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Kobiela A, Hewelt-Belka W, Frąckowiak JE, Kordulewska N, Hovhannisyan L, Bogucka A, Etherington R, Piróg A, Dapic I, Gabrielsson S, Brown SJ, Ogg GS, Gutowska-Owsiak D. Keratinocyte-derived small extracellular vesicles supply antigens for CD1a-resticted T cells and promote their type 2 bias in the context of filaggrin insufficiency. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1369238. [PMID: 38585273 PMCID: PMC10995404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Exosome-enriched small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are nanosized organelles known to participate in long distance communication between cells, including in the skin. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease for which filaggrin (FLG) gene mutations are the strongest genetic risk factor. Filaggrin insufficiency affects multiple cellular function, but it is unclear if sEV-mediated cellular communication originating from the affected keratinocytes is also altered, and if this influences peptide and lipid antigen presentation to T cells in the skin. Methods Available mRNA and protein expression datasets from filaggrin-insufficient keratinocytes (shFLG), organotypic models and AD skin were used for gene ontology analysis with FunRich tool. sEVs secreted by shFLG and control shC cells were isolated from conditioned media by differential centrifugation. Mass spectrometry was carried out for lipidomic and proteomic profiling of the cells and sEVs. T cell responses to protein, peptide, CD1a lipid antigens, as well as phospholipase A2-digested or intact sEVs were measured by ELISpot and ELISA. Results Data analysis revealed extensive remodeling of the sEV compartment in filaggrin insufficient keratinocytes, 3D models and the AD skin. Lipidomic profiles of shFLGsEV showed a reduction in the long chain (LCFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs; permissive CD1a ligands) and increased content of the bulky headgroup sphingolipids (non-permissive ligands). This resulted in a reduction of CD1a-mediated interferon-γ T cell responses to the lipids liberated from shFLG-generated sEVs in comparison to those induced by sEVs from control cells, and an increase in interleukin 13 secretion. The altered sEV lipidome reflected a generalized alteration in the cellular lipidome in filaggrin-insufficient cells and the skin of AD patients, resulting from a downregulation of key enzymes implicated in fatty acid elongation and desaturation, i.e., enzymes of the ACSL, ELOVL and FADS family. Discussion We determined that sEVs constitute a source of antigens suitable for CD1a-mediated presentation to T cells. Lipids enclosed within the sEVs secreted on the background of filaggrin insufficiency contribute to allergic inflammation by reducing type 1 responses and inducing a type 2 bias from CD1a-restricted T cells, thus likely perpetuating allergic inflammation in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Kobiela
- Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of the University of Gdańsk and the Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Weronika Hewelt-Belka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna E. Frąckowiak
- Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of the University of Gdańsk and the Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Natalia Kordulewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Lilit Hovhannisyan
- Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of the University of Gdańsk and the Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Bogucka
- The Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Rachel Etherington
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Artur Piróg
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Irena Dapic
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Susanne Gabrielsson
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara J. Brown
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Graham S. Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Danuta Gutowska-Owsiak
- Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of the University of Gdańsk and the Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Liu H, Xu R, Gao C, Zhu T, Liu L, Yang Y, Zeng H, Huang Y, Wang H. Metabolic Molecule PLA2G2D Is a Potential Prognostic Biomarker Correlating With Immune Cell Infiltration and the Expression of Immune Checkpoint Genes in Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:755668. [PMID: 34733790 PMCID: PMC8558485 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.755668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is the major pathological type of cervical cancer (CC), the second most prevalent reproductive system malignant tumor threatening the health of women worldwide. The prognosis of CSCC patients is largely affected by the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME); however, the biomarker landscape related to the immune microenvironment of CSCC and patient prognosis is less characterized. Here, we analyzed RNA-seq data of CSCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database by dividing it into high- and low-immune infiltration groups with the MCP-counter and ESTIMATE R packages. After combining weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, we found that PLA2G2D, a metabolism-associated gene, is the top gene positively associated with immune infiltration and patient survival. This finding was validated using data from The Cancer Genome Characterization Initiative (CGCI) database and further confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Finally, multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) was performed to confirm the differential infiltration of immune cells between PLA2G2D-high and PLA2G2D-low tumors at the protein level. Our results demonstrated that PLA2G2D expression was significantly correlated with the infiltration of immune cells, especially T cells and macrophages. More importantly, PLA2G2D-high tumors also exhibited higher infiltration of CD8+ T cells inside the tumor region than PLA2G2D-low tumors. In addition, PLA2G2D expression was found to be positively correlated with the expression of multiple immune checkpoint genes (ICPs). Moreover, based on other immunotherapy cohort data, PLA2G2D high expression is correlated with increased cytotoxicity and favorable response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Hence, PLA2G2D could be a novel potential biomarker for immune cell infiltration, patient survival, and the response to ICB therapy in CSCC and may represent a promising target for the treatment of CSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruiyi Xu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun Gao
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liting Liu
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yifan Yang
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haihong Zeng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yafei Huang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Ogden HL, Lai Y, Nolin JD, An D, Frevert CW, Gelb MH, Altemeier WA, Hallstrand TS. Secreted Phospholipase A 2 Group X Acts as an Adjuvant for Type 2 Inflammation, Leading to an Allergen-Specific Immune Response in the Lung. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:3097-3107. [PMID: 32341057 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) enzymes release free fatty acids, including arachidonic acid, and generate lysophospholipids from phospholipids, including membrane phospholipids from cells and bacteria and surfactant phospholipids. We have shown that an endogenous enzyme sPLA2 group X (sPLA2-X) is elevated in the airways of asthmatics and that mice lacking the sPLA2-X gene (Pla2g10) display attenuated airway hyperresponsiveness, innate and adaptive immune responses, and type 2 cytokine production in a model of airway sensitization and challenge using a complete allergen that induces endogenous adjuvant activity. This complete allergen also induces the expression of sPLA2-X/Pla2g10 In the periphery, an sPLA2 found in bee venom (bee venom PLA2) administered with the incomplete Ag OVA leads to an Ag-specific immune response. In this study, we demonstrate that both bee venom PLA2 and murine sPLA2-X have adjuvant activity, leading to a type 2 immune response in the lung with features of airway hyperresponsiveness and Ag-specific type 2 airway inflammation following peripheral sensitization and subsequent airway challenge with OVA. Further, the adjuvant effects of sPLA2-X that result in the type 2-biased OVA-specific adaptive immune response in the lung were dependent upon the catalytic activity of the enzyme, as a catalytically inactive mutant form of sPLA2-X does not elicit the adaptive component of the immune response, although other components of the immune response were induced by the inactive enzyme, suggesting receptor-mediated effects. Our results demonstrate that exogenous and endogenous sPLA2s play an important role in peripheral sensitization, resulting in airway responses to inhaled Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Luke Ogden
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Ying Lai
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - James D Nolin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Dowon An
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Charles W Frevert
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Michael H Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - William A Altemeier
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Teal S Hallstrand
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109;
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Murakami M, Yamamoto K, Taketomi Y. Phospholipase A 2 in skin biology: new insights from gene-manipulated mice and lipidomics. Inflamm Regen 2018; 38:31. [PMID: 30546811 PMCID: PMC6284315 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-018-0089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin represents one of the tissues that are most profoundly influenced by alterations in the quality of lipids (lipoquality). Lipids not only constitute cellular membranes, but also serve as bioactive lipid mediators and essential components of the skin barrier. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes supply fatty acids and lysophospholipids from membrane phospholipids, thereby variably affecting cutaneous homeostasis. Accordingly, perturbation of particular PLA2-driven lipid pathways can be linked to various forms of skin disease. In this review article, we highlight the roles of several PLA2 subtypes in cutaneous pathophysiology, as revealed by transgenic/knockout studies in combination with comprehensive lipidomics. We focus mainly on secreted PLA2 group IIF (sPLA2-IIF), which is associated with epidermal hyperplasia through mobilization of a unique lipid metabolite. We also address the distinct roles of sPLA2-IIE in hair follicles and sPLA2-IID in lymphoid immune cells that secondarily affect cutaneous inflammation, and provide some insights into species differences in sPLA2s. Additionally, we briefly overview the patatin-like phospholipase PNPLA1, which belongs to the Ca2+-independent PLA2 (iPLA2) family, as a key regulator of skin barrier function through catalysis of a unique non-PLA2 reaction. These knowledges on lipid metabolism driven by various PLA2 subtypes will open novel opportunities for translated studies toward diagnosis and therapy of human skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- 1Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan.,2AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004 Japan
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- 3PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004 Japan.,4Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8513 Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- 1Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
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5
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Kim KP, Jeon S, Kim MJ, Cho Y. Borage oil restores acidic skin pH by up-regulating the activity or expression of filaggrin and enzymes involved in epidermal lactate, free fatty acid, and acidic free amino acid metabolism in essential fatty acid-deficient Guinea pigs. Nutr Res 2018; 58:26-35. [PMID: 30340812 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Borage oil (BO) reverses a disrupted epidermal lipid barrier and hyperproliferation in essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD). However, little is known about its effect on skin pH, which is maintained by epidermal lactate, free fatty acids (FFAs), and free amino acids (FAAs) which is generated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), or filaggrin degradation with peptidylarginine deiminase-3 (PADI3). We hypothesized that BO restores skin pH by regulating epidermal lactate, FFA metabolism, or FAA metabolism in EFAD. To test this hypothesis, EFAD was induced in guinea pigs by a hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO) diet for 8 weeks, followed by 2 weeks of a BO diet (group HCO + BO). As controls, groups HCO and BO were fed HCO or BO diets for 10 weeks. In group HCO + BO, skin pH, which was less acidic in group HCO, was restored; and epidermal lactate and total FFAs, including palmitate, stearate, linoleate, arachidate, behenate, and lignocerate, were higher than in group HCO. LDH and sPLA2 (mainly the PLA2G2F isoform) activities and protein expressions were similar between groups HCO + BO and BO. Epidermal acidic FAAs, as well as filaggrin and PADI3 protein and mRNA expressions were higher in group HCO + BO than in group HCO. Oleate, total FAAs including other FAAs, and LDH and sPLA2 mRNA expressions were not altered between groups HCO and HCO + BO. Basic FAAs were not altered among groups. Dietary BO restored acidic skin pH and increased epidermal levels of lactate, most FFAs, and acidic FAAs by up-regulating LDH, sPLA2, filaggrin, and PADI3 activities as well as protein or mRNA expressions in EFAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Pyo Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghun Jeon
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ju Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunhi Cho
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea.
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Murakami M, Miki Y, Sato H, Murase R, Taketomi Y, Yamamoto K. Group IID, IIE, IIF and III secreted phospholipase A 2s. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:803-818. [PMID: 30905347 PMCID: PMC7106514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Among the 11 members of the secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) family, group IID, IIE, IIF and III sPLA2s (sPLA2-IID, -IIE, -IIF and -III, respectively) are “new” isoforms in the history of sPLA2 research. Relative to the better characterized sPLA2s (sPLA2-IB, -IIA, -V and -X), the enzymatic properties, distributions, and functions of these “new” sPLA2s have remained obscure until recently. Our current studies using knockout and transgenic mice for a nearly full set of sPLA2s, in combination with comprehensive lipidomics, have revealed unique and distinct roles of these “new” sPLA2s in specific biological events. Thus, sPLA2-IID is involved in immune suppression, sPLA2-IIE in metabolic regulation and hair follicle homeostasis, sPLA2-IIF in epidermal hyperplasia, and sPLA2-III in male reproduction, anaphylaxis, colonic diseases, and possibly atherosclerosis. In this article, we overview current understanding of the properties and functions of these sPLA2s and their underlying lipid pathways in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Remi Murase
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan; Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan.
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Nolin JD, Ogden HL, Lai Y, Altemeier WA, Frevert CW, Bollinger JG, Naika GS, Kicic A, Stick SM, Lambeau G, Henderson WR, Gelb MH, Hallstrand TS. Identification of Epithelial Phospholipase A 2 Receptor 1 as a Potential Target in Asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 55:825-836. [PMID: 27448109 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0150oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted phospholipase A2s (sPLA2s) regulate eicosanoid formation and have been implicated in asthma. Although sPLA2s function as enzymes, some of the sPLA2s bind with high affinity to a C-type lectin receptor, called PLA2R1, which has functions in both cellular signaling and clearance of sPLA2s. We sought to examine the expression of PLA2R1 in the airway epithelium of human subjects with asthma and the function of the murine Pla2r1 gene in a model of asthma. Expression of PLA2R1 in epithelial brushings was assessed in two distinct cohorts of children with asthma by microarray and quantitative PCR, and immunostaining for PLA2R1 was conducted on endobronchial tissue and epithelial brushings from adults with asthma. C57BL/129 mice deficient in Pla2r1 (Pla2r1-/-) were characterized in an ovalbumin (OVA) model of allergic asthma. PLA2R1 was differentially overexpressed in epithelial brushings of children with atopic asthma in both cohorts. Immunostaining for PLA2R1 in endobronchial tissue localized to submucosal glandular epithelium and columnar epithelial cells. After OVA sensitization and challenge, Pla2r1-/- mice had increased airway hyperresponsiveness, as well as an increase in cellular trafficking of eosinophils to the peribronchial space and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and an increase in airway permeability. In addition, Pla2r1-/- mice had more dendritic cells in the lung, higher levels of OVA-specific IgG, and increased production of both type-1 and type-2 cytokines by lung leukocytes. PLA2R1 is increased in the airway epithelium in asthma, and serves as a regulator of airway hyperresponsiveness, airway permeability, antigen sensitization, and airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Nolin
- From the 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care and
| | - H Luke Ogden
- From the 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care and
| | - Ying Lai
- From the 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care and
| | | | - Charles W Frevert
- From the 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care and.,2 Department of Comparative Medicine
| | | | | | - Anthony Kicic
- 4 The Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,5 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,6 School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,7 Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; and
| | - Stephen M Stick
- 4 The Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,5 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,6 School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,7 Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; and
| | - Gerard Lambeau
- 8 Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | | | - Michael H Gelb
- 3 Department of Chemistry, and.,10 Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Park SN, Kim MJ, Ha JH, Lee NH, Park J, Lee J, Kim D, Yoon C. Protective effects of TES trioleate, an inhibitor of phospholipase A2, on reactive oxygen species and UVA-induced cell damage. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 164:30-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Over two decades ago, it was discovered that the human T-cell repertoire contains T cells that do not recognize peptide antigens in the context of MHC molecules but instead respond to lipid antigens presented by CD1 antigen-presenting molecules. The ability of T cells to 'see' lipid antigens bound to CD1 enables these lymphocytes to sense changes in the lipid composition of cells and tissues as a result of infections, inflammation, or malignancies. Although foreign lipid antigens have been shown to function as antigens for CD1-restricted T cells, many CD1-restricted T cells do not require foreign antigens for activation but instead can be activated by self-lipids presented by CD1. This review highlights recent developments in the field, including the identification of common mammalian lipids that function as autoantigens for αβ and γδ T cells, a novel mode of T-cell activation whereby CD1a itself rather than lipids serves as the autoantigen, and various mechanisms by which the activation of CD1-autoreactive T cells is regulated. As CD1 can induce T-cell effector functions in the absence of foreign antigens, multiple mechanisms are in place to regulate this self-reactivity, and stimulatory CD1-lipid complexes appear to be tightly controlled in space and time.
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Zhi H, Qu L, Wu F, Chen L, Tao J. Group IIE secretory phospholipase A2 regulates lipolysis in adipocytes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:760-8. [PMID: 25755141 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the function of group IIE secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2) -IIE) in adipocytes and to explore the possible signaling mechanism involved. METHODS The expression of sPLA(2) -IIE was demonstrated using real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. Lipid accumulation was evaluated via the measurement of cellular triglycerides (TG). Lipolysis was quantified by measuring the release of free glycerol. The expressions of M-type sPLA(2) receptor (PLA(2) R1) and the genes encoding adipogenic proteins were measured using real-time PCR. The activities of the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK), and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) were determined using Western blot. RESULTS sPLA(2) -IIE(-/-) mice gained significantly more epididymal fat than wild-type (WT) mice. When treated with adipogenic stimuli ex vivo, stromal vascular cells isolated from the adipose tissue of sPLA(2) -IIE(-/-) mice accumulated significantly more TG than those from WT mice. Conversely, a significant reduction in lipid accumulation and an increase of free glycerol were observed in OP9 cells overexpressing sPLA(2) -IIE and in 3T3-L1 cells treated with sPLA(2) -IIE protein. Moreover, sPLA(2) -IIE significantly induced adipocyte glycerol release and HSL activity, which was inhibited by PD98059, an ERK inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS sPLA(2) -IIE regulates lipolysis in adipocytes, likely through the ERK/HSL signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhi
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China. Correspondence: Ling Chen ; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou College of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Chiu CC, Shi YF, Yang JJ, Hsiao YC, Tzang BS, Hsu TC. Effects of human Parvovirus B19 and Bocavirus VP1 unique region on tight junction of human airway epithelial A549 cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107970. [PMID: 25268969 PMCID: PMC4182432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As is widely recognized, human parvovirus B19 (B19) and human bocavirus (HBoV) are important human pathogens. Obviously, both VP1 unique region (VP1u) of B19 and HBoV exhibit the secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2)-like enzymatic activity and are recognized to participate in the pathogenesis of lower respiratory tract illnesses. However, exactly how, both VP1u from B19 and HBoV affect tight junction has seldom been addressed. Therefore, this study investigates how B19-VP1u and HBoV-VP1u may affect the tight junction of the airway epithelial A549 cells by examining phospholipase A2 activity and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) as well as performing immunoblotting analyses. Experimental results indicate that TEER is more significantly decreased in A549 cells by treatment with TNF-α (10 ng), two dosages of B19-VP1u and BoV-VP1u (400 ng and 4000 ng) or bee venom PLA2 (10 ng) than that of the control. Accordingly, more significantly increased claudin-1 and decreased occludin are detected in A549 cells by treatment with TNF-α or both dosages of HBoV-VP1u than that of the control. Additionally, more significantly decreased Na+/K+ ATPase is observed in A549 cells by treatment with TNF-α, high dosage of B19-VP1u or both dosages of BoV-VP1u than that of the control. Above findings suggest that HBoV-VP1u rather than B19 VP1u likely plays more important roles in the disruption of tight junction in the airway tract. Meanwhile, this discrepancy appears not to be associated with the secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2)-like enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ching Chiu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology and Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, Chunghua Christian Hospital, Chunghua, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fang Shi
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Jou Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chao Hsiao
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Show Tzang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (BST); (TCH)
| | - Tsai-Ching Hsu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (BST); (TCH)
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12
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Ilic D, Bollinger JM, Gelb M, Mauro TM. sPLA2 and the epidermal barrier. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:416-21. [PMID: 24269828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian epidermis provides both an interface and a protective barrier between the organism and its environment. Lipid, processed into water-impermeable bilayers between the outermost layers of the epidermal cells, forms the major barrier that prevents water from exiting the organism, and also prevents toxins and infectious agents from entering. The secretory phospholipase 2 (sPLA2) enzymes control important processes in skin and other organs, including inflammation and differentiation. sPLA2 activity contributes to epidermal barrier formation and homeostasis by generating free fatty acids, which are required both for formation of lamellar membranes and also for acidification of the stratum corneum (SC). sPLA2 is especially important in controlling SC acidification and establishment of an optimum epidermal barrier during the first postnatal week. Several sPLA2 isoforms are present in the epidermis. We find that two of these isoforms, sPLA2 IIA and sPLA2 IIF, localize to the upper stratum granulosum and increase in response to experimental barrier perturbation. sPLA2F(-/-) mice also demonstrate a more neutral SC pH than do their normal littermates, and their initial recovery from barrier perturbation is delayed. These findings confirm that sPLA2 enzymes perform important roles in epidermal development, and suggest that the sPLA2IIF isoform may be central to SC acidification and barrier function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusko Ilic
- Human Embryonic Stem Cell Laboratories, Guy's Assisted Conception Unit, Division of Women's Health, King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK.
| | - James M Bollinger
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Gelb
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Theodora M Mauro
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco Veterans Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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13
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Emerging roles of secreted phospholipase A2 enzymes: An update. Biochimie 2013; 95:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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14
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Kendall AC, Nicolaou A. Bioactive lipid mediators in skin inflammation and immunity. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 52:141-64. [PMID: 23124022 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the primary barrier from the outside environment, protecting the host from injury, infectious pathogens, water loss and solar ultraviolet radiation. In this role, it is supported by a highly organized system comprising elements of innate and adaptive immunity, responsive to inflammatory stimuli. The cutaneous immune system is regulated by mediators such as cytokines and bioactive lipids that can initiate rapid immune responses with controlled inflammation, followed by efficient resolution. However, when immune responses are inadequate or mounted against non-infectious agents, these mediators contribute to skin pathologies involving unresolved or chronic inflammation. Skin is characterized by active lipid metabolism and fatty acids play crucial roles both in terms of structural integrity and functionality, in particular when transformed to bioactive mediators. Eicosanoids, endocannabinoids and sphingolipids are such key bioactive lipids, intimately involved in skin biology, inflammation and immunity. We discuss their origins, role and influence over various cells of the epidermis, dermis and cutaneous immune system and examine their function in examples of inflammatory skin conditions. We focus on psoriasis, atopic and contact dermatitis, acne vulgaris, wound healing and photodermatology that demonstrate dysregulation of bioactive lipid metabolism and examine ways of using this insight to inform novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Kendall
- School of Pharmacy and Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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15
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Dan P, Rosenblat G, Yedgar S. Phospholipase A2 activities in skin physiology and pathology. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 691:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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16
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Chan A, Mauro T. Acidification in the epidermis and the role of secretory phospholipases. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2011; 3:84-90. [PMID: 21695017 PMCID: PMC3117007 DOI: 10.4161/derm.3.2.15140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The function of the epidermis is to form an effective barrier between the dry, external environment and the interior of the body. The barrier specifically resides in the extracellular lipid membranes of the stratum corneum (SC) and an acidic pH is necessary to maintain its competency against various insults. The purpose of this review is to explore the mechanisms which are postulated to contribute to the acidification of the stratum corneum, including both exogenous and endogenous sources. However, recent research as pointed to several endogenous mechanisms as the major source of acidification, including a sodium/proton pump (NHE1) and free fatty acid conversion from phospholipids by secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2). sPLA2 has been shown to play a central role in the formation of the SC “acid mantle” in the early maturation of the epidermis postnatally. Many aspects of this enzyme family are complex and still being elucidated in research and the most recent findings on the localization and functions of sPL A2-IB, -IIA, -IIC, -IID, -IIE, -IIF, -III, -V, -X and -XII in the epidermis are presented here. Given their role in inflammatory dermatoses, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, understanding this complex enzyme family can lead to novel, life-changing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aegean Chan
- Dermatology Department; University of California, San Francisco; and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; San Francisco, CA USA
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17
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Yamamoto K, Taketomi Y, Isogai Y, Miki Y, Sato H, Masuda S, Nishito Y, Morioka K, Ishimoto Y, Suzuki N, Yokota Y, Hanasaki K, Ishikawa Y, Ishii T, Kobayashi T, Fukami K, Ikeda K, Nakanishi H, Taguchi R, Murakami M. Hair follicular expression and function of group X secreted phospholipase A2 in mouse skin. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:11616-31. [PMID: 21266583 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.206714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although perturbed lipid metabolism can often lead to skin abnormality, the role of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) in skin homeostasis is poorly understood. In the present study we found that group X-secreted PLA(2) (sPLA(2)-X) was expressed in the outermost epithelium of hair follicles in synchrony with the anagen phase of hair cycling. Transgenic mice overexpressing sPLA(2)-X (PLA2G10-Tg) displayed alopecia, which was accompanied by hair follicle distortion with reduced expression of genes related to hair development, during a postnatal hair cycle. Additionally, the epidermis and sebaceous glands of PLA2G10-Tg skin were hyperplasic. Proteolytic activation of sPLA(2)-X in PLA2G10-Tg skin was accompanied by preferential hydrolysis of phosphatidylethanolamine species with polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as elevated production of some if not all eicosanoids. Importantly, the skin of Pla2g10-deficient mice had abnormal hair follicles with noticeable reduction in a subset of hair genes, a hypoplasic outer root sheath, a reduced number of melanin granules, and unexpected up-regulation of prostanoid synthesis. Collectively, our study highlights the spatiotemporal expression of sPLA(2)-X in hair follicles, the presence of skin-specific machinery leading to sPLA(2)-X activation, a functional link of sPLA(2)-X with hair follicle homeostasis, and compartmentalization of the prostanoid pathway in hair follicles and epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Yamamoto
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Murakami M, Taketomi Y, Miki Y, Sato H, Hirabayashi T, Yamamoto K. Recent progress in phospholipase A₂ research: from cells to animals to humans. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 50:152-92. [PMID: 21185866 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian genomes encode genes for more than 30 phospholipase A₂s (PLA₂s) or related enzymes, which are subdivided into several classes including low-molecular-weight secreted PLA₂s (sPLA₂s), Ca²+-dependent cytosolic PLA₂s (cPLA₂s), Ca²+-independent PLA₂s (iPLA₂s), platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases (PAF-AHs), lysosomal PLA₂s, and a recently identified adipose-specific PLA. Of these, the intracellular cPLA₂ and iPLA₂ families and the extracellular sPLA₂ family are recognized as the "big three". From a general viewpoint, cPLA₂α (the prototypic cPLA₂ plays a major role in the initiation of arachidonic acid metabolism, the iPLA₂ family contributes to membrane homeostasis and energy metabolism, and the sPLA₂ family affects various biological events by modulating the extracellular phospholipid milieus. The cPLA₂ family evolved along with eicosanoid receptors when vertebrates first appeared, whereas the diverse branching of the iPLA₂ and sPLA₂ families during earlier eukaryote development suggests that they play fundamental roles in life-related processes. During the past decade, data concerning the unexplored roles of various PLA₂ enzymes in pathophysiology have emerged on the basis of studies using knockout and transgenic mice, the use of specific inhibitors, and information obtained from analysis of human diseases caused by mutations in PLA₂ genes. This review focuses on current understanding of the emerging biological functions of PLA₂s and related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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19
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Abstract
PLA2 (phospholipase A2) group III is an atypical sPLA2 (secretory PLA2) that is homologous with bee venom PLA2 rather than with other mammalian sPLA2s. In the present paper, we show that endogenous group III sPLA2 (PLA2G3) is expressed in mouse skin and that Tg (transgenic) mice overexpressing human PLA2G3 spontaneously develop skin inflammation. Pla2g3-Tg mice over 9 months of age frequently developed dermatitis with hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, parakeratosis, erosion, ulcer and sebaceous gland hyperplasia. The dermatitis was accompanied by infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages and by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and prostaglandin E2. In addition, Pla2g3-Tg mice had increased lymph aggregates and mucus in the airway, lymphocytic sialadenitis, hepatic extramedullary haemopoiesis, splenomegaly with increased populations of granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages, and increased serum IgG1. Collectively, these observations provide the first demonstration of spontaneous development of inflammation in mice with Tg overexpression of mammalian sPLA2.
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20
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Aquino M, Guerrero MD, Bruno I, Terencio MC, Paya M, Riccio R. Development of a second generation of inhibitors of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 expression bearing the γ-hydroxybutenolide scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:9056-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Lambeau G, Gelb MH. Biochemistry and physiology of mammalian secreted phospholipases A2. Annu Rev Biochem 2008; 77:495-520. [PMID: 18405237 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.76.062405.154007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases A(2) (PLA2s) are esterases that hydrolyze the sn-2 ester of glycerophospholipids and constitute one of the largest families of lipid hydrolyzing enzymes. The mammalian genome contains 10 enzymatically active secreted PLA2s (sPLA2s) and two sPLA2-related proteins devoid of lipolytic enzymatic activity. In addition to the well-established functions of one of these enzymes in digestion of dietary phospholipids and another in host defense against bacterial infections, accumulating evidence shows that some of these sPLA2s are involved in arachidonic acid release from cellular phospholipids for the biosynthesis of eicosanoids, especially during inflammation. More speculative results suggest the involvement of one or more sPLA2s in promoting atherosclerosis and cancer. In addition, the mammalian genome encodes several types of sPLA2-binding proteins, and mounting evidence shows that sPLA2s may have functions related to binding to cellular target proteins in a manner independent of their lipolytic enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Lambeau
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France.
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22
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Roberts DW, Newton RA, Leonard JH, Sturm RA. Melanocytes expressing MC1R polymorphisms associated with red hair color have altered MSH-ligand activated pigmentary responses in coculture with keratinocytes. J Cell Physiol 2008; 215:344-55. [PMID: 17960564 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of red hair and pale skin in individuals, which is associated with UV-radiation sensitivity and increased skin cancer risk, is mainly due to polymorphisms in the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) expressed in melanocytes. We have established a serum free human melanocyte-keratinocyte coculture system to study the behavior and functional abilities of melanocytes expressing MC1R red hair color (RHC) variants in order to identify differences from their wild type (WT) counterparts. This model revealed the importance of elevated calcium levels in promoting strong melanocyte interaction with the surrounding keratinocytes and resulted in a dendritic melanocyte morphology similar to that in skin. However, the dendricity response following agonist activation of the MC1R receptor by NDP-MSH peptide, was markedly enhanced in WT melanocytes in comparison to RHC strains. Analysis of mRNA expression and protein levels of the major pigmentation markers following NDP-MSH treatment distinguished the enzyme dopachrome tautomerase as preferentially upregulated in cocultures of WT strains, with negligible or a much reduced response in melanocytes with RHC variant alleles. These results highlight the use of the coculture system in determining fundamental differences in the physiology of melanocytes expressing RHC MC1R receptors and those of WT genotype, which are likely to contribute to the increased skin cancer risk for individuals that carry these variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald W Roberts
- Melanogenix Group, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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23
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Houben E, Hachem JP, De Paepe K, Rogiers V. Epidermal ceramidase activity regulates epidermal desquamation via stratum corneum acidification. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 21:111-8. [PMID: 18253067 DOI: 10.1159/000114872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The acidic pH of the outer surface of the mammalian skin plays several important roles in the epidermal barrier function. The 2 endogenous pathways that are currently known to elicit this acidic pH are the generation of free fatty acids from phospholipids and the exchange of protons for sodium ions by non-energy-dependent sodium-proton exchangers. In this study, we propose a third endogenous pathway, i.e. epidermal ceramidase activity, generating free fatty acids from ceramides. By topical application of N-oleylethanolamine, a well-known ceramidase inhibitor, we could demonstrate a significant increase in the stratum corneum pH and a corresponding decrease in the epidermal free fatty acid content. Moreover, we could show that the resulting change in the apparent skin pH also provoked a delay in early barrier recovery and an increased epidermal desquamation, corresponding to earlier observations made for the already known endogenous mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Houben
- Department of Toxicology, Dermatocosmetology and Pharmacognosy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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24
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Mounier CM, Wendum D, Greenspan E, Fléjou JF, Rosenberg DW, Lambeau G. Distinct expression pattern of the full set of secreted phospholipases A2 in human colorectal adenocarcinomas: sPLA2-III as a biomarker candidate. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:587-95. [PMID: 18212756 PMCID: PMC2243149 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) represent attractive potential tumour biomarkers and therapeutic targets for various cancers. As a first step to address this issue in human colorectal cancer, we examined the expression of the full set of sPLA2s in sporadic adenocarcinomas and normal matched mucosa from 21 patients by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. In normal colon, PLA2G2A and PLA2G12A were expressed at high levels, PLA2G2D, PLA2G5, PLA2G10 and PLA2G12B at moderate levels, and PLA2G1B, PLA2G2F and PLA2G3 at low levels. In adenocarcinomas from left and right colon, the expression of PLA2G3 was increased by up to 40-fold, while that of PLA2G2D and PLA2G5 was decreased by up to 23- and 14-fold. The variations of expression for sPLA2-IID, sPLA2-III and sPLA2-V were confirmed at the protein level. The expression pattern of these sPLA2s appeared to be linked respectively to the overexpression of interleukin-8, defensin α6, survivin and matrilysin, and downregulation of SFRP-1 and RLPA-1, all these genes being associated to colon cancer. This original sPLA2 profile observed in adenocarcinomas highlights the potential role of certain sPLA2s in colon cancer and suggests that sPLA2-III might be a good candidate as a novel biomarker for both left and right colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Mounier
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS-UNSA UMR6097, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France
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25
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Feingold KR. Thematic review series: skin lipids. The role of epidermal lipids in cutaneous permeability barrier homeostasis. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:2531-46. [PMID: 17872588 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r700013-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The permeability barrier is required for terrestrial life and is localized to the stratum corneum, where extracellular lipid membranes inhibit water movement. The lipids that constitute the extracellular matrix have a unique composition and are 50% ceramides, 25% cholesterol, and 15% free fatty acids. Essential fatty acid deficiency results in abnormalities in stratum corneum structure function. The lipids are delivered to the extracellular space by the secretion of lamellar bodies, which contain phospholipids, glucosylceramides, sphingomyelin, cholesterol, and enzymes. In the extracellular space, the lamellar body lipids are metabolized by enzymes to the lipids that form the lamellar membranes. The lipids contained in the lamellar bodies are derived from both epidermal lipid synthesis and extracutaneous sources. Inhibition of cholesterol, fatty acid, ceramide, or glucosylceramide synthesis adversely affects lamellar body formation, thereby impairing barrier homeostasis. Studies have further shown that the elongation and desaturation of fatty acids is also required for barrier homeostasis. The mechanisms that mediate the uptake of extracutaneous lipids by the epidermis are unknown, but keratinocytes express LDL and scavenger receptor class B type 1, fatty acid transport proteins, and CD36. Topical application of physiologic lipids can improve permeability barrier homeostasis and has been useful in the treatment of cutaneous disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Feingold
- Metabolism Section, Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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26
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Amigó M, Payá M, De Rosa S, Terencio MC. Antipsoriatic effects of avarol-3'-thiosalicylate are mediated by inhibition of TNF-alpha generation and NF-kappaB activation in mouse skin. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:353-65. [PMID: 17641670 PMCID: PMC2042954 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Avarol is a marine sesquiterpenoid hydroquinone with anti-inflammatory and antipsoriatic properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological behaviour of the derivative avarol-3'-thiosalicylate (TA) on some inflammatory parameters related to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human neutrophils and monocytes as well as the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT were used to study the effect of TA on oxidative stress, the arachidonic acid pathway, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) release and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation. All these parameters were also determined in vivo using the zymosan induced mouse air pouch model and the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced mouse epidermal hyperplasia model. KEY RESULTS TA showed antioxidant properties in human neutrophils and in the hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase assay. This compound reduced, in a concentration-dependent manner, leukotriene B(4), prostaglandin E(2) and TNF-alpha production in activated leukocytes. Oral and intrapouch administration of TA in the mouse air pouch model produced a dose-dependent reduction of all these inflammatory mediators. TA also inhibited secretory phospholipase A(2) activity and NF-kappaB DNA-binding in HaCaT keratinocytes. In TPA-induced mouse epidermal hyperplasia, topical administration of TA reduced oedema, leukocyte infiltration, eicosanoid levels and TNF-alpha in skin. In addition, interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-2 production were also inhibited. Finally, TA was also capable of suppressing NF-kappaB nuclear translocation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS TA inhibited several key biomarkers up-regulated in the inflammatory response of psoriatic skin and this compound could be a promising antipsoriatic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Amigó
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Payá
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - S De Rosa
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare CNR Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - M C Terencio
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Author for correspondence:
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27
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Guerrero MD, Aquino M, Bruno I, Terencio MC, Paya M, Riccio R, Gomez-Paloma L. Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of a Selected Library of New Potential Anti-inflammatory Agents Bearing the γ-Hydroxybutenolide Scaffold: a New Class of Inhibitors of Prostanoid Production through the Selective Modulation of Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1 Expression. J Med Chem 2007; 50:2176-84. [PMID: 17407277 DOI: 10.1021/jm0700823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As a part of our drug discovery effort, recently we clarified the molecular basis of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inactivation by petrosaspongiolide M (PM), an interesting metabolite belonging to a marine sesterterpene family, containing in its structural architecture a gamma-hydroxybutenolide moiety and showing potent anti-inflammatory activity. In the attempt to expand structural diversity as well as to simplify crucial synthetic features of the parent compound, we decided to develop a selected library based on the densely functionalized gamma-hydroxybutenolide scaffold. The synthesized products were tested for their ability to inhibit PLA2 enzymes as well as to modulate the expression of inducible cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 (mPGES-1), two key enzymes highly involved in the inflammatory event, in order to discover new promising anti-inflammatory agents with better pharmacological profiles. This led us to the discovery of a promising inhibitor (4e) of prostanoid production acting by in vitro and in vivo selective modulation of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Guerrero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
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Touaibia M, Djimdé A, Cao F, Boilard E, Bezzine S, Lambeau G, Redeuilh C, Lamouri A, Massicot F, Chau F, Dong CZ, Heymans F. Inhibition of Secreted Phospholipase A2. 4-Glycerol Derivatives of 4,5-Dihydro-3-(4-tetradecyloxybenzyl)-1,2,4-4H-oxadiazol-5-one with Broad Activities. J Med Chem 2007; 50:1618-26. [PMID: 17335183 DOI: 10.1021/jm060082n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) have been reported to play an important role in various inflammatory conditions and thus represent an attractive therapeutic target. Previous SAR studies from our laboratory have revealed certain important features of our recently discovered specific hGIIA sPLA2 inhibitors, and we report here the synthesis and biological activities of glycerol-containing derivatives of our lead compound III (Figure 1). Efficient and selective synthesis methods have been developed to make glycerol trisubstituted by different groups on desired positions. In terms of biological activities, the best compounds (A3, A6, and A15) are more active than III (Figure 1), as potent as Me-Indoxam, an sPLA2s inhibitor of reference, against hGIIA, hGV, and hGX sPLA2s and at least 10 times less active toward the GIB enzymes in two in vitro assay systems. By synthesis of enantiopure (S)-A6, we demonstrated that no important improvement of the inhibitory potency could be achieved by this approach. Furthermore, the results show that the global lipophilicity is likely responsible for the anti-PLA2 activity and two oxadiazolone moieties seem too big to be accommodated by the active site of the hGIIA enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Touaibia
- Unité de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Systèmes Membranaires (EA2381), Université Paris7-Denis Diderot, case 7066, 2 place Jussieu, 75251 Paris, Cedex 05, France
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Eerola LI, Surrel F, Nevalainen TJ, Gelb MH, Lambeau G, Laine VJO. Analysis of expression of secreted phospholipases A2 in mouse tissues at protein and mRNA levels. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:745-56. [PMID: 16757211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2005] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Secreted phospholipases A(2) (sPLA(2)) form a group of low-molecular weight enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phospholipids. Some sPLA(2)s are likely to play a role in inflammation, cancer, and as antibacterial enzymes in innate immunity. We developed specific and sensitive time-resolved fluroimmunoassays (TR-FIA) for mouse group (G) IB, GIIA, GIID, GIIE, GIIF, GV and GX sPLA(2)s and measured their concentrations in mouse serum and tissues obtained from both Balb/c and C57BL/6J mice. We also analyzed the mRNA expression of the sPLA(2)s by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (qPCR). In most tissues, the concentrations of sPLA(2) proteins corresponded to the expression of sPLA(2)s at the mRNA level. With a few exceptions, the sPLA(2) proteins were found in the gastrointestinal tract. The qPCR results showed that GIB sPLA(2) is synthesized widely in the gastrointestinal tract, including esophagus and colon, in addition to stomach and pancreas. Our results also suggest that the loss of GIIA sPLA(2) in the intestine of GIIA sPLA(2)-deficient C57BL/6J mice is not compensated by other sPLA(2)s under normal conditions. Outside the gastrointestinal tract, sPLA(2)s were expressed occasionally in a number of tissues. The TR-FIAs developed in the current study may serve as useful tools to measure the levels of sPLA(2) proteins in mouse serum and tissues in various experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena I Eerola
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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