our results provide compelling evidence that direct fitness benefits underpin these mating decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Barbosa
- CESAM, Department of Biology, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal.
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11
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Prokop ZM, Jarzębowska M, Skrzynecka AM, Herdegen M. Age, Experience and Sex - Do Female Bulb Mites Prefer Young Mating Partners? Ethology 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2011.02006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Slatyer RA, Mautz BS, Backwell PRY, Jennions MD. Estimating genetic benefits of polyandry from experimental studies: a meta-analysis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2011; 87:1-33. [PMID: 21545390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Slatyer
- Evolution, Ecology & Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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13
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Byrne PG, Whiting MJ. Effects of simultaneous polyandry on offspring fitness in an African tree frog. Behav Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arq153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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14
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Xu J, Wang Q. A polyandrous female moth discriminates against previous mates to gain genetic diversity. Anim Behav 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Jarzebowska M, Radwan J. Sexual selection counteracts extinction of small populations of the bulb mites. Evolution 2009; 64:1283-9. [PMID: 19930452 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic drift in small populations can increase frequency of deleterious recessives and consequently lead to inbreeding depression and population extinction. On the other hand, as homozygosity at deleterious recessives increases, they should be purged from populations more effectively by selection. Sexual selection has been postulated to strengthen selection against deleterious mutations, and should thus decrease extinction rate and intensify purging of inbreeding depression. We tested these predictions in the bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini. We created 100 replicate lines of small populations (five males and five females) and in half of them experimentally removed sexual selection by enforcing monogamy. The lines were propagated for eight generations and then assayed for purging of inbreeding depression. We found that proportion of lines which went extinct was lower with sexual selection than without. We also found evidence for purging of inbreeding depression in the lines with sexual selection, but not in lines without sexual selection. Our results suggest that purging of inbreeding depression was more effective against mutations with relatively large deleterious effects. Thus, although our data clearly indicate a positive impact of sexual selection on short-term survival of bottlenecked populations, long-term consequences are less clear as they may be negatively impacted by accumulation of deleterious mutations of small effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jarzebowska
- Institute of Environmental Studies, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Krakow 30387, Poland.
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16
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Sequential polyandry affords post-mating sexual selection in the mouths of cichlid females. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-009-0744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Klemme I, Ylönen H, Eccard JA. Long-term fitness benefits of polyandry in a small mammal, the bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus. Proc Biol Sci 2008; 275:1095-100. [PMID: 18270151 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyandry, i.e. mating with multiple males within one reproductive event, is a common female mating strategy but its adaptive function is often unclear. We tested whether polyandrous females gain genetic benefits by comparing fitness traits of monandrous (mated twice with a single male) and polyandrous (mated twice with two different males) female bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus. We raised the offspring in the laboratory until adulthood and measured their body size, before releasing them to outdoor enclosures to overwinter. At the onset of the breeding season in the following spring, we found that offspring of polyandrous females performed significantly better at reproduction than those of monandrous females. This was mainly due to sons of polyandrous females producing significantly more offspring than those of monandrous females. No significant differences were found for offspring body mass or winter survival between the two treatments. Our results appear to provide evidence that bank vole females gain long-term benefits from polyandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Klemme
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
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18
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Rankin DJ, Arnqvist G. SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IS ASSOCIATED WITH POPULATION FITNESS IN THE SEED BEETLECALLOSOBRUCHUS MACULATUS. Evolution 2008; 62:622-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Priest NK, Galloway LF, Roach DA. Mating frequency and inclusive fitness in Drosophila melanogaster. Am Nat 2008; 171:10-21. [PMID: 18171147 DOI: 10.1086/523944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In many species, increased mating frequency reduces maternal survival and reproduction. In order to understand the evolution of mating frequency, we need to determine the consequences of increased mating frequency for offspring. We conducted an experiment in Drosophila melanogaster in which we manipulated the mating frequency of mothers and examined the survival and fecundity of the mothers and their daughters. We found that mothers with the highest mating frequency had accelerated mortality and more rapid reproductive senescence. On average, they had 50% shorter lives and 30% lower lifetime reproductive success (LRS) than did mothers with the lowest mating frequency. However, mothers with the highest mating frequency produced daughters with 28% greater LRS. This finding implies that frequent mating stimulates cross-generational fitness trade-offs such that maternal fitness is reduced while offspring fitness is enhanced. We evaluate these results using a demographic metric of inclusive fitness. We show that the costs and benefits of mating frequency depend on the growth rate of the population. In an inclusive fitness context, there was no evidence that increased mating frequency results in fitness costs for mothers. These results indicate that cross-generational fitness trade-offs have an important role in sexual selection and life-history evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K Priest
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA.
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20
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McNamara KB, Brown RL, Elgar MA, Jones TM. Paternity costs from polyandry compensated by increased fecundity in the hide beetle. Behav Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arm153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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21
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Burton-Chellew MN, Beukeboom LW, West SA, Shuker DM. Laboratory evolution of polyandry in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis. Anim Behav 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Simmons LW, Kotiaho JS. Quantitative genetic correlation between trait and preference supports a sexually selected sperm process. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:16604-8. [PMID: 17921254 PMCID: PMC2034270 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0704871104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm show patterns of rapid and divergent evolution that are characteristic of sexual selection. Sperm competition has been proposed as an important selective agent in the evolution of sperm morphology. However, several comparative analyses have revealed evolutionary associations between sperm length and female reproductive tract morphology that suggest patterns of male-female coevolution. In the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus, males with short sperm have a fertilization advantage that depends on the size of the female's sperm storage organ, the spermatheca; large spermathecae select for short sperm. Sperm length is heritable and is genetically correlated with male condition. Here we report significant additive genetic variation and heritability for spermatheca size and genetic covariance between spermatheca size and sperm length predicted by both the "good-sperm" and "sexy-sperm" models of postcopulatory female preference. Our data thus provide quantitative genetic support for the role of a sexually selected sperm process in the evolutionary divergence of sperm morphology, in much the same manner as precopulatory female preferences drive the evolutionary divergence of male secondary sexual traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh W Simmons
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology (M092), University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia.
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23
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Jennions MD, Drayton JM, Brooks R, Hunt J. Do female black field crickets Teleogryllus commodus benefit from polyandry? J Evol Biol 2007; 20:1469-77. [PMID: 17584240 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Female insects that mate multiply tend to have increased lifetime fitness, apparently because of greater access to male-derived resources (e.g. sperm, nuptial gifts) that elevate fertility/fecundity. Experiments that standardize the number of matings per female also show that polyandry can improve aspects of offspring performance, most notably early embryo survival (egg hatching success). This improvement is widely attributed to genetic benefits which would arise if polyandrous females skew paternity to produce fitter offspring. In two separate experiments with field crickets (Teleogryllus commodus) polyandrous females (two, three or four mates) did not have higher egg hatching success than monandrous females (effect sizes: r = 0.03 and 0.08 for the respective experiments), which is consistent with our finding of no sire effect on hatching success. Polyandry also had no effect on post-hatching offspring survival. Polyandrous females' offspring took significantly longer to mature but their sons were not heavier and their daughters were actually significantly smaller than those of monandrous females. Finally, after controlling for relative male size, monandrous females' sons were more successful when directly competing for a mate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Jennions
- School of Botany and Zoology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Prokop ZM, Stuglik M, Żabińska I, Radwan J. Male age, mating probability, and progeny fitness in the bulb mite. Behav Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arm012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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25
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Variation in polyandry and its fitness consequences among populations of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Evol Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-006-9146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Radwan J. Sexual selection and conflict in the bulb mite, Rhizoglyphus robini (Astigmata: Acaridae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2007; 42:151-8. [PMID: 17611805 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-007-9086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Whether benefits of mate choice accrued by females outweigh costs associated with sexual selection remains largely unresolved. The 'good genes' perspective, posing that mate choice benefits females genetically has been challenged by the arguments that sexual selection is driven mostly by direct costs and inter-sexual conflict. Here, I present an overview of experimental tests of predictions of good genes and sexual conflict mechanisms in the bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Radwan
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Mickiewicza 33, Krakow, 31-120, Poland.
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27
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Tilszer M, Antoszczyk K, Sałek N, Zajac E, Radwan J. Evolution under relaxed sexual conflict in the bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini. Evolution 2006; 60:1868-73. [PMID: 17089971 DOI: 10.1554/06-060.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The experimental evolution under different levels of sexual conflict have been used to demonstrate antagonistic coevolution in muscids, but among other taxa a similar approach has not been employed. Here, we describe the results of 37 generations of evolution under either experimentally enforced monogamy or polygamy in the bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini. Three replicates were maintained for each treatment. Monogamy makes male and female interests congruent; thus selection is expected to decrease harmfulness of males to their partners. Our results were consistent with this prediction in that females from monogamous lines achieved lower fecundity when housed with males from polygamous lines. Fecundity of polygamous females was not affected by mating system under which their partners evolved, which suggests that they were more resistant to male-induced harm. As predicted by the antagonistic coevolution hypothesis, the decrease in harmfulness of monogamous males was accompanied by a decline in reproductive competitiveness. In contrast, female fecundity and embryonic viability, which were not expected to be correlated with male harmfulness, did not differ between monogamous and polygamous lines. None of the fitness components assayed differed between individuals obtained from crosses between parents from the same line and those obtained from crosses between parents from different lines within the same mating system. This indicates that inbreeding depression did not confound our results. However, interpretation of our results is complicated by the fact that both males and females from monogamous lines evolved smaller body size compared to individuals from polygamous lines. Although a decrease in reproductive performance of males from monogamous lines was still significant when body size was taken into account, we were not able to separate the effects of male body size and mating system in their influence on fecundity of their female partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Tilszer
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Cracow 30-387, Poland
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Konior M, Radwan J, Kołodziejczyk M, Keller L. Strong association between a single gene and fertilization efficiency of males and fecundity of their mates in the bulb mite. Proc Biol Sci 2006; 273:309-14. [PMID: 16543173 PMCID: PMC1560050 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although variation in male fertilization efficiency has been shown to have a genetic basis in several species, the genes responsible for the effect are generally unknown. Here, we show a strong association between the fertilization success of males and their phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (Pgdh) genotype in the bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini. Males homozygous for the slow (S) allele fathered a significantly greater proportion of offspring when competing with males homozygous for the fast (F) allele. There was no evidence that female fecundity was influenced by their Pgdh genotype. The fecundity of FF females did not differ significantly from the fecundity of SS females but female fecundity was significantly influenced by the genotype of their mate. Females paired with SS males laid significantly fewer eggs than females paired with FF males. Altogether these data show a trade-off, with the male SS genotype associated with their higher fertilization efficiency but at the cost of a negative impact on the fecundity of females mating with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Konior
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian Universityul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kracow, Poland
- Department of Ecology and Evolution BB, University of Lausanne1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacek Radwan
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian Universityul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kracow, Poland
- Author for correspondence ()
| | - Maria Kołodziejczyk
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian Universityul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kracow, Poland
| | - Laurent Keller
- Department of Ecology and Evolution BB, University of Lausanne1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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30
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Uhl G, Schmitt S, Schäfer MA. Fitness benefits of multiple mating versus female mate choice in the cellar spider (Pholcus phalangioides). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-005-0010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Konior M, Keller L, Radwan J. Effect of inbreeding and heritability of sperm competition success in the bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini. Heredity (Edinb) 2005; 94:577-81. [PMID: 15742000 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm competition is a potent evolutionary force shaping the reproductive biology of most animal species. Here, we estimated the heritability of sperm competition success in the promiscuous bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini. Sperm competition success was measured with the sterile male technique as the proportion of eggs fertilised by the second of three males mated with a single female. Sperm competition success responded significantly to selection. The heritability estimated from the response to five generations of selection was 0.13. We also estimated the effect of inbreeding on sperm competition success. Males produced by sib-mating (F=0.25) had a significantly lower sperm competition success than outbred males. The estimated coefficient of inbreeding depression was 0.53. Such high inbreeding depression together with moderately low heritability is consistent with the view that sperm competitive ability is under strong directional selection and strongly influences the reproductive success of males.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Konior
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
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32
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Byrne PG, Rice WR. Remating in Drosophila melanogaster: an examination of the trading-up and intrinsic male-quality hypotheses. J Evol Biol 2005; 18:1324-31. [PMID: 16135127 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00918.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Female Drosophila melanogaster remate more frequently than necessary to ensure fertilization. We tested whether polyandrous females gain genetic benefits for their offspring by (1) selecting secondary sires of higher genetic-quality than original partners or (2) because post-copulatory mechanisms bias fertilizations towards genetically superior males. We screened 119 hemiclones of males for lifetime fitness then selected eight hemiclones (four of extreme high fitness and four of extreme low fitness) and mated them to virgin females. Females were then given the opportunity to remate with males of benchmark-genetic quality and their propensity to remate (fidelity) and sperm displacement scored. A female's fidelity and her level of sperm displacement varied depending on which hemiclone she mated first, but not on male-genetic quality. These findings indicate that female remating and sperm displacement are strongly influenced by male genotype, but provide no evidence that these traits contribute to adaptive female choice to obtain superior genes for offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Byrne
- School of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia.
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33
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Neff BD, Pitcher TE. Genetic quality and sexual selection: an integrated framework for good genes and compatible genes. Mol Ecol 2005; 14:19-38. [PMID: 15643948 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Why are females so choosy when it comes to mating? This question has puzzled and marveled evolutionary and behavioral ecologists for decades. In mating systems in which males provide direct benefits to the female or her offspring, such as food or shelter, the answer seems straightforward--females should prefer to mate with males that are able to provide more resources. The answer is less clear in other mating systems in which males provide no resources (other than sperm) to females. Theoretical models that account for the evolution of mate choice in such nonresource-based mating systems require that females obtain a genetic benefit through increased offspring fitness from their choice. Empirical studies of nonresource-based mating systems that are characterized by strong female choice for males with elaborate sexual traits (like the large tail of peacocks) suggest that additive genetic benefits can explain only a small percentage of the variation in fitness. Other research on genetic benefits has examined nonadditive effects as another source of genetic variation in fitness and a potential benefit to female mate choice. In this paper, we review the sexual selection literature on genetic quality to address five objectives. First, we attempt to provide an integrated framework for discussing genetic quality. We propose that the term 'good gene' be used exclusively to refer to additive genetic variation in fitness, 'compatible gene' be used to refer to nonadditive genetic variation in fitness, and 'genetic quality' be defined as the sum of the two effects. Second, we review empirical approaches used to calculate the effect size of genetic quality and discuss these approaches in the context of measuring benefits from good genes, compatible genes and both types of genes. Third, we discuss biological mechanisms for acquiring and promoting offspring genetic quality and categorize these into three stages during breeding: (i) precopulatory (mate choice); (ii) postcopulatory, prefertilization (sperm utilization); and (iii) postcopulatory, postfertilization (differential investment). Fourth, we present a verbal model of the effect of good genes sexual selection and compatible genes sexual selection on population genetic variation in fitness, and discuss the potential trade-offs that might exist between mate choice for good genes and mate choice for compatible genes. Fifth, we discuss some future directions for research on genetic quality and sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Neff
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.
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35
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Liana M. First copulation increases longevity and fecundity of Histiostoma feroniarum (Acari: Astigmata: Acaridida) females. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2005; 35:173-181. [PMID: 15792098 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-004-4301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
I investigated the influence of insemination at different life stages on female fitness in the mite Histiostoma feroniarum. In this species, males guard immature females at the tritonymph stage to inseminate them immediately after the last moulting. Four groups of females were studied (1) females inseminated 'naturally', i.e. mating occurred immediately after guarding, and then the male was removed (IF/0M), (2) 'naturally' inseminated females, where after insemination the male was replaced by two additional males (IF/2M), (3) virgin females reared without males (VF/0M) and (4) mature, virgin females to which two virgin males were added 3 days after last moulting (VF/2DM). The results show that females inseminated 'naturally' (IF/0M) have higher longevity and fecundity than either virgin (VF/0M) or late-inseminated females (VF/2DM). Furthermore, longevity and fecundity of the former (IF/0M) was also greater than that of females 'naturally' inseminated and subsequently exposed to males (IF/2M). One may suggest that seminal fluids have a positive effect on female fitness. When delayed insemination occurs, such positive effect may not be observed due to a change in features of the sperm access system. Harassment may explain decreased longevity and fecundity of females inseminated 'naturally' compared to females that received additional males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Liana
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30060 Kraków, Poland.
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36
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Blouin-Demers G, Gibbs HL, Weatherhead PJ. Genetic evidence for sexual selection in black ratsnakes, Elaphe obsoleta. Anim Behav 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kozielska M, Krzemińska A, Radwan J. Good genes and the maternal effects of polyandry on offspring reproductive success in the bulb mite. Proc Biol Sci 2004; 271:165-70. [PMID: 15058393 PMCID: PMC1691577 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2003.2585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic benefits are potentially the most robust explanation of the controversial issue of evolutionary maintenance of polyandry, but the unambiguous demonstration of such benefits has been hindered by the possibility of their confusion with maternal effects. Previous research has shown that polyandrous bulb mite females produce daughters with higher fecundity than monandrous females. Here, we investigate whether this effect arises because polyandrous females invest more in their offspring, or because their offspring inherit 'good genes' from their fathers. Females were mated with either one or four (different) males. However, by sterilizing three of the four males with ionizing radiation, we eliminated any chance of sexual selection (in the polyandrous treatment) so that any differences in the female mating regimes must have been owing to maternal effects. Polyandry had no significant effect on daughter fecundity, thus indicating that any previously documented effects must have been genetic. This was further supported by a significant association between fathers' offensive sperm-competitive ability and the fecundity of their daughters. The association with fathers' sperm defensive ability was not significant, and neither was the association between fathers' sperm competitiveness and sons' reproductive success. However, sons of polyandrous females had lower reproductive success than sons of monandrous females. This shows that the maternal effects of polyandry should be taken into account whenever its costs and benefits are being considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kozielska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 6, 30-060 Cracow, Poland
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39
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Jennions MD, Hunt J, Graham R, Brooks R. NO EVIDENCE FOR INBREEDING AVOIDANCE THROUGH POSTCOPULATORY MECHANISMS IN THE BLACK FIELD CRICKET, TELEOGRYLLUS COMMODUS. Evolution 2004. [DOI: 10.1554/04-261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Radwan J, Unrug J, Snigórska K, Gawrońska K. Effectiveness of sexual selection in preventing fitness deterioration in bulb mite populations under relaxed natural selection. J Evol Biol 2003; 17:94-9. [PMID: 15000652 DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Under the 'good genes' mechanism of sexual selection (SS), females benefit from mate choice indirectly: their offspring inherit genes of the preferred, high quality fathers. Recent models assume that the genetic variance for male quality is maintained by deleterious mutations. Consequently, SS can be predicted to remove deleterious mutations from populations. We tested this prediction by relaxing selection in populations of the bulb mite, thus increasing their rate of accumulation of deleterious mutation. SS, allowed to operate in half of these populations, did not prevent the fitness decline observed in the other half of the relaxed selection lines. After 11 generations of relaxed selection, female fecundity in lines in which males were allowed to compete for females declined compared with control populations by similar amount as in monogamous lines (17.5 and 14.5%, respectively), whereas other fitness components (viability, longevity, male reproductive success) did not differ significantly between both types of lines and control populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Radwan
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.
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41
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RADWAN JACEK, WATSON PAULJ, FARSLOW JAMES, THORNHILL RANDY. Procrustean analysis of fluctuating asymmetry in the bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini Claparede (Astigmata: Acaridae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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42
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Simmons LW. The evolution of polyandry: patterns of genotypic variation in female mating frequency, male fertilization success and a test of the sexy-sperm hypothesis. J Evol Biol 2003; 16:624-34. [PMID: 14632226 DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The sexy-sperm hypothesis predicts that females obtain indirect benefits for their offspring via polyandy, in the form of increased fertilization success for their sons. I use a quantitative genetic approach to test the sexy-sperm hypothesis using the field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus. Previous studies of this species have shown considerable phenotypic variation in fertilization success when two or more males compete. There were high broad-sense heritabilities for both paternity and polyandry. Patterns of genotypic variance were consistent with X-linked inheritance and/or maternal effects on these traits. The genetic architecture therefore precludes the evolution of polyandry via a sexy-sperm process. Thus the positive genetic correlation between paternity in sons and polyandry in daughters predicted by the sexy-sperm hypothesis was absent. There was significant heritable variation in the investment by females in ovaries and by males in the accessory gland. Surprisingly there was a very strong genetic correlation between these two traits. The significance of this genetic correlation for the coevolution of male seminal products and polyandry is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Simmons
- Evolutionary Biology Research Group, Department of Zoology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
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43
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Radwan J. Inbreeding depression in fecundity and inbred line extinction in the bulb mite, Rhizoglyphus robini. Heredity (Edinb) 2003; 90:371-6. [PMID: 12714982 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the magnitude of inbreeding depression in fecundity, and whether the depression is purged during six generations of sib mating in the bulb mite, Rhizoglyphus robini. The progeny resulting from a single generation of brother-sister mating suffered significant inbreeding depression in fecundity. During the following six generations of continuous sib-mating, 58% lines were lost, 45% because of sterility and 13% because of preadult mortality. The lines were then outcrossed, and their inbreeding depression compared with that of the base population. The inbreeding depression for the outcrossed population was 0.15, and for the base population 0.19, but the difference was not significant. The lack of significant purging of inbreeding depression indicates that it was caused either by detrimental genes of small effect, or by the breaking down of overdominant relations between alleles. However, the large proportion of extinct lines points to the former mechanism as a predominant cause of inbreeding depression. Theory predicts that the probability of line extinction with inbreeding increases with its load of mutations. If phenotypic variation in fecundity was partly because of differences in numbers of mutations carried by individuals, the fecundity of the line founder could be expected to correlate with the probability that the line derived from it will survive long-term inbreeding. Indeed, fecundity of founder females was significantly associated with line survival, which suggests that line extinction rate may be used as a method to study individual mutational loads, for example, in studies of sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Radwan
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 6, Cracow, Poland.
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44
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Effects of repeated mating and polyandry on the fecundity, fertility and maternal behaviour of female earwigs,Euborellia plebeja. Anim Behav 2003. [DOI: 10.1006/anbe.2002.2033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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45
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Martin OY, Hosken DJ. COSTS AND BENEFITS OF EVOLVING UNDER EXPERIMENTALLY ENFORCED POLYANDRY OR MONOGAMY. Evolution 2003. [DOI: 10.1554/03-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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Sakaluk SK, Schaus JM, Eggert AK, Snedden WA, Brady PL. POLYANDRY AND FITNESS OF OFFSPRING REARED UNDER VARYING NUTRITIONAL STRESS IN DECORATED CRICKETS. Evolution 2002. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056[1999:pafoor]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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