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Fragaszy DM, Kelty-Stephen DG, Mangalam M. How bipedalism shapes humans' actions with hand tools. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230152. [PMID: 39155723 PMCID: PMC11391300 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The task for an embodied cognitive understanding of humans' actions with tools is to elucidate how the human body, as a whole, supports the perception of affordances and dexterous action with objects in relation to other objects. Here, we focus on the relationship between humans' actions with handheld tools and bipedal posture. Posture plays a pivotal role in shaping animals' perception and action dynamics. While humans stand and locomote bipedally, other primates predominantly employ quadrupedal postures and locomotion, relying on both hands and feet to support the body. Drawing upon evidence from evolutionary biology, developmental psychology and performance studies, we elucidate the influence of bipedalism on our actions with objects and on our proficiency in using tools. We use the metaphor of cascades to capture the dynamic, nonlinear transformations in morphology and behaviour associated with posture and the use of tools across evolutionary and developmental timescales. Recent work illustrates the promise of multifractal cascade analysis to reveal nonlinear, cross-scale interactions across the entire body in real-time, supporting the perception of affordances for actions with tools. Cascade analysis enriches our comprehension of real-time performance and facilitates exploration of the relationships among whole-body coordination, individual development, and evolutionary processes.This article is part of the theme issue 'Minds in movement: embodied cognition in the age of artificial intelligence'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damian G Kelty-Stephen
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at New Paltz, New Paltz, NY 12561, USA
| | - Madhur Mangalam
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
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Cross SRR, Marmol-Guijarro AC, Bates KT, Marrin JC, Tickle PG, Rose KA, Codd JR. Testing the form-function paradigm: body shape correlates with kinematics but not energetics in selectively-bred birds. Commun Biol 2024; 7:900. [PMID: 39048787 PMCID: PMC11269648 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06592-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A central concept of evolutionary biology, supported by broad scale allometric analyses, asserts that changing morphology should induce downstream changes in locomotor kinematics and energetics, and by inference selective fitness. However, if these mechanistic relationships exist at local intraspecific scales, where they could provide substrate for fundamental microevolutionary processes, is unknown. Here, analyses of selectively-bred duck breeds demonstrate that distinct body shapes incur kinematic shifts during walking, but these do not translate into differences in energetics. A combination of modular relationships between anatomical regions, and a trade-off between limb flexion and trunk pitching, are shown to homogenise potential functional differences between the breeds, accounting for this discrepancy between form and function. This complex interplay between morphology, motion and physiology indicates that understanding evolutionary links between the avian body plan and locomotor diversity requires studying locomotion as an integrated whole and not key anatomical innovations in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R R Cross
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
| | - Andres C Marmol-Guijarro
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108, Halle, Germany
- 3Diversity, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Karl T Bates
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - John C Marrin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter G Tickle
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kayleigh A Rose
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Jonathan R Codd
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Gómez-Olivencia A, Arsuaga JL. The Sima de los Huesos thorax and lumbar spine: Selected traits and state-of-the-art. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:2465-2490. [PMID: 38450997 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Information on the evolution of the thorax and lumbar spine in the genus Homo is hampered by a limited fossil record due to the inherent fragility of vertebrae and ribs. Neandertals show significant metric and morphological differences in these two anatomical regions, when compared to Homo sapiens. Thus, the important fossil record from the Middle Pleistocene site of Sima de los Huesos (SH) not only offers important information on the evolution of these anatomical regions within the Neandertal lineage but also provides important clues to understand the evolution of these regions at the genus level. We present the current knowledge of the costal skeleton, and the thoracic and lumbar spine anatomy of the hominins found in Sima de los Huesos compared to that of Neandertals and modern humans. The current SH fossil record comprises 738 vertebral specimens representing a minimum of 70 cervical, 95 thoracic and 47 lumbar vertebrae, 652 rib fragments representing a minimum of 118 ribs, and 26 sternal fragments representing 4 sterna. The SH hominins exhibit a morphological pattern in their thorax and lumbar spine more similar to that of Neandertals than to that of H. sapiens, which is consistent with the phylogenetic position of these hominins. However, there are some differences between the SH hominins and Neandertals in these anatomical regions, primarily in the orientation of the lumbar transverse processes and in the robusticity of the second ribs. The presence of some but not all of the suite of Neandertal-derived features is consistent with the pattern found in the cranium and other postcranial regions of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Gómez-Olivencia
- Dept. Geología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Sociedad de Ciencias Aranzadi, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Arsuaga
- Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Druelle F, Leti I, Bokika Ngawolo JC, Narat V. Vertical climbing in free-ranging bonobos: An exploratory study integrating locomotor performance and substrate compliance. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 183:e24894. [PMID: 38180148 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ecological factors and body size shape animal movement and adaptation. Large primates such as bonobos excel in navigating the demanding substrates of arboreal habitats. However, current approaches lack comprehensive assessment of climbing performance in free-ranging individuals, limiting our understanding of locomotor adaptations. This study aims to explore climbing performance in free-ranging bonobos and how substrate properties affect their behavior. METHODS We collected data on the climbing performance of habituated bonobos, Pan paniscus, in the Bolobo Territory, Democratic Republic of Congo. We analyzed 46 climbing bouts (12 ascents, 34 descents) while moving on vertical substrates of varying diameter and compliance levels. This study assessed the average speed, peak acceleration, resting postures, and transitions between climbing and other locomotor modes. RESULTS During climbing sequences and transitions, bonobos mitigate speed variations. They also exhibit regular pauses during climbing and show higher speeds during descent in contrast to their ascent. Regarding the influence of substrate properties, bonobos exhibit higher speed when ascending on thin and slightly flexible substrates, while they appear to achieve higher speeds when descending on large and stiff substrates, by using a "fire-pole slide" submode. DISCUSSION Bonobos demonstrate remarkable abilities for negotiating vertical substrates and substrate properties influence their performance. Our results support the idea that bonobos adopt a behavioral strategy that aligns with the notion of minimizing costs. Overall, the adoption of high velocities and the use of low-cost resting postures may reduce muscle fatigue. These aspects could represent important targets of selection to ensure ecological efficiency in bonobos.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Druelle
- Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique, UMR 7194, CNRS-MNHN-UPVD, Paris, France
- Functional Morphology Laboratory, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Innocent Leti
- NGO Mbou-Mon-Tour, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Victor Narat
- Eco-Anthropologie, UMR 7206, MNHN-CNRS-Univ. Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Bonobo Eco, Saint Brice sur Vienne, Vienne, France
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Macionis V. Fetal head-down posture may explain the rapid brain evolution in humans and other primates: An interpretative review. Brain Res 2023; 1820:148558. [PMID: 37634686 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary cerebrovascular consequences of upside-down postural verticality of the anthropoid fetus have been largely overlooked in the literature. This working hypothesis-based report provides a literature interpretation from an aspect that the rapid evolution of the human brain has been promoted by fetal head-down position due to maternal upright and semi-upright posture. Habitual vertical torso posture is a feature not only of humans, but also of monkeys and non-human apes that spend considerable time in a sitting position. Consequently, the head-down position of the fetus may have caused physiological craniovascular hypertension that stimulated expansion of the intracranial vessels and acted as an epigenetic physiological stress, which enhanced neurogenesis and eventually, along with other selective pressures, led to the progressive growth of the anthropoid brain and its organization. This article collaterally opens a new insight into the conundrum of high cephalopelvic proportions (i.e., the tight fit between the pelvic birth canal and fetal head) in phylogenetically distant lineages of monkeys, lesser apes, and humans. Low cephalopelvic proportions in non-human great apes could be accounted for by their energetically efficient horizontal nest-sleeping and consequently by their larger body mass compared to monkeys and lesser apes that sleep upright. One can further hypothesize that brain size varies in anthropoids according to the degree of exposure of the fetus to postural verticality. The supporting evidence for this postulation includes a finding that in fossil hominins cerebral blood flow rate increased faster than brain volume. This testable hypothesis opens a perspective for research on fetal postural cerebral hemodynamics.
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Zhao J, Li C, Qin T, Jin Y, He R, Sun Y, Liu Z, Wu T, Duan C, Cao Y, Hu J. Mechanical overloading-induced miR-325-3p reduction promoted chondrocyte senescence and exacerbated facet joint degeneration. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:54. [PMID: 37016437 PMCID: PMC10071751 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lumbar facet joint (LFJ) degeneration is one of the main causes of low back pain (LBP). Mechanical stress leads to the exacerbation of LFJ degeneration, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. This study was intended to investigate the mechanism of LFJ degeneration induced by mechanical stress. METHODS Here, mice primary chondrocytes were used to screen for key microRNAs induced by mechanical overloading. SA-β-gal staining, qRT-PCR, western blot, and histochemical staining were applied to detect chondrocyte senescence in vitro and in vivo. We also used a dual-luciferase report assay to examine the targeting relationship of miRNA-325-3p (miR-325-3p) and Trp53. By using NSC-207895, a p53 activator, we investigated whether miR-325-3p down-regulated trp53 expression to reduce chondrocyte senescence. A mice bipedal standing model was performed to induce LFJ osteoarthritis. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) was intraarticularly injected to evaluate the effect of miR-325-3p on facet joint degeneration. RESULTS We observed chondrocyte senescence both in human LFJ osteoarthritis tissues and mice LFJ after bipedally standing for 10 weeks. Mechanical overloading could promote chondrocyte senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) expression. MicroRNA-array analysis identified that miR-325-3p was obviously decreased after mechanical overloading, which was further validated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in vivo. Dual-luciferase report assay showed that miR-325-3p directly targeted Trp53 to down-regulated its expression. MiR-325-3p rescued chondrocyte senescence in vitro, however, NSC-207895 reduced this effect by activating the p53/p21 pathway. Intraarticular injection of AAV expressing miR-325-3p decreased chondrocyte senescence and alleviated LFJ degeneration in vivo. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that mechanical overloading could reduce the expression of miR-325-3p, which in turn activated the p53/p21 pathway to promote chondrocyte senescence and deteriorated LFJ degeneration, which may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for LFJ degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Chengjun Li
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Yuxin Jin
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Rundong He
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Zhide Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Tianding Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Chunyue Duan
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 China
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Aerts P, Goyens J, Berillon G, D'Août K, Druelle F. From quadrupedal to bipedal walking 'on the fly': the mechanics of dynamical mode transition in primates. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:286677. [PMID: 36657384 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We investigated how baboons transition from quadrupedal to bipedal walking without any significant interruption in their forward movement (i.e. transition 'on the fly'). Building on basic mechanical principles (momentum only changes when external forces/moments act on the body), insights into possible strategies for such a dynamical mode transition are provided and applied first to the recorded planar kinematics of an example walking sequence (including several continuous quadrupedal, transition and subsequent bipedal steps). Body dynamics are calculated from the kinematics. The strategy used in this worked example boils down to: crouch the hind parts and sprint them underneath the rising body centre of mass. Forward accelerations are not in play. Key characteristics of this transition strategy were extracted: progression speed, hip height, step duration (frequency), foot positioning at touchdown with respect to the hip and the body centre of mass (BCoM), and congruity between the moments of the ground reaction force about the BCoM and the rate of change of the total angular moment. Statistical analyses across the full sample (15 transitions of 10 individuals) confirm this strategy is always used and is shared across individuals. Finally, the costs (in J kg-1 m-1) linked to on the fly transitions were estimated. The costs are approximately double those of both the preceding quadrupedal and subsequent bipedal walking. Given the short duration of the transition as such (<1 s), it is argued that the energetic costs to change walking posture on the fly are negligible when considered in the context of the locomotor repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Aerts
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, University of Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jana Goyens
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gilles Berillon
- HNHP (UMR 7194), CNRS-MNHN-UPVD, 75116 Paris, France.,Primatology Station of the CNRS (UAR 846), 13790 Rousset, France
| | - Kristiaan D'Août
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - François Druelle
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.,HNHP (UMR 7194), CNRS-MNHN-UPVD, 75116 Paris, France.,Primatology Station of the CNRS (UAR 846), 13790 Rousset, France
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Druelle F, Özçelebi J, Marchal F, Berillon G. Development of bipedal walking in olive baboons, Papio anubis: A kinematic analysis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 177:719-734. [PMID: 36787778 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although extant nonhuman primates are not habitual bipeds, they are able to walk bipedally from an early age. In humans, children improve their walking skills through developmental processes and learning experience. In nonhuman primates, infants do not routinely experience bipedalism and their musculoskeletal system gradually specializes for other locomotor modes. The aim of this study is to explore the development of occasional bipedal walking in olive baboon and to test whether the postural adjustments change with age. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected kinematics and spatiotemporal parameters of bipedal gait in an ontogenetic sample of 24 baboons. Data were collected at the primatology station of the CNRS (France) and a total of 47 bipedal strides were extracted for the present analysis. RESULTS Adults and adolescents walk bipedally in the same way, and the average kinematic pattern is similar across the age-classes. Infants walk bipedally with longer duty factor, they present larger movement amplitude of the thigh and the amplitude of the knee joint decreases with speed. In contrast, older baboons increase the amplitude of the knee and ankle joints with speed. DISCUSSION In a non-adapted biped, the postural adjustments of bipedal walking vary with age. In infant baboons, the balance requirements are likely to be higher and these are solved by adopting a "blocking strategy". In older baboons, the postural adjustments are focused on the lower limb and the movements increase with speed. These results may echo, in some respects, the developmental sequence of the intersegmental coordination described in the ontogeny of human locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Druelle
- UMR 7194 (Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique), CNRS-Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle-UPVD, Paris, France.,Functional Morphology Laboratory, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,UAR 846, Primatology Station-Celphedia, CNRS, Rousset, France
| | - Jonathan Özçelebi
- UMR 7194 (Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique), CNRS-Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle-UPVD, Paris, France.,UMR 7268 (Anthropologie Bio-Culturelle, Droit, Ethique et Santé), CNRS-Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - François Marchal
- UMR 7268 (Anthropologie Bio-Culturelle, Droit, Ethique et Santé), CNRS-Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Berillon
- UMR 7194 (Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique), CNRS-Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle-UPVD, Paris, France.,UAR 846, Primatology Station-Celphedia, CNRS, Rousset, France
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Garvin HM, Dunn R, Sholts SB, Litten MS, Mohamed M, Kuttickat N, Skantz N. Forensic Tools for Species Identification of Skeletal Remains: Metrics, Statistics, and OsteoID. BIOLOGY 2021; 11:biology11010025. [PMID: 35053025 PMCID: PMC8773354 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although nonhuman remains constitute a significant portion of forensic anthropological casework, the potential use of bone metrics to assess the human origin and to classify species of skeletal remains has not been thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to assess the utility of quantitative methods in distinguishing human from nonhuman remains and present additional resources for species identification. Over 50,000 measurements were compiled from humans and 27 nonhuman (mostly North American) species. Decision trees developed from the long bone data can differentiate human from nonhuman remains with over 90% accuracy (>98% accuracy for the human sample), even if all long bones are pooled. Stepwise discriminant function results were slightly lower (>87.4% overall accuracy). The quantitative models can be used to support visual identifications or preliminarily assess forensic significance at scenes. For species classification, bone-specific discriminant functions returned accuracies between 77.7% and 89.1%, but classification results varied highly across species. From the study data, we developed a web tool, OsteoID, for users who can input measurements and be shown photographs of potential bones/species to aid in visual identification. OsteoID also includes supplementary images (e.g., 3D scans), creating an additional resource for forensic anthropologists and others involved in skeletal species identification and comparative osteology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Garvin
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Rachel Dunn
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, USA;
| | - Sabrina B. Sholts
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20056, USA; (S.B.S.); (M.S.L.)
| | - M. Schuyler Litten
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20056, USA; (S.B.S.); (M.S.L.)
| | - Merna Mohamed
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, USA; (M.M.); (N.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Nathan Kuttickat
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, USA; (M.M.); (N.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Noah Skantz
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, USA; (M.M.); (N.K.); (N.S.)
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10
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McBride JM. Muscle Actuators, Not Springs, Drive Maximal Effort Human Locomotor Performance. J Sports Sci Med 2021; 20:766-777. [PMID: 35321123 PMCID: PMC8488820 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The current investigation examined muscle-tendon unit kinematics and kinetics in human participants asked to perform a hopping task for maximal performance with variational preceding milieu. Twenty-four participants were allocated post-data collection into those participants with an average hop height of higher (HH) or lower (LH) than 0.1 m. Participants were placed on a customized sled at a 20º angle while standing on a force plate. Participants used their dominant ankle for all testing and their knee was immobilized and thus all movement involved only the ankle joint and corresponding propulsive unit (triceps surae muscle complex). Participants were asked to perform a maximal effort during a single dynamic countermovement hop (CMH) and drop hops from 10 cm (DH10) and 50 cm (DH50). Three-dimensional motion analysis was performed by utilizing an infrared camera VICON motion analysis system and a corresponding force plate. An ultrasound probe was placed on the triceps surae muscle complex for muscle fascicle imaging. HH hopped significantly higher in all hopping tasks in comparison to LH. In addition, the HH group concentric ankle work was significantly higher in comparison to LH during all of the hopping tasks. Active muscle work was significantly higher in HH in comparison to LH as well. Tendon work was not significantly different between HH and LH. Active muscle work was significantly correlated with hopping height (r = 0.97) across both groups and hopping tasks and contributed more than 50% of the total work. The data indicates that humans primarily use a motor-driven system and thus it is concluded that muscle actuators and not springs maximize performance in hopping locomotor tasks in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M McBride
- Neuromuscular & Biomechanics Laboratory, Beaver College of Health Sciences, Department of Health & Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, North Carolina, USA
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Pernel L, Senut B, Gommery D, Okimat JP, Asalu E, Krief S. Etude de cas : la bipédie des chimpanzés de la communauté de Sebitoli, Ouganda. REVUE DE PRIMATOLOGIE 2021. [DOI: 10.4000/primatologie.11780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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12
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Effekt von Gangjustierhilfen auf die Stabilisierung und Symmetrisierung des Gehens. MANUELLE MEDIZIN 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00337-021-00822-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Der Mensch hat im Laufe der Evolution den bipedalen Gang, verbunden mit entsprechenden funktionellen und morphologischen Anpassungsprozessen, entwickelt. Eine dieser Entwicklungen ist die Vergrößerung des Calcaneus, der bei korrekter Positionierung zur Verbesserung der Statik des gesamten Fußes beiträgt und in der Folge zu einer Symmetrisierung des Gangbilds führen kann.
Methodik
Um die Hypothese des Einflusses einer ausgelösten Kipprotation auf die Gangstatik zu überprüfen, wurden 29 gesunde, männliche Probanden randomisiert der Kontroll- (K) bzw. Interventionsgruppe (I) zugeordnet und während des Gehens auf einer instrumentierten Gehstrecke untersucht. Beide Gruppen wurden mit baugleichen Schuhen ausgestattet, in die bei der Interventionsgruppe eine seitengleich positionierte Gangjustierhilfe im medialen Rückfußbereich zur Auslösung einer Kipprotation des unteren Sprunggelenks eingebracht wurde. Alle Probanden wurden zu zwei Zeitpunkten im Abstand von 14 Tagen vor (U1, U3) und nach ihrer Arbeitsschicht (Spätschicht; U2, U4) untersucht. Es wurden ausgewählte, bewährte ganganalytische Parameter und die muskuläre Aktivität eines antagonistischen Muskelpaars am Unterschenkel beidseitig erfasst. Die Analyse der Muskelaktivität erfolgte im Seitenvergleich mithilfe von Kokontraktions- und Symmetrieindizes während der mittleren Standphase des Gangzyklus.
Ergebnisse
Die Ganganalyseparameter wiesen für die laterale Verlagerung tendenziell geringere Werte in der Interventionsgruppe auf (U4 K: 4,4, I: 2,3). Für die analysierte Muskelaktivität (Elektromyographie) konnte eine signifikant geringere Seitendifferenz in der Interventionsgruppe nach der Arbeitsschicht identifiziert werden (U4 K: 26,2, I: 13,7, p = 0,02).
Schlussfolgerung
Es ergeben sich deutliche Hinweise darauf, dass die durch die verwendete Gangjustierhilfe erfolgte Beeinflussung des unteren Sprunggelenks zu einer Harmonisierung des Gangbilds beiträgt. Damit können die Stand- und Gangsicherheit verbessert werden.
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13
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Druelle F, Supiot A, Meulemans S, Schouteden N, Molina-Vila P, Rimbaud B, Aerts P, Berillon G. The quadrupedal walking gait of the olive baboon, Papio anubis: an exploratory study integrating kinematics and EMG. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:271005. [PMID: 34292320 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Primates exhibit unusual quadrupedal features (e.g. diagonal gaits, compliant walk) compared with other quadrupedal mammals. Their origin and diversification in arboreal habitats have certainly shaped the mechanics of their walking pattern to meet the functional requirements necessary for balance control in unstable and discontinuous environments. In turn, the requirements for mechanical stability probably conflict with mechanical energy exchange. In order to investigate these aspects, we conducted an integrative study on quadrupedal walking in the olive baboon (Papio anubis) at the Primatology station of the CNRS in France. Based on kinematics, we describe the centre of mass mechanics of the normal quadrupedal gait performed on the ground, as well as in different gait and substrate contexts. In addition, we studied the muscular activity of six hindlimb muscles using non-invasive surface probes. Our results show that baboons can rely on an inverted pendulum-like exchange of energy (57% on average, with a maximal observed value of 84%) when walking slowly (<0.9 m s-1) with a tight limb phase (∼55%) on the ground using diagonal sequence gaits. In this context, the muscular activity is similar to that of other quadrupedal mammals, thus reflecting the primary functions of the muscles for limb movement and support. In contrast, walking on a suspended branch generates kinematic and muscular adjustments to ensure better control and to maintain stability. Finally, walking using the lateral sequence gait increases muscular effort and reduces the potential for high recovery rates. The present exploratory study thus supports the assumption that primates are able to make use of an inverted pendulum mechanism on the ground using a diagonal walking gait, yet a different footfall pattern and substrate appear to influence muscular effort and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Druelle
- Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique, UMR 7194, CNRS-MNHN-UPVD, 75116 Paris, France.,Primatology Station of the CNRS-Celphedia, UAR 846, 13790 Rousset-sur-Arc, France.,Functional Morphology Laboratory, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anthony Supiot
- Gait and Motion Analysis Laboratory, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Robert Debré University Hospital, 75004 Paris, France
| | - Silke Meulemans
- Functional Morphology Laboratory, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Niels Schouteden
- Functional Morphology Laboratory, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.,Monde Sauvage Safari Parc, 4920 Aywaille, Belgium
| | - Pablo Molina-Vila
- Primatology Station of the CNRS-Celphedia, UAR 846, 13790 Rousset-sur-Arc, France
| | - Brigitte Rimbaud
- Primatology Station of the CNRS-Celphedia, UAR 846, 13790 Rousset-sur-Arc, France
| | - Peter Aerts
- Functional Morphology Laboratory, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, University of Ghent, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Gilles Berillon
- Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique, UMR 7194, CNRS-MNHN-UPVD, 75116 Paris, France.,Primatology Station of the CNRS-Celphedia, UAR 846, 13790 Rousset-sur-Arc, France
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14
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Ritzmann D. Schlüsselregion Becken. MANUELLE MEDIZIN 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00337-021-00776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Beckenringdysfunktionen sind eine der häufigsten Ursachen für Arbeitsausfälle weltweit. Neben muskuloskeletalen können viszerale Beschwerden der Beckenorgane auftreten. Der Beitrag erläutert den aktuellen Wissensstand zur funktionellen Anatomie des Beckens, beschreibt einige typische Beschwerdebilder aus gynäkologischer/geburtshilflicher Sicht sowie eine manuelle Methode zur nachhaltigen Beschwerdelinderung.
Fragestellung
Welche viszeralen Beschwerdebilder werden durch eine Beckenringdysfunktion (mit)verursacht? Wie kann eine manuelle Methode aussehen, die nachhaltig zur Verminderung der Beschwerden und Verbesserung der Lebensqualität beiträgt?
Methode
Der heutige Wissensstand der funktionellen Anatomie des Beckens wird mit den entsprechenden Beschwerdebildern bei Beckenringdysfunktionen dargelegt. Der Fokus liegt neben muskuloskeletalen speziell auch auf viszeralen Problemen wie vorzeitige Kontraktionen, Geburtsproblemen, Dysmenorrhö, Obstipation, Harndrang, Dyspareunie und Fertilitätsprobleme.
Ergebnisse
Beschwerdelinderung, Zunahme der Lebensqualität und bessere Funktion der Beckenorgane nach manueller Therapie und Stabilisierung des Beckenrings zeigen sich in einzelnen Fallbeispielen und insgesamt bei der Klientel der Grundversorgerpraxis.
Schlussfolgerung
Das Becken ist eine Schlüsselregion für die manuelle Medizin. Verschiedenste Beschwerdebilder können durch eine manuelle Behandlung deutlich reduziert werden.
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15
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Hu D, Xiong CH, Sun R. Working out the bipedal walking expenditure of energy based on foot morphology of different hominid genera: Implications for foot evolution. J Theor Biol 2021; 519:110646. [PMID: 33636203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Among the Hominidae family of primates, Homo is characterized by more economical bipedal walking. Over the course of evolution towards bipedalism, the foot becomes the only organ directly interacting with substrate and likely influence the bipedal walking economy. However, working out the energy expenditure in bipedal walking from the specific aspect of foot morphology is still challenging, which hinders the understanding of the evolution of both hominid feet and economical bipedal walking. Here we present a functional model to quantitatively assess bipedal walking expenditure of energy from hominid foot morphology. According to our results, the feet of Homo are most suited to economical bipedal walking among hominids. However, the genus whose feet possess second best ability for economical bipedal walking is not our closest relative Pan, but is Gorilla. Using phylogenetically informed morphometric analyses, we further infer the evolutionary changes of hominid foot morphology and investigate the corresponding variation of bipedal walking expenditure. Our results reveal the economical bipedal walking benefits from the morphological changes of human foot after descending from the last common ancestor of hominids. Conversely, the foot morphologies of great apes reflect selections for other locomotor modes, at cost of larger energy expenditure in bipedal walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Hu
- Institute of Robotics Research, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Cai-Hua Xiong
- Institute of Robotics Research, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China.
| | - Ronglei Sun
- Institute of Robotics Research, State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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16
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Characterization of the Subchondral Bone and Pain Behavior Changes in a Novel Bipedal Standing Mouse Model of Facet Joint Osteoarthritis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8861347. [PMID: 33224982 PMCID: PMC7669340 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8861347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The subchondral bone parallels with the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). However, the biomechanical properties and histopathological changes of subchondral bone changes in the lumbar facet joint (LFJ) after long-term axial loading on the spine have not been explored. In this study, we aimed to investigate the subchondral bone histopathological changes that occur in the LFJ and pain behaviors in a novel bipedal standing mouse model. Methods Sixteen 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into bipedal standing and control groups. A finite element stimulate model based on the micro-CT data was generated to simulate the von Mises stress distribution on the LFJ during different positions. The spine pain behaviors tests were analysis. In addition, the change in the subchondral bone of the LFJ was assessed by histological and immunohistochemistry staining. Results The computerized simulation of the von Mises stress distribution in the superior articular process of LFJ at the spine level 5 in the lying position increased and reached a maximum value at the bipedal standing posture. The spine pain behavior test revealed that the threshold of pressure tolerance decreased significantly in bipedal groups relative to control groups, whereas the mechanical hyperalgesia of the hind paw increased significantly in bipedal groups relative to control groups. The axial load accelerates LFJ degeneration with increased histological scores in bipedal groups. The expression of type II collagen and aggrecan (ACAN) was significantly decreased in the bipedal groups compared with the control groups, whereas the expression of MMP13 was increased. Compared with the control groups, the osteoclast activity was activated with higher TRAP-positive staining and associated with increased CD-31-positive vessels and GCRP-positive nerve ending expression in the subchondral bone of LFJ. Conclusion Collectively, long-term axial loading induces the development of spine hyperalgesia in mice associate with increased osteoclast activity and aberrant angiogenesis and nerve invasion into the subchondral bone of LFJ that stimulates the natural pathological change in human LFJ OA. These results indicate that aberrant bone remodeling associate with aberrant nerve innervation in the subchondral bone has a potential as a therapeutic target in LFJ OA pain.
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17
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Grinham LR, Norman DB. The relationship between body shape, body size and locomotor mode in extant lepidosaurs. J Zool (1987) 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. R. Grinham
- Department of Earth Sciences University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - D. B. Norman
- Department of Earth Sciences University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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18
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Beresheim AC, Pfeiffer S, Grynpas M. Ontogenetic changes to bone microstructure in an archaeologically derived sample of human ribs. J Anat 2019; 236:448-462. [PMID: 31729033 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable variation in the gross morphology and tissue properties among the bones of human infants, children, adolescents, and adults. Using 18 known-age individuals (nfemale = 8, nmale = 9, nunknown = 1; birth to 21 years old), from a well-documented cemetery collection, Spitalfields Christ Church, London, UK, this study explores growth-related changes in cortical and trabecular bone microstructure. Micro-CT scans of mid-shaft middle thoracic ribs are used for quantitative analysis. Results are then compared to previously quantified conventional histomorphometry of the same sample. Total area (Tt.Ar), cortical area (Ct.Ar), cortical thickness (Ct.Th), and the major (Maj.Dm) and minor (Min.Dm) diameters of the rib demonstrate positive correlations with age. Pore density (Po.Dn) increases, but age-related changes to cortical porosity (Ct.Po) appear to be non-linear. Trabecular thickness (Tb.th) and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) increase with age, whereas trabecular bone pattern factor (Tb.Pf), structural model index (SMI), and connectivity density (Conn.D) decrease with age. Sex-based differences were not identified for any of the variables included in this study. Some samples display clear evidence of diagenetic alteration without corresponding changes in radiopacity, which compromises the reliability of bone mineral density (BMD) data in the study of past populations. Cortical porosity data are not correlated with two-dimensional measures of osteon population density (OPD). This suggests that unfilled resorption spaces contribute more significantly to cortical porosity than do the Haversian canals of secondary osteons. Continued research using complementary imaging techniques and a wide array of histological variables will increase our understanding of age- and sex-specific ontogenetic patterns within and among human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Beresheim
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Susan Pfeiffer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marc Grynpas
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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19
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Grinham LR, VanBuren CS, Norman DB. Testing for a facultative locomotor mode in the acquisition of archosaur bipedality. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190569. [PMID: 31417751 PMCID: PMC6689609 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bipedal locomotion is a defining characteristic of humans and birds and has a profound effect on how these groups interact with their environment. Results from extensive hominin research indicate that there exists an intermediate stage in hominin evolution-facultative bipedality-between obligate quadrupedality and obligate bipedality that uses both forms of locomotion. It is assumed that archosaur locomotor evolution followed this sequence of functional and hence character-state evolution. However, this assumption has never been tested in a broad phylogenetic context. We test whether facultative bipedality is a transitionary state of locomotor mode evolution in the most recent early archosaur phylogenies using maximum-likelihood ancestral state reconstructions for the first time. Across a total of seven independent transitions from quadrupedality to a state of obligate bipedality, we find that facultative bipedality exists as an intermediary mode only once, despite being acquired a total of 14 times. We also report more independent acquisitions of obligate bipedality in archosaurs than previously hypothesized, suggesting that locomotor mode is more evolutionarily fluid than expected and more readily experimented with in these reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R. Grinham
- Department of Earth Science, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Collin S. VanBuren
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - David B. Norman
- Department of Earth Science, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
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20
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Shah AA, Lemans JV, Zavatsky J, Agarwal A, Kruyt MC, Matsumoto K, Serhan H, Agarwal AK, Goel V. Spinal Balance/Alignment - Clinical Relevance and Biomechanics. J Biomech Eng 2019; 141:2733054. [PMID: 31049580 DOI: 10.1115/1.4043650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
In the normal spine due to its curvature in various regions, C7 plumb line (C7PL) passes through the sacrum so that the head is centered over the pelvis-ball and socket hip joints and ankle joints. This configuration leads to the least muscular activities to maintain the spinal balance. For any reason like deformity, scoliosis, kyphosis, trauma, and/or surgery this optimal configuration gets disturbed requiring higher muscular activity to maintain the posture and balance. Several parameters like the thoracic kyphosis (TK), lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence (PI), sacral slope (SS), Hip- and leg position influence the sagittal balance and thus the optimal configuration of spinal alignment. Global sagittal imbalance is energy consuming and often painful compensatory mechanisms are developed, that in turn negatively influence the quality of life. This review looks at the clinical aspects of spinal imbalance, and the biomechanics of spinal balance as dictated by the deformities- ankylosing spondylitis, scoliosis and kyphosis; surgical corrections- pedicle subtraction osteotomies and long segment stabilizations and consequent postural complications like the proximal and distal junctional kyphosis. This review suggests several potential research topics as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoli A Shah
- Engineering Center for Orthopaedic Research Excellence (E-CORE), Departments of Bioengineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Colleges of Engineering and Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH
| | | | | | - Aakash Agarwal
- Engineering Center for Orthopaedic Research Excellence (E-CORE), Departments of Bioengineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Colleges of Engineering and Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH
| | - Moyo C Kruyt
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Koji Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Anand K Agarwal
- Engineering Center for Orthopaedic Research Excellence (E-CORE), Departments of Bioengineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Colleges of Engineering and Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH
| | - Vijay Goel
- Engineering Center for Orthopaedic Research Excellence (E-CORE), Departments of Bioengineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Colleges of Engineering and Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH
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21
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Jensen P, Frisk R, Spedden ME, Geertsen SS, Bouyer LJ, Halliday DM, Nielsen JB. Using Corticomuscular and Intermuscular Coherence to Assess Cortical Contribution to Ankle Plantar Flexor Activity During Gait. J Mot Behav 2019; 51:668-680. [PMID: 30657030 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2018.1563762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study used coherence and directionality analyses to explore whether the motor cortex contributes to plantar flexor muscle activity during the stance phase and push-off phase during gait. Subjects walked on a treadmill, while EEG over the leg motorcortex area and EMG from the medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles was recorded. Corticomuscular and intermuscular coherence were calculated from pair-wise recordings. Significant EEG-EMG and EMG-EMG coherence in the beta and gamma frequency bands was found throughout the stance phase with the largest coherence towards push-off. Analysis of directionality revealed that EEG activity preceded EMG activity throughout the stance phase until the time of push-off. These findings suggest that the motor cortex contributes to ankle plantar flexor muscle activity and forward propulsion during gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jensen
- Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Rasmus Frisk
- Elsass Institute , Charlottenlund, Denmark .,Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | | | - Svend Sparre Geertsen
- Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark .,Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Laurent J Bouyer
- CIRRIS-Department of Rehabilitation, Universite Laval , Quebec City , Canada
| | - David M Halliday
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York , York, UK
| | - Jens Bo Nielsen
- Elsass Institute , Charlottenlund, Denmark .,Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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22
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Arias‐Martorell J. The morphology and evolutionary history of the glenohumeral joint of hominoids: A review. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:703-722. [PMID: 30680150 PMCID: PMC6342098 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The glenohumeral joint, the most mobile joint in the body of hominoids, is involved in the locomotion of all extant primates apart from humans. Over the last few decades, our knowledge of how variation in its morphological characteristics relates to different locomotor behaviors within extant primates has greatly improved, including features of the proximal humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula, as well as the muscles that function to move the joint (the rotator cuff muscles). The glenohumeral joint is a region with a strong morphofunctional signal, and hence, its study can shed light on the locomotor behaviors of crucial ancestral nodes in the evolutionary history of hominoids (e.g., the last common ancestor between humans and chimpanzees). Hominoids, in particular, are distinct in showing round and relatively big proximal humeri with lowered tubercles and flattened and oval glenoid cavities, morphology suited to engage in a wide range of motions, which enables the use of locomotor behaviors such as suspension. The comparison with extant taxa has enabled more informed functional interpretations of morphology in extinct primates, including hominoids, from the Early Miocene through to the emergence of hominins. Here, I review our current understanding of glenohumeral joint functional morphology and its evolution throughout the Miocene and Pleistocene, as well as highlighting the areas where a deeper study of this joint is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Arias‐Martorell
- Animal Postcranial Evolution LabSkeletal Biology Research CentreSchool of Anthropology and ConservationUniversity of KentCanterburyUK
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23
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Callison WÉ, Holowka NB, Lieberman DE. Thoracic adaptations for ventilation during locomotion in humans and other mammals. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.189357. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.189357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bipedal humans, like canids and some other cursorial mammals, are thought to have been selected for endurance running, which requires the ability to sustain aerobic metabolism over long distances by inspiring large volumes of air for prolonged periods of time. Here we test the general hypothesis that humans and other mammals selected for vigorous endurance activities evolved derived thoracic features to increase ventilatory capacity. To do so, we investigate whether humans and dogs rely on thoracic motion to increase tidal volume during running to a greater extent than goats, a species that was not selected for endurance locomotion. We found that while all three species use diaphragmatic breathing to increase tidal volume with increasing oxygen demand, humans also use both dorsoventral and mediolateral expansions of the thorax. Dogs use increased dorsoventral expansion of the thorax, representing an intermediate between humans and goats. 3D analyses of joint morphology of 10 species across four mammalian orders also show that endurance-adapted cursorial species independently evolved more concavo-convex costovertebral joint morphologies that allow for increased rib mobility for thoracic expansion. Evidence for similarly derived concavo-convex costovertebral joints in Homo erectus corresponds with other evidence for the evolution of endurance running in the genus Homo.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Éamon Callison
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas B. Holowka
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel E. Lieberman
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA
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24
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Druelle F, Schoonaert K, Aerts P, Nauwelaerts S, Stevens JMG, D'Août K. Segmental morphometrics of bonobos (Pan paniscus): are they really different from chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)? J Anat 2018; 233:843-853. [PMID: 30294787 PMCID: PMC6231171 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The inertial properties of body segments reflect performance and locomotor habits in primates. While Pan paniscus is generally described as more gracile, lighter in body mass, and as having relatively longer and heavier hindlimbs than Pan troglodytes, both species exhibit very similar patterns of (quadrupedal and bipedal) kinematics, but show slightly different locomotor repertoires. We used a geometric model to estimate the inertial properties for all body segments (i.e. head, trunk, upper and lower arms, hand, thigh, shank and foot) using external length and diameter measurements of 12 anaesthetized bonobos (eight adults and four immatures). We also calculated whole limb inertial properties. When we compared absolute and relative segment morphometric and inertial variables between bonobos and chimpanzees, we found that adult bonobos are significantly lighter than adult chimpanzees. The bonobo is also shorter in head length, upper and lower arm lengths, and foot length, and is generally lighter in most absolute segment mass values (except head and hand). In contrast, the bonobo has a longer trunk. When scaled relative to body mass, most differences disappear between the two species. Only the longer trunk and the shorter head of the bonobo remain apparent, as well as the lighter thigh compared with the chimpanzee. We found similar values of natural pendular periods of the limbs in both species, despite differences in absolute limb lengths, masses, mass centres (for the hindlimb) and moments of inertia. While our data contradict the commonly accepted view that bonobos have relatively longer and heavier hindlimbs than chimpanzees, they are consistent with the observed similarities in the quadrupedal and bipedal kinematics between these species. The morphological differences between both species are more subtle than those previously described from postcranial osteological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Druelle
- Laboratory for Functional MorphologyUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
| | - Kirsten Schoonaert
- Laboratory for Functional MorphologyUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
- Antwerp Zoo Centre for Research and ConservationAntwerpBelgium
| | - Peter Aerts
- Laboratory for Functional MorphologyUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
- Department of Movement and Sports SciencesUniversity of GhentGentBelgium
| | - Sandra Nauwelaerts
- Laboratory for Functional MorphologyUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
- Antwerp Zoo Centre for Research and ConservationAntwerpBelgium
| | - Jeroen M. G. Stevens
- Antwerp Zoo Centre for Research and ConservationAntwerpBelgium
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Kristiaan D'Août
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology GroupUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
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25
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Gómez-Olivencia A, Barash A, García-Martínez D, Arlegi M, Kramer P, Bastir M, Been E. 3D virtual reconstruction of the Kebara 2 Neandertal thorax. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4387. [PMID: 30377294 PMCID: PMC6207772 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06803-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The size and shape of the Neandertal thorax has been debated since the first discovery of Neandertal ribs more than 150 years ago, with workers proposing different interpretations ranging from a Neandertal thoracic morphology that is indistinguishable from modern humans, to one that was significantly different from them. Here, we provide a virtual 3D reconstruction of the thorax of the adult male Kebara 2 Neandertal. Our analyses reveal that the Kebara 2 thorax is significantly different but not larger from that of modern humans, wider in its lower segment, which parallels his wide bi-iliac breadth, and with a more invaginated vertebral column. Kinematic analyses show that rib cages that are wider in their lower segment produce greater overall size increments (respiratory capacity) during inspiration. We hypothesize that Neandertals may have had a subtle, but somewhat different breathing mechanism compared to modern humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Gómez-Olivencia
- Dept. Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE. Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
- Équipe de Paléontologie Humaine, UMR 7194, CNRS, Département de Préhistoire, Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, Musée de l'Homme, 17, Place du Trocadéro, 75016, Paris, France.
- Centro Mixto UCM-ISCIII de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Avda. Monforte de Lemos, 5, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
| | - Alon Barash
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold, 8. P.O.B 1589, 1311502, Zefat, Israel
| | - Daniel García-Martínez
- Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), J. G. Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mikel Arlegi
- Dept. Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
- Université de Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, PACEA UMR 5199, Bâtiment B8, 33615, Pessac, France
| | - Patricia Kramer
- Departments of Anthropology and Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-3100, USA
| | - Markus Bastir
- Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), J. G. Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ella Been
- Department of Sports Therapy, Faculty of Health Professions, Ono Academic College, 5545001, Kiryat Ono, Israel
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Russo GA, Marsh D, Foster AD. Response of the Axial Skeleton to Bipedal Loading Behaviors in an Experimental Animal Model. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 303:150-166. [PMID: 30365241 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many derived aspects of modern human axial skeletal morphology reflect our reliance on obligate bipedal locomotion. Insight into the adaptive significance of features, particularly in the spine, has been gained through experimental studies that induce bipedal standing or walking in quadrupedal mammals. Using an experimental animal model (Rattus norvegicus), the present study builds on earlier work by incorporating additional metrics of the cranium, employing quantitative methods established in the paleoanthropological literature, and exploring how variation in mechanical loading regimes impacts axial anatomy. Rats were assigned to one of five experimental groups, including "fully loaded bipedal walking," "partially loaded bipedal walking," "standing bipedally," "quadrupedal walking," and "no exercise control," and engaged in the behavior over 12-weeks. From μCT data obtained at the beginning and end of the experiment, we measured foramen magnum position and orientation, lumbar vertebral body wedging, cranial surface area of the lumbar and first sacral vertebral bodies, and sacral mediolateral width. Results demonstrate that bipedal rodents generally have more anteriorly positioned foramina magna, more dorsally wedged lumbar vertebrae, greater articular surface areas of lumbar and first sacral vertebral bodies, and sacra that exhibit greater mediolateral widths, compared to quadrupedal rodents. We further document variation among bipedal loading behavior groups (e.g., bipedal standing vs. walking). Our experimental animal model reveals how loading behaviors and adaptations may be specifically linked, and implicates a potential role for developmental plasticity in the evolutionary acquisition of bipedal adaptations in the hominin lineage. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle A Russo
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - D'arcy Marsh
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Adam D Foster
- Department of Anatomy, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Campbell University, Buies Creek, North Carolina
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Mangalam M, Rein R, Fragaszy DM. Bearded capuchin monkeys use joint synergies to stabilize the hammer trajectory while cracking nuts in bipedal stance. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1797. [PMID: 30333210 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition from occasional to obligate bipedalism is a milestone in human evolution. However, because the fossil record is fragmentary and reconstructing behaviour from fossils is difficult, changes in the motor control strategies that accompanied this transition remain unknown. Quadrupedal primates that adopt a bipedal stance while using percussive tools provide a unique reference point to clarify one aspect of this transition, which is maintaining bipedal stance while handling massive objects. We found that while cracking nuts using massive stone hammers, wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) produce hammer trajectories with highly repeatable spatial profiles. Using an uncontrolled manifold analysis, we show that the monkeys used strong joint synergies to stabilize the hammer trajectory while lifting and lowering heavy hammers. The monkeys stringently controlled the motion of the foot. They controlled the motion of the lower arm and hand rather loosely, showing a greater variability across strikes. Overall, our findings indicate that while standing bipedally to lift and lower massive hammers, an arboreal quadrupedal primate must control motion in the joints of the lower body more stringently than motion in the joints of the upper body. Similar changes in the structure of motor variability required to accomplish this goal could have accompanied the evolutionary transition from occasional to obligate bipedalism in ancestral hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhur Mangalam
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert Rein
- Institute of Training and Computer Science in Sports, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
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Liu MJ, Xiong CH, Hu D. Assessing the manipulative potentials of monkeys, apes and humans from hand proportions: implications for hand evolution. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1923. [PMID: 27903877 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hand structure possesses a greater potential for performing manipulative skills than is typically observed, whether in humans or non-human anthropoids. However, a precise assessment of the potential manipulative skills of hands has been challenging, which hampers our understanding of the evolution of manipulative abilities in anthropoid hands. Here, we establish a functional model to quantitatively infer the manipulative potentials of anthropoid hands based on hand proportions. Our results reveal a large disparity of manipulative potentials among anthropoid hands. From the aspect of hand proportions, the human hand has the best manipulative potential among anthropoids. However, the species with a manipulative potential closer to that of humans are not our nearest relatives, chimpanzees, but rather, are certain monkey species. In combination with the phylogenetically informed morphometric analyses, our results suggest that the morphological changes of non-human anthropoid hands did not coevolve with the brain to facilitate the manipulative ability during the evolutionary process, although the manipulative ability is a survival skill. The changes in non-human anthropoid hands may have more likely evolved under selective pressure for locomotion than manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jin Liu
- Institute of Rehabilitation and Medical Robotics, State Key Lab of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Hua Xiong
- Institute of Rehabilitation and Medical Robotics, State Key Lab of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Hu
- Institute of Rehabilitation and Medical Robotics, State Key Lab of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
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29
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Druelle F, Berthet M. Segmental morphometrics of the southern yellow-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus gabriellae): the case study of f. REVUE DE PRIMATOLOGIE 2017. [DOI: 10.4000/primatologie.2767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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30
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Neufuss J, Robbins MM, Baeumer J, Humle T, Kivell TL. Comparison of hand use and forelimb posture during vertical climbing in mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 164:651-664. [PMID: 28872656 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies on grasping and limb posture during arboreal locomotion in great apes in their natural environment are scarce and thus, attempts to correlate behavioral and habitat differences with variation in morphology are limited. The aim of this study is to compare hand use and forelimb posture during vertical climbing in wild, habituated mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) and semi-free-ranging chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to assess differences in the climbing styles that may relate to variation in hand or forelimb morphology and body size. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated hand use and forelimb posture during both ascent and descent vertical climbing in 15 wild mountain gorillas and eight semi-free-ranging chimpanzees, using video records obtained ad libitum. RESULTS In both apes, forelimb posture was correlated with substrate size during both ascent and descent climbing. While climbing, both apes used power grips and diagonal power grips, including three different thumb postures. Mountain gorillas showed greater ulnar deviation of the wrist during vertical descent than chimpanzees, and the thumb played an important supportive role when gorillas vertically descended lianas. DISCUSSION We found that both apes generally had the same grip preferences and used similar forelimb postures on supports of a similar size, which is consistent with their overall similarity in hard and soft tissue morphology of the hand and forelimb. However, some species-specific differences in morphology appear to elicit slightly different grasping strategies during vertical climbing between mountain gorillas and chimpanzees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Neufuss
- Animal Postcranial Evolution (APE) Laboratory, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology & Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Martha M Robbins
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jana Baeumer
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tatyana Humle
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology & Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy L Kivell
- Animal Postcranial Evolution (APE) Laboratory, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology & Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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Druelle F, Aerts P, D'Août K, Moulin V, Berillon G. Segmental morphometrics of the olive baboon (Papio anubis): a longitudinal study from birth to adulthood. J Anat 2017; 230:805-819. [PMID: 28294323 PMCID: PMC5442150 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The linear dimensions and inertial characteristics of the body are important in locomotion and they change considerably during the ontogeny of animals, including humans. This longitudinal and ontogenetic study has produced the largest dataset to date of segmental morphometrics in a Catarrhini species, the olive baboon. The objectives of the study were to quantify the changes in body linear and inertial dimensions and to explore their (theoretical) mechanical significance for locomotion. We took full-body measurements of captive individuals at regular intervals. Altogether, 14 females and 16 males were followed over a 7-year period, i.e. from infancy to adulthood. Our results show that individual patterns of growth are very consistent and follow the general growth pattern previously described in olive baboons. Furthermore, we obtained similar growth curve structures for segment lengths and masses, although the respective time scales were slightly different. The most significant changes in body morphometrics occurred during the first 2 years of life and concerned the distal parts of the body. Females and males were similar in size and shape at birth. The rate and duration of growth produced substantial size-related differences throughout ontogeny, while body shapes remained very similar between the sexes. We also observed significant age-related variations in limb composition, with a proximal shift of the centre of mass within the limbs, mainly due to changes in mass distribution and in the length of distal segments. Finally, we observed what we hypothesize to be 'early biomechanical optimization' of the limbs for quadrupedal walking. This is due to a high degree of convergence between the limbs' natural pendular periods in infants, which may facilitate the onset of quadrupedal walking. Furthermore, the mechanical significance of the morphological changes observed in growing baboons may be related to changing functional demands with the onset of autonomous (quadrupedal) locomotion. From a wider perspective, these data provide unique insights into questions surrounding both the processes of locomotor development in primates and how these processes might evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Druelle
- Laboratory for Functional MorphologyBiology DepartmentUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
- Département de PréhistoireMusée de l'HommeUMR 7194 CNRS‐MNHNParisFrance
- Primatology StationUPS 846 CNRSRousset‐sur‐ArcFrance
| | - Peter Aerts
- Laboratory for Functional MorphologyBiology DepartmentUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
- Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human MovementDepartment of Movement and Sport SciencesUniversity of GhentGhentBelgium
| | - Kristiaan D'Août
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | | | - Gilles Berillon
- Département de PréhistoireMusée de l'HommeUMR 7194 CNRS‐MNHNParisFrance
- Primatology StationUPS 846 CNRSRousset‐sur‐ArcFrance
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Martins EF, Lemos T, Saunier G, Pozzo T, Fraiman D, Vargas CD. Cerebral Dynamics during the Observation of Point-Light Displays Depicting Postural Adjustments. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:217. [PMID: 28533748 PMCID: PMC5420589 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: As highly social creatures, human beings rely part of their skills of identifying, interpreting, and predicting the actions of others on the ability of perceiving biological motion. In the present study, we aim to investigate the electroencephalographic (EEG) cerebral dynamics involved in the coding of postural control and examine whether upright stance would be codified through the activation of the temporal-parietal cortical network classically enrolled in the coding of biological motion. Design: We registered the EEG activity of 12 volunteers while they passively watched point light displays (PLD) depicting quiet stable (QB) and an unstable (UB) postural situations and their respective scrambled controls (QS and US). In a pretest, 13 volunteers evaluated the level of stability of our two biological stimuli through a stability scale. Results: Contrasting QB vs. QS revealed a typical ERP difference in the right temporal-parietal region at an early 200-300 ms time window. Furthermore, when contrasting the two biological postural conditions, UB vs. QB, we found a higher positivity in the 400-600 ms time window for the UB condition in central-parietal electrodes, lateralized to the right hemisphere. Conclusions: These results suggest that PLDs depicting postural adjustments are coded in the brain as biological motion, and that their viewing recruit similar networks with those engaged in postural stability control. Additionally, higher order cognitive processes appear to be engaged in the identification of the postural instability level. Disentangling the EEG dynamics during the observation of postural adjustments could be very useful for further understanding the neural mechanisms underlying postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo F Martins
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia II, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Thiago Lemos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Reabilitação, Centro Universitário Augusto Motta-Centro Universitário Augusto Motta (UNISUAM)Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Ghislain Saunier
- Laboratório de Cognição Motora, Departamento de Anatomia, Universidade Federal do ParáPará, Brasil
| | - Thierry Pozzo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-U1093 Cognition, Action, et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, UFR STAPS, Université de BourgogneDijon, France
| | - Daniel Fraiman
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Neurociencia, Departamento de Matemática y Ciencias, Universidad de San AndrésBuenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia D Vargas
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia II, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Druelle F, Aerts P, Berillon G. Effect of body mass distribution on the ontogeny of positional behaviors in non-human primates: Longitudinal follow-up of infant captive olive baboons (Papio anubis). Am J Primatol 2016; 78:1201-1221. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Druelle
- Department of Biology, Functional Morphology Laboratory; University of Antwerp; Antwerpen Belgium
- Primatology Station CNRS; Rousset-sur-Arc France
- UPR 2147 CNRS; Dynamique de l'Evolution Humaine; Paris France
| | - Peter Aerts
- Department of Biology, Functional Morphology Laboratory; University of Antwerp; Antwerpen Belgium
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement; University of Ghent; Gent Belgium
| | - Gilles Berillon
- Primatology Station CNRS; Rousset-sur-Arc France
- UPR 2147 CNRS; Dynamique de l'Evolution Humaine; Paris France
- UMR 7194 du CNRS, Département de Préhistoire; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Paris France
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Abstract
Locomotive syndrome is a condition of reduced mobility due to impairment of locomotive organs. Since upright bipedal walking involves minutely controlled movement patterns, impairment of any aspect of the locomotive organs has the potential to adversely affect it. In addition to trauma, chronic diseases of the locomotive organs, which progress with repeated bouts of acute exacerbations, are common causes of the locomotive syndrome. In Japan's super-aging society, many people are likely to experience locomotive syndrome in the later part of their lives. Exercise intervention is effective in improving motor function, but because the subjects are elderly people with significant degenerative diseases of the locomotor organs, caution should be taken in choosing the type and intensity of exercise. The present review discusses the definition, current burden, diagnosis and interventions pertaining to the locomotive syndrome. The concept and measures are spreading throughout Japan as one of the national health policy targets.
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Selective Value of Characteristic Size Parameters in Hylobatids. A Biomechanical Approach to Small Ape Size and Morphology. DEVELOPMENTS IN PRIMATOLOGY: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-5614-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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36
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Püschel TA, Sellers WI. Standing on the shoulders of apes: Analyzing the form and function of the hominoid scapula using geometric morphometrics and finite element analysis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:325-41. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Püschel
- Computational and Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - William I. Sellers
- Computational and Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
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37
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Druelle F, Aerts P, Berillon G. Bipedality from locomotor autonomy to adulthood in captive olive baboon (Papio anubis): Cross-sectional follow-up and first insight into the impact of body mass distribution. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:73-84. [PMID: 26293421 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite that the biomechanics of standing and walking bipedally has been extensively studied in nonhuman primates, the morphological features that may constrain, or facilitate, the control of balance and thus of the spontaneous occurrence of bipedal behavior are poorly known. We aim to test the relationship between body mass distribution and bipedal behavior using a nonhuman primate species, the olive baboon, Papio anubis, raised in captivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected quantitative data on the frequency and duration of bipedalism together with morphometrics on a sample of 22 individuals. We used ontogenetic changes as a natural experiment that provides insights into the impact of morphology. Specifically we focus on 1) quantifying how body mass distribution changes from infancy to adulthood in baboons; and 2) whether the different patterns of mass distribution influence the behavioral variables, i.e., a) the frequency and b) the duration of bouts of bipedal behavior realized in different activity contexts. RESULTS With regard to assisted bipedal behaviors, the duration and frequency of bouts of standing, contrary to walking, are significantly related to age. With regard to unassisted bipedal behaviors, no correlation to age is observed; the bout duration of walking is strongly correlated to body mass and mass distribution, contrary to the frequency of walking as well as the bout duration and frequency of bipedal standing. DISCUSSION Our results suggest a close relationship between the pattern of mass distribution and the mechanism of balance control in the spontaneous bipedal walking of baboons. The mechanical effects of the pattern of mass distribution on the ability to perform bipedally in extant nonhuman primates are discussed in the context of the evolution toward habitual bipedalism.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Druelle
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, B-2610, Belgium.,UPR 2147 CNRS - Dynamique De L'évolution Humaine, Paris, 75014, France
| | - Peter Aerts
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, B-2610, Belgium
| | - Gilles Berillon
- UPR 2147 CNRS - Dynamique De L'évolution Humaine, Paris, 75014, France
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Johnson LE, Hanna J, Schmitt D. Single-limb force data for two lemur species while vertically clinging. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 158:463-74. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Johnson
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology; Duke University; Durham NC 27708
| | - Jandy Hanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine; Lewisburg WV 24901
| | - Daniel Schmitt
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology; Duke University; Durham NC 27708
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39
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Osborn ML, Homberger DG. The Human Shoulder Suspension Apparatus: A Causal Explanation for Bilateral Asymmetry and a Fresh Look at the Evolution of Human Bipedality. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:1572-88. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Osborn
- Department of Biological Sciences; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana
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Komiyama T, Hirokawa T, Sato K, Oka A, Kamiguchi H, Nagata E, Sakura H, Otsuka K, Kobayashi H. Relationship between human evolution and neurally mediated syncope disclosed by the polymorphic sites of the adrenergic receptor gene α2B-AR. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120788. [PMID: 25860977 PMCID: PMC4393242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to clarify the effects of disease on neurally mediated syncope (NMS) during an acute stress reaction. We analyzed the mechanism of the molecular interaction and the polymorphisms of the alpha-2 adrenoreceptor (α2B-AR) gene as the potential psychiatric cause of incentive stress. We focused on the following three genotypes of the repeat polymorphism site at Glu 301-303 in the α2B-AR gene: Glu12/12, Glu12/9, and Glu9/9. On the basis of our clinical research, NMS is likely to occur in people with the Glu12/9 heterotype. To verify this, we assessed this relationship with the interaction of Gi protein and adenylate cyclase by in silico analysis of the Glu12/9 heterotype. By measuring the difference in the dissociation time of the Gi-α subunit twice, we found that the Glu12/9 heterotype suppressed the action of adenylate cyclase longer than the Glu homotypes. As this difference in the Glu repeat number effect is thought to be one of the causes of NMS, we investigated the evolutionary significance of the Glu repeat number. Glu8 was originally repeated in simians, while the Glu12 repeats occurred over time during the evolution of bipedalism in humans. Taken with the Glu12 numbers, NMS would likely become a defensive measure to prevent significant blood flow to the human brain.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- DNA/analysis
- DNA/isolation & purification
- DNA, Mitochondrial/analysis
- DNA, Mitochondrial/classification
- Epinephrine/blood
- Evolution, Molecular
- Female
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/metabolism
- Gene Frequency
- Genotype
- Humans
- Male
- Norepinephrine/blood
- Phylogeny
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Primates/genetics
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/chemistry
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/metabolism
- Syncope, Vasovagal/metabolism
- Syncope, Vasovagal/pathology
- Thermodynamics
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyoshi Komiyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259–1193, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Hirokawa
- The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo Waterfront Bio-IT Research Building 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135–0064, Japan
| | - Kyoko Sato
- Tokyo Women’s Medical University Medical Center East, 2-1-10 Higashiogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo, 116–8567, Japan
| | - Akira Oka
- The Institute of Medical Science, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259–1193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamiguchi
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259–1193, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Nagata
- Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259–1193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakura
- Tokyo Women’s Medical University Medical Center East, 2-1-10 Higashiogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo, 116–8567, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Otsuka
- Tokyo Women’s Medical University Medical Center East, 2-1-10 Higashiogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo, 116–8567, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259–1193, Japan
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Arias-Martorell J, Tallman M, Potau JM, Bello-Hellegouarch G, Pérez-Pérez A. Shape analysis of the proximal humerus in orthograde and semi-orthograde primates: Correlates of suspensory behavior. Am J Primatol 2014; 77:1-19. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Arias-Martorell
- Anthropology Unit; Animal Biology Department; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Melissa Tallman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Grand Valley State University; Allendale Michigan
| | - Josep Maria Potau
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Pérez-Pérez
- Anthropology Unit; Animal Biology Department; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is to describe the unique anatomical and physiological features of the hands and feet that support heat conservation and dissipation, and in so doing, highlight the importance of these appendages in human thermoregulation. For instance, the surface area to mass ratio of each hand is 4-5 times greater than that of the body, whilst for each foot, it is ~3 times larger. This characteristic is supported by vascular responses that permit a theoretical maximal mass flow of thermal energy of 6.0 W (136 W m(2)) to each hand for a 1 °C thermal gradient. For each foot, this is 8.5 W (119 W m(2)). In an air temperature of 27 °C, the hands and feet of resting individuals can each dissipate 150-220 W m(2) (male-female) of heat through radiation and convection. During hypothermia, the extremities are physiologically isolated, restricting heat flow to <0.1 W. When the core temperature increases ~0.5 °C above thermoneutral (rest), each hand and foot can sweat at 22-33 mL h(-1), with complete evaporation dissipating 15-22 W (respectively). During heated exercise, sweat flows increase (one hand: 99 mL h(-1); one foot: 68 mL h(-1)), with evaporative heat losses of 67-46 W (respectively). It is concluded that these attributes allow the hands and feet to behave as excellent radiators, insulators and evaporators.
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43
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Hands and feet: physiological insulators, radiators and evaporators. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:2037-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2940-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Scheffler C, Hermanussen M. Is there an influence of modern life style on skeletal build? Am J Hum Biol 2014; 26:590-7. [PMID: 24846748 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Modern human life style has led to significant decrease in everyday physical activity and bipedal locomotion. It has previously been shown that skeletal robustness (relative elbow breadth) is associated with daily step counts. The aim of the study was to investigate whether also other skeletal measures, particularly pelvic breadth may have changed in recent decades. METHODS We re-analyzed elbow breadth, pelvic breadth (bicristal), and thoracic depth and breadth, of up to 28,975 healthy females and 28,288 healthy males aged 3-18 years from cross-sectional anthropological surveys performed between 1980 and 2012 by the Universities of Potsdam and Berlin, Germany. RESULTS Relative elbow breadth (Frame index) significantly decreased in both sexes since 1980 (<0.001). The trend toward slighter built was even more pronounced in absolute and relative pelvic breadth. In contrast, equivalent changes of parts of the skeletal system that are not involved in bipedal locomotion such as thoracic breadth, thoracic depth, and the thoracic index were absent. CONCLUSIONS The present investigation confirms the decline in relative elbow breadth in recent decades. Analogue, but even more pronounced changes were detected in pelvic breadth that coincides with the modern decline in upright locomotion. The findings underscore the phenotypic plasticity of humans while adapting to new environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Scheffler
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Human Biology, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
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45
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Shine JM, Shine R. Delegation to automaticity: the driving force for cognitive evolution? Front Neurosci 2014; 8:90. [PMID: 24808820 PMCID: PMC4010745 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to delegate control over repetitive tasks from higher to lower neural centers may be a fundamental innovation in human cognition. Plausibly, the massive neurocomputational challenges associated with the mastery of balance during the evolution of bipedality in proto-humans provided a strong selective advantage to individuals with brains capable of efficiently transferring tasks in this way. Thus, the shift from quadrupedal to bipedal locomotion may have driven the rapid evolution of distinctive features of human neuronal functioning. We review recent studies of functional neuroanatomy that bear upon this hypothesis, and identify ways to test our ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Shine
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, The University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R. Shine
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
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Roberts AM, Thorpe SKS. Challenges to human uniqueness: bipedalism, birth and brains. J Zool (1987) 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Scholes CJ, McDonald MD, Parker AW. Young men utilise limited neuromuscular preparation to regulate post-impact knee mechanics during step landing. Gait Posture 2014; 39:284-90. [PMID: 23978695 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.07.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The neuromuscular mechanisms determining the mechanical behaviour of the knee during landing impact remain poorly understood. It was hypothesised that neuromuscular preparation is subject-specific and ranges along a continuum from passive to active. METHODS A group of healthy men (N=12) stepped-down from a knee-high platform for 60 consecutive trials. Surface EMG of the quadriceps and hamstrings was used to determine pre-impact onset timing, activation amplitude and cocontraction for each trial. Partial least squares regression was used to associate pre-impact preparation with post-impact knee stiffness and coordination. RESULTS The group analysis revealed few significant changes in pre-impact preparation across trial blocks. Single-subject analyses revealed changes in muscle activity that varied in size and direction between individuals. Further, the association between pre-impact preparation and post-impact knee mechanics was subject-specific and ranged along a continuum of strategies. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that neuromuscular preparation during step landing is subject-specific and its association to post-impact knee mechanics occurs along a continuum, ranging from passive to active control strategies. Further work should examine the implications of these strategies on the distribution of knee forces in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey J Scholes
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Sydney Orthopaedic Research Institute, Chatswood, NSW, Australia.
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Neufuss J, Hesse B, Thorpe SKS, Vereecke EE, D'Aout K, Fischer MS, Schilling N. Fibre type composition in the lumbar perivertebral muscles of primates: implications for the evolution of orthogrady in hominoids. J Anat 2013; 224:113-31. [PMID: 24433382 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The axial musculoskeletal system is important for the static and dynamic control of the body during both locomotor and non-locomotor behaviour. As a consequence, major evolutionary changes in the positional habits of a species are reflected by morpho-functional adaptations of the axial system. Because of the remarkable phenotypic plasticity of muscle tissue, a close relationship exists between muscle morphology and function. One way to explore major evolutionary transitions in muscle function is therefore by comparative analysis of fibre type composition. In this study, the three-dimensional distribution of slow and fast muscle fibres was analysed in the lumbar perivertebral muscles of two lemuriform (mouse lemur, brown lemur) and four hominoid primate species (white-handed gibbon, orangutan, bonobo, chimpanzee) in order to develop a plausible scenario for the evolution of the contractile properties of the axial muscles in hominoids and to discern possible changes in muscle physiology that were associated with the evolution of orthogrady. Similar to all previously studied quadrupedal mammals, the lemuriform primates in this study exhibited a morpho-functional dichotomy between deep slow contracting local stabilizer muscles and superficial fast contracting global mobilizers and stabilizers and thus retained the fibre distribution pattern typical for quadrupedal non-primates. In contrast, the hominoid primates showed no regionalization of the fibre types, similar to previous observations in Homo. We suggest that this homogeneous fibre composition is associated with the high functional versatility of the axial musculature that was brought about by the evolution of orthograde behaviours and reflects the broad range of mechanical demands acting on the trunk in orthograde hominoids. Because orthogrady is a derived character of euhominoids, the uniform fibre type distribution is hypothesized to coincide with the evolution of orthograde behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Neufuss
- Institute of Systematic Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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Dolphens M, Cagnie B, Vleeming A, Vanderstraeten G, Danneels L. Gender differences in sagittal standing alignment before pubertal peak growth: the importance of subclassification and implications for spinopelvic loading. J Anat 2013; 223:629-40. [PMID: 24107185 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze gender differences in sagittal standing alignment at pre-peak height velocity age thereby applying a scientifically sound and practically oriented classification scheme for overall standing balance. The study population consisted of healthy boys (n = 639) and girls (n = 557) before pubertal peak growth. During subjects' habitual standing, sagittal plane measures of the spine, pelvis and lower limbs were collected using a clinical screening protocol. With each subject classified as one of three postural types (neutral, sway-back, or leaning-forward), differences in sagittal plane alignment were analyzed between sexes. The results revealed clear differences between genders in each of the postural types. Within the neutral and sway-back postural subgroups, boys presented more forward inclination of the trunk, more thoracic kyphosis and more pelvis backtilt compared with girls. Within the leaning-forward category, girls displayed more forward trunk lean, less thoracic kyphosis and more pelvic anteversion. A state of lumbar segmental hyperextension appeared to exist in female leaning-forward subjects. Our results reveal for the first time that sagittal standing alignment is different between prepubescent boys and girls when subjects are appropriately subclassified, and conversely represent a 'wash-out effect' when pooled. When the classification system is applied, gender-specificity in gravity line position is suggested, implying gender-related differences in lever arms and thus load. Present findings may add to our understanding of gender-specific biomechanical challenges posed by habitual posture, and may shed new light on sagittal standing alignment as a possible contributory factor in developmental spinal-pelvic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Dolphens
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Artevelde University College, Ghent, Belgium
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50
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Raichlen DA, Pontzer H, Shapiro LJ. A new look at the Dynamic Similarity Hypothesis: the importance of swing phase. Biol Open 2013; 2:1032-6. [PMID: 24167713 PMCID: PMC3798186 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20135165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dynamic Similarity Hypothesis (DSH) suggests that when animals of different size walk at similar Froude numbers (equal ratios of inertial and gravitational forces) they will use similar size-corrected gaits. This application of similarity theory to animal biomechanics has contributed to fundamental insights in the mechanics and evolution of a diverse set of locomotor systems. However, despite its popularity, many mammals fail to walk with dynamically similar stride lengths, a key element of gait that determines spontaneous speed and energy costs. Here, we show that the applicability of the DSH is dependent on the inertial forces examined. In general, the inertial forces are thought to be the centripetal force of the inverted pendulum model of stance phase, determined by the length of the limb. If instead we model inertial forces as the centripetal force of the limb acting as a suspended pendulum during swing phase (determined by limb center of mass position), the DSH for stride length variation is fully supported. Thus, the DSH shows that inter-specific differences in spatial kinematics are tied to the evolution of limb mass distribution patterns. Selection may act on morphology to produce a given stride length, or alternatively, stride length may be a "spandrel" of selection acting on limb mass distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Raichlen
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, PO Box 210030, Tucson, AZ 85721-00030, USA
| | - Herman Pontzer
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- New York Consortium for Evolutionary Primatology, New York, USA
| | - Liza J. Shapiro
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Avenue, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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