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Demmer J, Robins P, Malham S, Lewis M, Owen A, Jones T, Neill S. The role of wind in controlling the connectivity of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) populations. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2022; 10:3. [PMID: 35063034 PMCID: PMC8783501 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-022-00301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Larval connectivity between distinct benthic populations is essential for their persistence. Although connectivity is difficult to measure in situ, it can be predicted via models that simulate biophysical interactions between larval behaviour and ocean currents. The blue mussel (Mytilus Edulis L.) is widespread throughout the northern hemisphere and extensively commercialised worldwide. In the Irish Sea, this industry represents ~ 50% of Welsh shellfisheries, where cultivation is mainly based on wild spat. However, the main sources and amount of spat varied interannually (1100 tonnes harvest in 2014 against zero in 2018). The aim of this study is to characterise the structure and dynamics of the blue mussel metapopulation within the northern part of the Irish Sea. METHODS We develop a Lagrangian particle tracking model, driven by a high-resolution (from 30 to 5000 m) validated unstructured coastal hydrodynamic model of the Irish Sea, to simulate spatial and temporal variability of larval dispersal and connectivity between distinct mussel populations and potential settlement areas. RESULTS Our results showed that: (1) larvae positioned near the surface were strongly influenced by wind-driven currents suggesting that connectivity networks had the potential to span hundreds of kilometres; (2) in contrast, larvae positioned deeper in the water column were driven by tidal currents, producing intricate spatial patterns of connectivity between mussel beds over tens of kilometres that were consistent over time. CONCLUSIONS Dispersal of mussel larvae in the tidally energetic Irish Sea during the April-May spawning season is potentially driven by wind-driven surface currents, as confirmed by fisherman observations of inter-annual variability in wild spat collection. These results have important implications for metapopulation dynamics within the context of climate change and sustainable shellfisheries management (i.e. gain and loss of populations and harvest areas according to wind conditions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Demmer
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Askew street, Menai Bridge, LL59 5AB UK
| | - Peter Robins
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Askew street, Menai Bridge, LL59 5AB UK
| | - Shelagh Malham
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Askew street, Menai Bridge, LL59 5AB UK
| | - Matthew Lewis
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Askew street, Menai Bridge, LL59 5AB UK
| | - Aaron Owen
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2DG UK
| | - Trevor Jones
- Extramussel Limited, Refail Llanffinan, Llangefni, Anglesey, LL77 7SN UK
| | - Simon Neill
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Askew street, Menai Bridge, LL59 5AB UK
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Zbawicka M, Trucco MI, Wenne R. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in native South American Atlantic coast populations of smooth shelled mussels: hybridization with invasive European Mytilus galloprovincialis. Genet Sel Evol 2018; 50:5. [PMID: 29471805 PMCID: PMC5824471 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-018-0376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Throughout the world, harvesting of mussels Mytilus spp. is based on the exploitation of natural populations and aquaculture. Aquaculture activities include transfers of spat and live adult mussels between various geographic locations, which may result in large-scale changes in the world distribution of Mytilus taxa. Mytilus taxa are morphologically similar and difficult to distinguish. In spite of much research on taxonomy, evolution and geographic distribution, the native Mytilus taxa of the Southern Hemisphere are poorly understood. Recently, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been used to clarify the taxonomic status of populations of smooth shelled mussels from the Pacific coast of South America. In this paper, we used a set of SNPs to characterize, for the first time, populations of smooth shelled mussels Mytilus from the Atlantic coast of South America. RESULTS Mytilus spp. samples were collected from eastern South America. Six reference samples from the Northern Hemisphere were used: Mytilus edulis from USA and Northern Ireland, Mytilus trossulus from Canada, and Mytilus galloprovincialis from Spain and Italy. Two other reference samples from the Southern Hemisphere were included: M. galloprovincialis from New Zealand and Mytilus chilensis from Chile. Fifty-five SNPs were successfully genotyped, of which 51 were polymorphic. Population genetic analyses using the STRUCTURE program revealed the clustering of eight populations from Argentina (Mytilus platensis) and the clustering of the sample from Ushuaia with M. chilensis from Chile. All individuals in the Puerto Madryn (Argentina) sample were identified as M. platensis × M. galloprovincialis F2 (88.89%) hybrids, except one that was classified as Mediterranean M. galloprovincialis. No F1 hybrids were observed. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that M. platensis (or Mytilus edulis platensis) and M. chilensis are distinct native taxa in South America, which indicates that the evolutionary histories of Mytilus taxa along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts differ. M. platensis is endangered by hybridization with M. galloprovincialis that was introduced from Europe into the Puerto Madryn area in Argentina, presumably by accidental introduction via ship traffic. We confirm the occurrence of a native M. chilensis population in southern Argentina on the coast of Patagonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Zbawicka
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot, Poland
| | - María I Trucco
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero, Paseo Victoria Ocampo No. 1, B7602HSA, Mar Del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roman Wenne
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot, Poland.
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Stuckas H, Knöbel L, Schade H, Breusing C, Hinrichsen HH, Bartel M, Langguth K, Melzner F. Combining hydrodynamic modelling with genetics: can passive larval drift shape the genetic structure of Baltic Mytilus populations? Mol Ecol 2017; 26:2765-2782. [PMID: 28238204 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While secondary contact between Mytilus edulis and Mytilus trossulus in North America results in mosaic hybrid zone formation, both species form a hybrid swarm in the Baltic. Despite pervasive gene flow, Baltic Mytilus species maintain substantial genetic and phenotypic differentiation. Exploring mechanisms underlying the contrasting genetic composition in Baltic Mytilus species will allow insights into processes such as speciation or adaptation to extremely low salinity. Previous studies in the Baltic indicated that only weak interspecific reproductive barriers exist and discussed the putative role of adaptation to environmental conditions. Using a combination of hydrodynamic modelling and multilocus genotyping, we investigate how oceanographic conditions influence passive larval dispersal and hybrid swarm formation in the Baltic. By combining our analyses with previous knowledge, we show a genetic transition of Baltic Mytilus species along longitude 12°-13°E, that is a virtual line between Malmö (Sweden) and Stralsund (Germany). Although larval transport only occurs over short distances (10-30 km), limited larval dispersal could not explain the position of this genetic transition zone. Instead, the genetic transition zone is located at the area of maximum salinity change (15-10 psu). Thus, we argue that selection results in weak reproductive barriers and local adaptation. This scenario could maintain genetic and phenotypic differences between Baltic Mytilus species despite pervasive introgressive hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Stuckas
- Population Genetics, Museum of Zoology, Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstrasse 159, 01109, Dresden, Germany
| | - Loreen Knöbel
- Population Genetics, Museum of Zoology, Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstrasse 159, 01109, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hanna Schade
- Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Corinna Breusing
- Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany.,Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Harald Hinrichsen
- Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manuela Bartel
- Population Genetics, Museum of Zoology, Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstrasse 159, 01109, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaudia Langguth
- Population Genetics, Museum of Zoology, Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstrasse 159, 01109, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Melzner
- Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany
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Mytilus hybridisation and impact on aquaculture: A minireview. Mar Genomics 2016; 27:3-7. [PMID: 27157133 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The three species in the blue mussel complex (Mytilus edulis, Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mytilus trossulus) show varying levels of hybridisation wherever they occur sympatrically. The spatial variation in hybridisation patterns is potentially governed by environmental conditions, larval dispersal and aquaculture practices. Commercial mussel cultivation has been shown to increase hybridisation through introduction of non-native species or spat transfer. There is evidence that mussel cultivation may promote commercially less desirable phenotypes (e.g. fragile shells), however, to what extent hybridisation impacts aquaculture is currently not clear. The aim of this review is to summarize the available information on Mytilus hybridisation patterns in Europe and their promotion through aquaculture practices in order to shed light on the overall implications for the aquaculture industry.
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Le Corre N, Johnson LE, Smith GK, Guichard F. Patterns and scales of connectivity: temporal stability and variation within a marine metapopulation. Ecology 2015; 96:2245-56. [DOI: 10.1890/14-2126.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gérard K, Roby C, Bierne N, Borsa P, Féral JP, Chenuil A. Does natural selection explain the fine scale genetic structure at the nuclear exon Glu-5' in blue mussels from Kerguelen? Ecol Evol 2015; 5:1456-73. [PMID: 25897385 PMCID: PMC4395175 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kerguelen archipelago, isolated in the Southern Ocean, shelters a blue mussel Mytilus metapopulation far from any influence of continental populations or any known hybrid zone. The finely carved coast leads to a highly heterogeneous habitat. We investigated the impact of the environment on the genetic structure in those Kerguelen blue mussels by relating allele frequencies to habitat descriptors. A total sample comprising up to 2248 individuals from 35 locations was characterized using two nuclear markers, mac-1 and Glu-5', and a mitochondrial marker (COI). The frequency data from 9 allozyme loci in 9 of these locations were also reanalyzed. Two other nuclear markers (EFbis and EFprem's) were monomorphic. Compared to Northern Hemisphere populations, polymorphism in Kerguelen blue mussels was lower for all markers except for the exon Glu-5'. At Glu-5', genetic differences were observed between samples from distinct regions (F CT = 0.077), as well as within two regions, including between samples separated by <500 m. No significant differentiation was observed in the AMOVA analyses at the two other markers (mac-1 and COI). Like mac-1, all allozyme loci genotyped in a previous publication, displayed lower differentiation (Jost's D) and F ST values than Glu-5'. Power simulations and confidence intervals support that Glu-5' displays significantly higher differentiation than the other loci (except a single allozyme for which confidence intervals overlap). AMOVA analyses revealed significant effects of the giant kelp Macrocystis and wave exposure on this marker. We discuss the influence of hydrological conditions on the genetic differentiation among regions. In marine organisms with high fecundity and high dispersal potential, gene flow tends to erase differentiation, but this study showed significant differentiation at very small distance. This may be explained by the particular hydrology and the carved coastline of the Kerguelen archipelago, together with spatially variable selection at Glu-5'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Gérard
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale - CNRS UMR 7263, Aix-Marseille Université Station marine d'Endoume, 13007, Marseille, France
| | - Charlotte Roby
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale - CNRS UMR 7263, Aix-Marseille Université Station marine d'Endoume, 13007, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Bierne
- Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon 34095, Montpellier, France ; CNRS - Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR5554, Station Méditerranéenne de l'Environnement Littoral Sète, France
| | - Philippe Borsa
- Institut de recherche pour le développement, UR227 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Féral
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale - CNRS UMR 7263, Aix-Marseille Université Station marine d'Endoume, 13007, Marseille, France ; CNRS UMR 6540 - DIMAR, Centre d'océanologie de Marseille Station marine d'Endoume, 13007, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Chenuil
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale - CNRS UMR 7263, Aix-Marseille Université Station marine d'Endoume, 13007, Marseille, France ; CNRS UMR 6540 - DIMAR, Centre d'océanologie de Marseille Station marine d'Endoume, 13007, Marseille, France
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Davies SW, Treml EA, Kenkel CD, Matz MV. Exploring the role of Micronesian islands in the maintenance of coral genetic diversity in the Pacific Ocean. Mol Ecol 2014; 24:70-82. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. W. Davies
- Department of Integrative Biology; The University of Texas at Austin; 1 University Station C0990 Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - E. A. Treml
- Department of Zoology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. 3010 Australia
| | - C. D. Kenkel
- Department of Integrative Biology; The University of Texas at Austin; 1 University Station C0990 Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - M. V. Matz
- Department of Integrative Biology; The University of Texas at Austin; 1 University Station C0990 Austin TX 78712 USA
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Rosani U, Varotto L, Rossi A, Roch P, Novoa B, Figueras A, Pallavicini A, Venier P. Massively parallel amplicon sequencing reveals isotype-specific variability of antimicrobial peptide transcripts in Mytilus galloprovincialis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26680. [PMID: 22087233 PMCID: PMC3210125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Effective innate responses against potential pathogens are essential in the living world and possibly contributed to the evolutionary success of invertebrates. Taken together, antimicrobial peptide (AMP) precursors of defensin, mytilin, myticin and mytimycin can represent about 40% of the hemocyte transcriptome in mussels injected with viral-like and bacterial preparations, and unique profiles of myticin C variants are expressed in single mussels. Based on amplicon pyrosequencing, we have ascertained and compared the natural and Vibrio-induced diversity of AMP transcripts in mussel hemocytes from three European regions. Methodology/Principal Findings Hemolymph was collected from mussels farmed in the coastal regions of Palavas (France), Vigo (Spain) and Venice (Italy). To represent the AMP families known in M. galloprovincialis, nine transcript sequences have been selected, amplified from hemocyte RNA and subjected to pyrosequencing. Hemolymph from farmed (offshore) and wild (lagoon) Venice mussels, both injected with 107Vibrio cells, were similarly processed. Amplicon pyrosequencing emphasized the AMP transcript diversity, with Single Nucleotide Changes (SNC) minimal for mytilin B/C and maximal for arthropod-like defensin and myticin C. Ratio of non-synonymous vs. synonymous changes also greatly differed between AMP isotypes. Overall, each amplicon revealed similar levels of nucleotidic variation across geographical regions, with two main sequence patterns confirmed for mytimycin and no substantial changes after immunostimulation. Conclusions/Significance Barcoding and bidirectional pyrosequencing allowed us to map and compare the transcript diversity of known mussel AMPs. Though most of the genuine cds variation was common to the analyzed samples we could estimate from 9 to 106 peptide variants in hemolymph pools representing 100 mussels, depending on the AMP isoform and sampling site. In this study, no prevailing SNC patterns related to geographical origin or Vibrio injection emerged. Whether or not the contact with potential pathogens can increase the amount of AMP transcript variants in mussels requires additional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Rosani
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail: (UR); (PV)
| | - Laura Varotto
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Alberta Rossi
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Philippe Roch
- Ecologie des Systèmes Marins et Côtiers, CNRS-IRD-University of Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Vigo, Spain
| | | | | | - Paola Venier
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail: (UR); (PV)
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Begovic E, Lindberg DR. Genetic population structure of Tectura paleacea: implications for the mechanisms regulating population structure in patchy coastal habitats. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18408. [PMID: 21490969 PMCID: PMC3072387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The seagrass limpet Tectura paleacea (Gastropoda; Patellogastropoda) belongs to a seagrass obligate lineage that has shifted from the Caribbean in the late Miocene, across the Isthmus of Panama prior to the closing of the Panamanian seaway, and then northward to its modern Baja California - Oregon distribution. To address whether larval entrainment by seagrass beds contributes to population structuring, populations were sampled at six California/Oregon localities approximately 2 degrees latitude apart during two post-settlement periods in July 2002 and June 2003. Partial cytochrome oxidase b (Cytb) sequences were obtained from 20 individuals (10 per year) from each population in order to determine the levels of population subdivision/connectivity. From the 120 individuals sequenced, there were eighty-one unique haplotypes, with the greatest haplotype diversity occurring in southern populations. The only significant genetic break detected was consistent with a peri-Point Conception (PPC) biogeographic boundary while populations north and south of Point Conception were each panmictic. The data further indicate that populations found south of the PPC biogeographic boundary originated from northern populations. This pattern of population structure suggests that seagrass patches are not entraining the larvae of T. paleacea by altering flow regimes within their environment; a process hypothesized to produce extensive genetic subdivision on fine geographic scales. In contrast to the haplotype data, morphological patterns vary significantly over very fine geographic scales that are inconsistent with the observed patterns of genetic population structure, indicating that morphological variation in T. paleacea might be attributed to differential ecophenotypic expression in response to local habitat variability throughout its distribution. These results suggest that highly localized conservation efforts may not be as effective as large-scale conservation efforts in near shore marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emina Begovic
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
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Bierne N, Welch J, Loire E, Bonhomme F, David P. The coupling hypothesis: why genome scans may fail to map local adaptation genes. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:2044-72. [PMID: 21476991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bierne
- Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Zhang H, Scarpa J, Hare MP. Differential fertilization success between two populations of eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2010; 219:142-150. [PMID: 20972259 DOI: 10.1086/bblv219n2p142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Identification of mechanisms promoting prezygotic reproductive isolation and their prevalence are key goals in evolutionary biology because of their potential role in speciation. In marine broadcast-spawning species, molecular interactions between gamete surface proteins are more important than mating behavior for determining reproductive compatibility. Evidence for differential fertilization capacity has been reported from experiments utilizing competing sperm from two males sampled within populations and between species, but to our knowledge conspecific populations that might have diverged in allopatry have never been tested on the basis of sperm competition. In the present study, the gametic compatibility and embryo survivorship from matings between two allopatric populations of Crassostrea virginica, the eastern oyster, on either side of a genetic step cline were investigated. Fertilization success, embryo survival, and paternity data all indicated an absence of strong reproductive barriers between the two oyster populations, implicating other mechanisms for maintenance of the cline step. Sperm from northern male oysters showed a tendency to produce more larvae than expected when competing with sperm from southern male oysters. Although the northern male advantage was not strong, the trend implies that long-distance dispersal across the step cline might more successfully result in north-to-south gene flow than the reverse, providing a mechanistic hypothesis explaining the asymmetric cline shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Zhang
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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Arnold ML, Fogarty ND. Reticulate evolution and marine organisms: the final frontier? Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:3836-3860. [PMID: 19865522 PMCID: PMC2769149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10093836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role that reticulate evolution (i.e., via lateral transfer, viral recombination and/or introgressive hybridization) has played in the origin and adaptation of individual taxa and even entire clades continues to be tested for all domains of life. Though falsified for some groups, the hypothesis of divergence in the face of gene flow is becoming accepted as a major facilitator of evolutionary change for many microorganisms, plants and animals. Yet, the effect of reticulate evolutionary change in certain assemblages has been doubted, either due to an actual dearth of genetic exchange among the lineages belonging to these clades or because of a lack of appropriate data to test alternative hypotheses. Marine organisms represent such an assemblage. In the past half-century, some evolutionary biologists interested in the origin and trajectory of marine organisms, particularly animals, have posited that horizontal transfer, introgression and hybrid speciation have been rare. In this review, we provide examples of such genetic exchange that have come to light largely as a result of analyses of molecular markers. Comparisons among these markers and between these loci and morphological characters have provided numerous examples of marine microorganisms, plants and animals that possess the signature of mosaic genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Arnold
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Nicole D. Fogarty
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4295, USA; E-Mail: (N.D.F.)
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Prada C, Schizas NV, Yoshioka PM. Phenotypic plasticity or speciation? A case from a clonal marine organism. BMC Evol Biol 2008; 8:47. [PMID: 18271961 PMCID: PMC2275222 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clonal marine organisms exhibit high levels of morphological variation. Morphological differences may be a response to environmental factors but also they can be attributed to accumulated genetic differences due to disruption of gene flow among populations. In this study, we examined the extensive morphological variation (of 14 characters) in natural populations observed in the gorgonian Eunicea flexuosa, a widely distributed Caribbean octocoral. Eco-phenotypic and genetic effects were evaluated by reciprocal transplants of colonies inhabiting opposite ends of the depth gradient and analysis of population genetics of mitochondrial and nuclear genes, respectively. RESULTS Significant differences (P < 0.001) in 14 morphological traits were found among colonies inhabiting 12 locations distributed in seven reefs in southwest Puerto Rico. Results from principal component analysis indicated the presence of two groups based on depth distribution, suggesting the presence of two discrete morphotypes (i.e. shallow type < 5 m and deep type > 17 m). A discriminant function analysis based on a priori univariate and multivariate analyses (which separated the colonies in morphotypes) correctly classified 93% of the colonies for each environment. Light, water motion and sediment transport might influence the distribution of the two morphotypes. Reaction norms of morphological characters of colonies reciprocally transplanted showed gradual significant changes through the 15 months of transplantation. Sclerites of shallow water colonies became larger when transplanted to deeper environments and vice versa, but neither of the two transplanted groups overlapped with the residents' morphology. Genetic analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear genes suggested that such discrete morphology and non-overlapping phenotypic plasticity is correlated with the presence of two independent evolutionary lineages. The distribution of the lineages is non-random and may be related to adaptational responses of each lineage to the environmental demands of each habitat. CONCLUSION The extensive distribution and ample morphological variation of Eunicea flexuosa corresponds to two distinct genetic lineages with narrower distributions and more rigid phenotypic plasticity than the original description. The accepted description sensu Bayer (1961) of E. flexuosa is a complex of at least two distinct genetic lineages, adapted to different habitats and do not exchange genetic material despite living in sympatry. The present study highlights the importance of correctly defining species, because the unknowingly use of species complexes can overestimate geographical distribution, population abundance, and physiological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Prada
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Isla Magueyes Laboratories, P.O. Box 908, Lajas, PR 00667, USA
| | - Nikolaos V Schizas
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Isla Magueyes Laboratories, P.O. Box 908, Lajas, PR 00667, USA
| | - Paul M Yoshioka
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Isla Magueyes Laboratories, P.O. Box 908, Lajas, PR 00667, USA
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Dawson MN, Hamner WM. A biophysical perspective on dispersal and the geography of evolution in marine and terrestrial systems. J R Soc Interface 2008; 5:135-50. [PMID: 17626000 PMCID: PMC2093964 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2007.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The fluid mechanics of marine and terrestrial systems are surprisingly similar at many spatial and temporal scales. Not surprisingly, the dispersal of organisms that float, swim or fly is influenced by the fluid environments of air and seawater. Nonetheless, it has been argued repeatedly that the geography of evolution differs fundamentally between marine and terrestrial taxa. Might this view emanate from qualitative contrasts between the pelagic ocean and terrestrial land conflated by anthropocentric perception of within- and between-realm variation? We draw on recent advances in biogeography to identify two pairs of biophysically similar marine and terrestrial settings--(i) aerial and marine microplankton and (ii) true islands and brackish seawater lakes--which have similar geographies of evolution. Commonalities at these scales, the largest and smallest biogeographic scales, delimit the geographical extents that can possibly characterize evolution in the remaining majority of species. The geographies of evolution therefore differ statistically, not fundamentally, between marine and terrestrial systems. Comparing the geography of evolution in diverse non-microplanktonic and non-island species from a biophysical perspective is an essential next step for quantifying precisely how marine and terrestrial systems differ and is an important yet under-explored avenue of macroecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Dawson
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95344, USA.
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Munguia P, Mackie C, Levitan DR. The influence of stage-dependent dispersal on the population dynamics of three amphipod species. Oecologia 2007; 153:533-41. [PMID: 17554564 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-007-0762-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In metapopulations, the maintenance of local populations can depend on source-sink dynamics, where populations with positive growth rate seed populations with negative growth rate. The pattern and probability of successful dispersal among habitats can therefore be crucial in determining whether local populations will become rare or increase in abundance. We present here data on the dispersal strategy and population dynamics of three marine amphipods living in pen shells (Atrina rigida) in the Gulf of Mexico. The three amphipod species in this study disperse at different life stages. Neomegamphopus hiatus and Melita nitida disperse as adults, while Bemlos unicornis disperses as juveniles. The two species that disperse as adults have the highest initial population sizes when a new shell becomes available, likely caused by the arriving females releasing their brood into these recently occupied shells. This dispersal pattern results in initially higher population growth, but fewer occupied shells, as noted by their clumped distribution. In contrast, the species that disperses as juveniles accumulates more slowly and more evenly across habitats, eventually dominating the other two in terms of numerical abundance. The metapopulation dynamics of the three species seems to be highly dependent on the life history stage involved in dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Munguia
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1100, USA.
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Johnson M, Black R. ISLANDS INCREASE GENETIC SUBDIVISION AND DISRUPT PATTERNS OF CONNECTIVITY OF INTERTIDAL SNAILS IN A COMPLEX ARCHIPELAGO. Evolution 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ellingson RA, Krug PJ. EVOLUTION OF POECILOGONY FROM PLANKTOTROPHY: CRYPTIC SPECIATION, PHYLOGEOGRAPHY, AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE GASTROPOD GENUS ALDERIA. Evolution 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ellingson RA, Krug PJ. EVOLUTION OF POECILOGONY FROM PLANKTOTROPHY: CRYPTIC SPECIATION, PHYLOGEOGRAPHY, AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE GASTROPOD GENUS ALDERIA. Evolution 2006. [DOI: 10.1554/06-145.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Johnson MS, Black R. ISLANDS INCREASE GENETIC SUBDIVISION AND DISRUPT PATTERNS OF CONNECTIVITY OF INTERTIDAL SNAILS IN A COMPLEX ARCHIPELAGO. Evolution 2006. [DOI: 10.1554/06-211.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Williams ST, Reid DG. Speciation and diversity on tropical rocky shores: a global phylogeny of snails of the genus Echinolittorina. Evolution 2005; 58:2227-51. [PMID: 15562687 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A phylogenetic approach to the origin and maintenance of species diversity ideally requires the sampling of all species within a clade, confirmation that they are evolutionarily distinct entities, and knowledge of their geographical distributions. In the marine tropics such studies have mostly been of fish and reef-associated organisms, usually with high dispersal. In contrast, snails of the genus Echinolittorina (Littorinidae) are restricted to rocky shores, have a four-week pelagic development (and recorded dispersal up to 1400 km), and show different evolutionary patterns. We present a complete molecular phylogeny of Echinolittorina, derived from Bayesian analysis of sequences from nuclear 28S rRNA and mitochondrial 12S rRNA and COI genes (nodal support indicated by posterior probabilities, maximum likelihood, and neighbor-joining bootstrap). This consists of 59 evolutionarily significant units (ESUs), including all 50 known taxonomic species. The 26 ESUs found in the Indo-West Pacific region form a single clade, whereas the eastern Pacific and Atlantic species are basal. The earliest fossil occurred in the Tethys during the middle Eocene and we suggest that the Indo-West Pacific clade has been isolated since closure of the Tethyan seaway in the early Miocene. The geographical distributions of all species (based on more than 3700 locality records) appear to be circumscribed by barriers of low temperature, unsuitable sedimentary habitat, stretches of open water exceeding about 1400 km, and differences in oceanographic conditions on the continuum between oceanic and continental. The geographical ranges of sister species show little or no overlap, indicating that the speciation mode is predominantly allopatric. Furthermore, range expansion following speciation appears to have been limited, because a high degree of allopatry is maintained through three to five branching points of the phylogeny. This may be explained by infrequent long-distance colonization, habitat specialization on the oceanic/continental gradient, and perhaps by interspecific competition. In the eastern Pacific plus Atlantic we identify five cases of divergence on either side of the Isthmus of Panama, but our estimates of their ages pre-date the emergence of the Isthmus. There are three examples of sister relationships between species in the western Atlantic and eastern Atlantic, all resulting from dispersal to the east. Within the Indo-West Pacific, we find no geographical pattern of speciation events; narrowly endemic species of recent origin are present in both peripheral and central parts of the region. Evidence from estimated divergence times of sister species, and from a plot of the number of lineages over time, suggest that there has been no acceleration of diversification during the glacio-eustatic cycles of the Plio-Pleistocene. In comparison with reefal organisms, species of Echinolittorina on rocky shores may be less susceptible to extinction or isolation during sea-level fluctuations. The species richness of Echinolittorina in the classical biogeographic provinces conforms to the common pattern of highest diversity (11 species) in the central "East Indies Triangle" of the Indo-West Pacific, with a subsidiary focus in the eastern Pacific and western Atlantic, and lowest diversity in the eastern Atlantic. The diversity focus in the East Indies Triangle is produced by a mosaic of restricted allopatric species and overlap of a few widespread ones, and is the result of habitat specialization rather than historical vicariance. This study emphasizes the plurality of biogeographic histories and speciation patterns in the marine tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Williams
- Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom.
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Williams ST, Reid DG. SPECIATION AND DIVERSITY ON TROPICAL ROCKY SHORES: A GLOBAL PHYLOGENY OF SNAILS OF THE GENUS ECHINOLITTORINA. Evolution 2004. [DOI: 10.1554/03-565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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