1
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Suriyampola PS, Zúñiga-Vega JJ, Jayasundara N, Flores J, Lopez M, Bhat A, Martins EP. River zebrafish combine behavioral plasticity and generalized morphology with specialized sensory and metabolic physiology to survive in a challenging environment. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16398. [PMID: 37773260 PMCID: PMC10541436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42829-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypes that allow animals to detect, weather, and predict changes efficiently are essential for survival in fluctuating environments. Some phenotypes may remain specialized to suit an environment perfectly, while others become more plastic or generalized, shifting flexibly to match current context or adopting a form that can utilize a wide range of contexts. Here, we tested the differences in behavior, morphology, sensory and metabolic physiology between wild zebrafish (Danio rerio) in highly variable fast-flowing rivers and still-water sites. We found that river zebrafish moved at higher velocities than did still-water fish, had lower oxygen demands, and responded less vigorously to small changes in flow rate, as we might expect for fish that are well-suited to high-flow environments. River zebrafish also had less streamlined bodies and were more behaviorally plastic than were still-water zebrafish, both features that may make them better-suited to a transitional lifestyle. Our results suggest that zebrafish use distinct sensory mechanisms and metabolic physiology to reduce energetic costs of living in fast-flowing water while relying on morphology and behavior to create flexible solutions to a challenging habitat. Insights on animals' reliance on traits with different outcomes provide a framework to better understand their survival in future environmental fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Jaime Zúñiga-Vega
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Jennifer Flores
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Melissa Lopez
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Anuradha Bhat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Emília P Martins
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
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2
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Skalkos ZMG, Van Dyke JU, Whittington CM. Distinguishing Between Embryonic Provisioning Strategies in Teleost Fishes Using a Threshold Value for Parentotrophy. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010166. [PMID: 36671551 PMCID: PMC9856118 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The source of embryonic nutrition for development varies across teleost fishes. A parentotrophy index (ratio of neonate: ovulated egg dry mass) is often used to determine provisioning strategy, but the methodologies used vary across studies. The variation in source and preservation of tissue, staging of embryos, and estimation approach impedes our ability to discern between methodological and biological differences in parentotrophy indices inter- and intra-specifically. The threshold value used to distinguish between lecithotrophy and parentotrophy (0.6-1) differs considerably across studies. The lack of a standardised approach in definition and application of parentotrophy indices has contributed to inconsistent classifications of provisioning strategy. Consistency in both methodology used to obtain a parentotrophy index, and in the classification of provisioning strategy using a threshold value are essential to reliably distinguish between provisioning strategies in teleosts. We discuss alternative methods for determining parentotrophy and suggest consistent standards for obtaining and interpreting parentotrophy indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe M. G. Skalkos
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Heydon-Laurence Building (A08), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - James U. Van Dyke
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Wodonga, VIC 3690, Australia
| | - Camilla M. Whittington
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Heydon-Laurence Building (A08), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence:
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3
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García-Cabello KN, Fuentes-González JA, Saleh-Subaie N, Pienaar J, Zúñiga-Vega JJ. Increased superfetation precedes the evolution of advanced degrees of placentotrophy in viviparous fishes of the family Poeciliidae. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220173. [PMID: 36196554 PMCID: PMC9532978 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes and consequences of the evolution of placentotrophy (post-fertilization nutrition of developing embryos of viviparous organisms by means of a maternal placenta) in non-mammalian vertebrates are still not fully understood. In particular, in the fish family Poeciliidae there is an evolutionary link between placentotrophy and superfetation (ability of females to simultaneously bear embryos at distinct developmental stages), with no conclusive evidence for which of these two traits facilitates the evolution of more advanced degrees of the other. Using a robust phylogenetic comparative method based on Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models of adaptive evolution and data from 36 poeciliid species, we detected a clear causality pattern. The evolution of extensive placentotrophy has been facilitated by the preceding evolution of more simultaneous broods. Therefore, placentas became increasingly complex as an adaptive response to evolutionary increases in the degree of superfetation. This finding represents a substantial contribution to our knowledge of the factors that have shaped placental evolution in poeciliid fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla N García-Cabello
- Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Nabila Saleh-Subaie
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Jason Pienaar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - J Jaime Zúñiga-Vega
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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4
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Dekker ML, van Son LM, Leon-Kloosterziel KM, Hagmayer A, Furness AI, van Leeuwen JL, Pollux BJA. Multiple paternity in superfetatious live-bearing fishes. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:948-961. [PMID: 35612319 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Superfetation, the ability to carry several overlapping broods at different developmental stages, has evolved independently multiple times within the live-bearing fish family Poeciliidae. Even though superfetation is widespread among poeciliids, its evolutionary advantages remain unclear. Theory predicts that superfetation should increase polyandry by increasing the probability that temporally overlapping broods are fertilized by different fathers. Here, we test this key prediction in two poeciliid species that each carry two temporally overlapping broods: Poeciliopsis retropinna and P. turrubarensis. We collected 25 females per species from freshwater streams in South-Eastern Costa Rica and assessed multiple paternity by genotyping all their embryos (420 embryos for P. retropinna; 788 embryos for P. turrubarensis) using existing and newly developed microsatellite markers. We observed a high frequency of unique sires in the simultaneous, temporally overlapping broods in P. retropinna (in 56% of the pregnant females) and P. turrubarensis (79%). We found that the mean number of sires within females was higher than the number of sires within the separate broods (2.92 sires within mothers vs. 2.36 within separate broods in P. retropinna; and 3.40 vs 2.56 in P. turrubarensis). We further observed that there were significant differences in the proportion of offspring sired by each male in 42% of pregnant female P. retropinna and 65% of female P. turrubarensis; however, this significance applied to only 9% and 46% of the individual broods in P. retropinna and P. turrubarensis, respectively, suggesting that the unequal reproductive success of sires (i.e. reproductive skew) mostly originated from differences in paternal contribution between, rather than within broods. Together, these findings tentatively suggest that superfetation may promote polyandry and reproductive skew in live-bearing fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrthe L Dekker
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa M van Son
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andres Hagmayer
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew I Furness
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Johan L van Leeuwen
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J A Pollux
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Flury JM, Hilgers L, Herder F, Spanke T, Misof B, Wowor D, Boneka F, Wantania LL, Mokodongan DF, Mayer C, Nolte AW, Schwarzer J. The genetic basis of a novel reproductive strategy in Sulawesi ricefishes: How modularity and a low number of loci shape pelvic brooding. Evolution 2022; 76:1033-1051. [PMID: 35334114 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of complex phenotypes like reproductive strategies is challenging to understand, as they often depend on multiple adaptations that only jointly result in a specific functionality. Sulawesi ricefishes (Adrianichthyidae) evolved a reproductive strategy termed as pelvic brooding. In contrast to the more common transfer brooding, female pelvic brooders carry an egg bundle connected to their body for weeks until the fry hatches. To examine the genetic architecture of pelvic brooding, we crossed the pelvic brooding Oryzias eversi and the transfer brooding Oryzias nigrimas (species divergence time: ∼3.6 my). We hypothesize, that a low number of loci and modularity have facilitated the rapid evolution of pelvic brooding. Traits associated to pelvic brooding, like rib length, pelvic fin length, and morphology of the genital papilla, were correlated in the parental species but correlations were reduced or lost in their F1 and F2 hybrids. Using the Castle-Wright estimator, we found that generally few loci underlie the studied traits. Further, both parental species showed modularity in their body plans. In conclusion, morphological traits related to pelvic brooding were based on a few loci and the mid-body region likely could evolve independently from the remaining body parts. Both factors presumably facilitated the evolution of pelvic brooding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M Flury
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Leon Hilgers
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.,LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Fabian Herder
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Spanke
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernhard Misof
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daisy Wowor
- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biosystematic and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Farnis Boneka
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
| | - Letha Louisiana Wantania
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.,Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
| | - Daniel F Mokodongan
- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biosystematic and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Christoph Mayer
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Arne W Nolte
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Julia Schwarzer
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
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6
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Saleh-Subaie N, Ramírez-Cruz GA, Zúñiga-Vega JJ. Examination of the Trexler-DeAngelis Model of Maternal Provisioning Reveals That Matrotrophy Is Costly. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.690430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of matrotrophy (post-fertilization maternal provisioning to developing embryos) has been explained through several hypotheses. Trexler and DeAngelis proposed in 2003 a theoretical model that defines the ecological conditions under which matrotrophy would be favored over lecithotrophy (pre-fertilization maternal provisioning). According to this model, matrotrophy offers a selective advantage in environments with abundant and constantly available food, whereas environments with limited and fluctuating food resources should instead promote a lecithotrophic mode of maternal provisioning. This model also proposes that matrotrophy entails the consequence of leaner reproductive females and in turn shorter lifespans. In this study, we examined the Trexler-DeAngelis model using data from 45 populations of five viviparous species from the fish genus Poeciliopsis (family Poeciliidae). We used the matrotrophy index (MI) as a measure of post-fertilization maternal provisioning, and the index of stomach fullness and individual body condition (BC) as proxies for food availability. We also estimated the magnitude of fluctuations in food availability by calculating the temporal variances of these two proxies. Neither abundant nor constantly available food were associated with greater degrees of matrotrophy, which fails to support the predictions of the Trexler-DeAngelis model with respect to the ecological drivers of increased post-fertilization provisioning to embryos. Nonetheless, in all five species we observed that females with greater degrees of matrotrophy had poorer BC compared to females that provided less nutrients to embryos after fertilization. This finding is consistent with one of the expected consequences of advanced matrotrophy according to the Trexler-DeAngelis model, namely, a detriment to the nutritional status of females. Our study provides compelling evidence that gestating females experience a trade-off between post-fertilization provisioning to embryos and self-maintenance, revealing in turn that matrotrophy is a costly reproductive strategy.
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7
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Saleh‐Subaie N, Johnson JB, Zúñiga‐Vega JJ. Small sizes, big strategies: the relationship between female size, matrotrophy and superfetation throughout the reproductive lives of poeciliid fishes. J Zool (1987) 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Saleh‐Subaie
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México México
| | - J. B. Johnson
- Department of Biology Brigham Young University Provo UT USA
| | - J. J. Zúñiga‐Vega
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México México
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8
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Furness AI, Hagmayer A, Pollux BJA. Female reproductive mode shapes allometric scaling of male traits in live-bearing fishes (family Poeciliidae). J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1144-1155. [PMID: 34081811 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive mode is predicted to influence the form of sexual selection. The viviparity-driven conflict hypothesis posits that a shift from lecithotrophic (yolk-nourished) to matrotrophic (mother-nourished or placental) viviparity drives a shift from precopulatory towards post-copulatory sexual selection. In lecithotrophic species, we predict that precopulatory sexual selection will manifest as males exhibiting a broad distribution of sizes, and small and large males exhibiting contrasting phenotypes (morphology and coloration); conversely, in matrotrophic species, an emphasis on post-copulatory sexual selection will preclude these patterns. We test these predictions by gathering data on male size, morphology and coloration for five sympatric Costa Rican poeciliid species that differ in reproductive mode (i.e. lecithotrophy vs. matrotrophy). We find tentative support for these predictions of the viviparity-driven conflict hypothesis, with some interesting caveats and subtleties. In particular, we find that the three lecithotrophic species tend to show a broader distribution of male sizes than matrotrophic species. Furthermore, large males of such species tend to exhibit proportionately large dorsal and caudal fins and short gonopodia relative to small males, while these patterns are expressed to a lesser extent in the two matrotrophic species. Finally, large males in some of the lecithotrophic species exhibit darker fins relative to small males, a pattern not evident in either matrotrophic species. One unexpected finding was that even in the matrotrophic species Poeciliopsis retropinna and Poeciliopsis paucimaculata, which lack courtship and dichromatic coloration, some morphological traits exhibit significant allometric relationships, suggesting that even in these species precopulatory sexual selection may be present and shaping size-specific male phenotypes in subtle ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew I Furness
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Andres Hagmayer
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J A Pollux
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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9
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The evolution of the placenta in poeciliid fishes. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2004-2011.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Golden KB, Belk MC, Johnson JB. Predator Environment Does Not Predict Life History in the Morphologically Constrained Fish Alfaro cultratus (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae). Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.607802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Predation is known to have a significant effect on life history diversification in a variety of species. However, physical constraints of body shape and size can sometimes limit life history divergence. We test this idea in the Costa Rican livebearing fishAlfaro cultratus. Individuals in this species have a narrow body and keeled ventral surface, and females do not develop a distended abdomen when pregnant like other livebearing fishes. Here, we describe the life history ofA. cultratusfrom 20 different populations across both high-predation and low-predation environments. We found significantly lower reproductive allotment in females from high-predation environments than in females from low-predation environments, but no significant difference in female or male size at maturity, number of offspring produced by females, or size of offspring. We found thatA. cultratusexhibit isometric patterns of allocation for clutch dry mass in relation to female dry mass in high-predation and low-predation environments. Our results suggest that body shape constraints in this species limit the life history divergence we typically see between populations from high-predation and low-predation environments in other species.
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11
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Roth-Monzón AJ, Belk MC, Zúñiga-Vega JJ, Johnson JB. What Drives Life-History Variation in the Livebearing Fish Poeciliopsis prolifica? An Assessment of Multiple Putative Selective Agents. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.608046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Life-history traits are directly linked to fitness, and therefore, can be highly adaptive. Livebearers have been used as models for understanding the evolution of life histories due to their wide diversity in these traits. Several different selective pressures, including population density, predation, and resource levels, can shape life-history traits. However, these selective pressures are usually considered independently in livebearers and we lack a clear understanding of how they interact in shaping life-history evolution. Furthermore, selective pressures such as interspecific competition are rarely considered as drivers of life-history evolution in poeciliids. Here we test the simultaneous effects of several potential selective pressures on life-history traits in the livebearing fish Poeciliopsis prolifica. We employ a multi-model inference approach. We focus on four known agents of selection: resource availability, stream velocity, population density, and interspecific competition, and their effect on four life-history traits: reproductive allocation, superfetation, number of embryos, and individual embryo size. We found that models with population density and interspecific competition alone were strongly supported in our data and, hence, indicated that these two factors are the most important selective agents for most life-history traits, except for embryo size. When population density and interspecific competition increase there is an increase in each of the three life-history traits (reproductive allocation, superfetation, and number of embryos). For individual embryo size, we found that all single-agent models were equivalent and it was unclear which selective agent best explained variation. We also found that models that included population density and interspecific competition as direct effects were better supported than those that included them as indirect effects through their influence on resource availability. Our study underscores the importance of interspecific competitive interactions on shaping life-history traits and suggests that these interactions should be considered in future life-history studies.
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12
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Roth-Monzón AJ, Belk MC, Zúñiga-Vega JJ, Johnson JB. Beyond Pairwise Interactions: Multispecies Character Displacement in Mexican Freshwater Fish Communities. Am Nat 2020; 195:983-996. [PMID: 32469659 DOI: 10.1086/708513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Competition has long been recognized as a central force in shaping evolution, particularly through character displacement. Yet research on character displacement is biased, as it has focused almost exclusively on pairs of interacting species while ignoring multispecies interactions. Communities are seldom so simple that only pairs of species interact, and it is not clear whether inferences from pairwise interactions are sufficient to explain patterns of phenotypes in nature. Here, we test for character displacement in a natural system of freshwater fishes in western Mexico that contains up to four congeneric species of the genus Poeciliopsis. We analyzed body shape differences between populations with different numbers of competitors while accounting for confounding environmental variables. Surprisingly, we found evidence for convergent character displacement in populations of P. prolifica, P. viriosa, and P. latidens. We also found that the convergence in body shape was not consistently in the same direction, meaning that when three or more competitors co-occurred, we did not find more extreme body shapes compared with when there were only two competitors. Instead, when three or more competitors co-occurred, body shape was intermediate between the shape found with a pair of species and the shape found with no competitor present. This intermediate shape suggests that evolution in multispecies communities likely occurs in response to several competitors rather than to simple pairwise interactions. Overall, our results suggest that competition among multiple species is more complex than simple pairwise competitive interactions.
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13
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Fleuren M, van Leeuwen JL, Pollux BJA. Superfetation reduces the negative effects of pregnancy on the fast-start escape performance in live-bearing fish. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20192245. [PMID: 31771468 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Superfetation, the ability to simultaneously carry multiple litters of different developmental stages in utero, is a reproductive strategy that evolved repeatedly in viviparous animal lineages. The evolution of superfetation is hypothesized to reduce the reproductive burden and, consequently, improve the locomotor performance of the female during pregnancy. Here, we apply new computer-vision-based techniques to study changes in body shape and three-dimensional fast-start escape performance during pregnancy in three live-bearing fishes (family Poeciliidae) that exhibit different levels of superfetation. We found that superfetation correlates with a reduced abdominal distension and a more slender female body shape just before parturition. We further found that body slenderness positively correlates with maximal speeds, curvature amplitude and curvature rate, implying that superfetation improves the fast-start escape performance. Collectively, our study suggests that superfetation may have evolved in performance-demanding (e.g. high flow or high predation) environments to reduce the locomotor cost of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Fleuren
- Experimental Zoology Chair Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708WD Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Aquaculture and Fisheries Chair Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan L van Leeuwen
- Experimental Zoology Chair Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J A Pollux
- Experimental Zoology Chair Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Santi F, Petry AC, Plath M, Riesch R. Phenotypic differentiation in a heterogeneous environment: morphological and life‐history responses to ecological gradients in a livebearing fish. J Zool (1987) 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Santi
- School of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London Egham UK
| | - A. C. Petry
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentatibilidade – NUPEM Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ Macaé Brazil
| | - M. Plath
- College of Animal Science and Technology Northwest A&F University Yangling China
| | - R. Riesch
- School of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London Egham UK
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15
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Scheepers MJ, Gouws G. Mating System, Reproductive Success, and Sexual Selection in Bluntnose Klipfishes (Clinus cottoides). J Hered 2019; 110:351-360. [PMID: 30726981 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical part of the sexual selection process in animals is the genetic mating system. Quantifying mating systems, especially in species with cryptic life histories can be challenging. One approach is to use genotypic markers and accurate parentage analysis, along with methods to account for bias when sampling natural populations, to calculate sexual selection metrics derived from Bateman's principles. In this study, 3 microsatellites were used to genotype 48 adults (23 female and 25 male) and 342 offspring from known mothers of live-bearing bluntnose klipfish. Parentage analysis was performed to interpret mating and reproductive success for both sexes. Metrics quantified were the opportunity for selection (I), the opportunity for sexual selection (Is), absolute (βss), and standardized (β'ss) Bateman gradients and the maximum intensity of precopulatory sexual selection (s'max). Multiple mating by both sexes were revealed by parentage analysis. However, females did not show significant Bateman gradients or a significant maximum intensity of precopulatory sexual selection (s'max), whereas male sexual selection metrics were all significantly greater than 0. These results suggest a polygynandrous mating system for this species. There is an opportunity for sexual selection to act on males but not females in this population, which is evolutionary tied to anisogamy, parental investment, and sex roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martinus Johannes Scheepers
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
- National Research Foundation-South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (NRF-SAIAB), South Africa
| | - Gavin Gouws
- National Research Foundation-South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (NRF-SAIAB), South Africa
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16
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Guzmán‐Bárcenas MG, Uribe MC. Superfetation in the viviparous fish
Heterandria formosa
(Poeciliidae). J Morphol 2019; 280:756-770. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Guadalupe Guzmán‐Bárcenas
- Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción AnimalUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México México
| | - Mari Carmen Uribe
- Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción AnimalUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México México
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Mateos M, Domínguez‐Domínguez O, Varela‐Romero A. A multilocus phylogeny of the fish genus Poeciliopsis: Solving taxonomic uncertainties and preliminary evidence of reticulation. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:1845-1857. [PMID: 30847076 PMCID: PMC6392363 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The fish genus Poeciliopsis constitutes a valuable research system for evolutionary ecology, whose phylogenetic relationships have not been fully elucidated. We conducted a multilocus phylogenetic study of the genus based on seven nuclear and two mitochondrial loci with a thorough set of analytical approaches, that is, concatenated (also known as super-matrix), species trees, and phylogenetic networks. Although several relationships remain unresolved, the overall results uncovered phylogenetic affinities among several members of this genus. A population previously considered of undetermined taxonomic status could be unequivocally assigned to P. scarlli; revealing a relatively recent dispersal event across the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) or Pacific Ocean, which constitute a strong barrier to north-south dispersal of many terrestrial and freshwater taxa. The closest relatives of P. balsas, a species distributed south of the TMVB, are distributed in the north; representing an additional north-south split in the genus. An undescribed species of Poeciliopsis, with a highly restricted distribution (i.e., a short stretch of the Rio Concepcion; just south of the US-Mexico border), falls within the Leptorhaphis species complex. Our results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that this species originated by "breakdown" of an asexual hybrid lineage. On the other hand, network analyses suggest one or more possible cases of reticulation within the genus that require further evaluation with genome-wide marker representation and additional analytical tools. The most strongly supported case of reticulation occurred within the subgenus Aulophallus (restricted to Central America), and implies a hybrid origin for P. retropinna (i.e., between P. paucimaculata and P. elongata). We consider that P. balsas and P. new species are of conservation concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Mateos
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Omar Domínguez‐Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Biología Acuática, Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de HidalgoMoreliaMichoacánMexico
| | - Alejandro Varela‐Romero
- Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y TecnológicasUniversidad de SonoraHermosilloSonoraMexico
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Kokubun ÉE, Bonato KO, Burress ED, Fialho CB. Diet and body shape among populations of Bryconamericus iheringii (Otophysi: Characidae) across the Campos Sulinos ecosystem. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Alterations in natural landscapes, mainly caused by anthropic pressures, have been threatening the world’s biomes, including aquatic environments and its biota. This study describes the diet of Bryconamericus iheringii, and how its body shape relates to environmental variables in populations of 22 streams. A wide array of food items were found, mainly composed of allochthonous plants (50.5%) and autochthonous invertebrates (25.2%). Even though food items remained almost the same, the predominant food group significantly differed among streams, mainly in relation to environmental characteristics. There was variation in body shape primarily associated with body depth and length of the pre-dorsal region; however, these differences did not correspond with streams. PLS-CA analyses indicated that environmental characteristics, such as substrate type, percentage of marginal vegetation have some influence over food items availability but not on body shape. This may be because B. iheringii is a non-specialist species capable of prey switching based on availability due to an intermediate body shape suited for generalist feeding habits.
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Kern EMA, Langerhans RB. Urbanization drives contemporary evolution in stream fish. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:3791-3803. [PMID: 29700897 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Human activities reduce biodiversity but may also drive diversification by modifying selection. Urbanization alters stream hydrology by increasing peak water velocities, which should in turn alter selection on the body morphology of aquatic species. Here, we show how urbanization can generate evolutionary divergence in the body morphology of two species of stream fish, western blacknose dace (Rhinichthys obtusus) and creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus). We predicted that fish should evolve more streamlined body shapes within urbanized streams. We found that in urban streams, dace consistently exhibited more streamlined bodies while chub consistently showed deeper bodies. Comparing modern creek chub populations with historical museum collections spanning 50 years, we found that creek chub (1) rapidly became deeper bodied in streams that experienced increasing urbanization over time, (2) had already achieved deepened bodies 50 years ago in streams that were then already urban (and showed no additional deepening over time), and (3) remained relatively shallow bodied in streams that stayed rural over time. By raising creek chub from five populations under common conditions in the laboratory, we found that morphological differences largely reflected genetically based differences, not velocity-induced phenotypic plasticity. We suggest that urbanization can drive rapid, adaptive evolutionary responses to disturbance, and that these responses may vary unpredictably in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M A Kern
- Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - R Brian Langerhans
- Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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20
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Why do placentas evolve? Evidence for a morphological advantage during pregnancy in live-bearing fish. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195976. [PMID: 29659620 PMCID: PMC5901924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A live-bearing reproductive strategy can induce large morphological changes in the mother during pregnancy. The evolution of the placenta in swimming animals involves a shift in the timing of maternal provisioning from pre-fertilization (females supply their eggs with sufficient yolk reserves prior to fertilization) to post-fertilization (females provide all nutrients via a placenta during the pregnancy). It has been hypothesised that this shift, associated with the evolution of the placenta, should confer a morphological advantage to the females leading to a more slender body shape during the early stages of pregnancy. We tested this hypothesis by quantifying three-dimensional shape and volume changes during pregnancy and in full-grown virgin controls of two species within the live-bearing fish family Poeciliidae: Poeciliopsis gracilis (non-placental) and Poeciliopsis turneri (placental). We show that P. turneri is more slender than P. gracilis at the beginning of the interbrood interval and in virgins, and that these differences diminish towards the end of pregnancy. This study provides the first evidence for an adaptive morphological advantage of the placenta in live-bearing fish. A similar morphological benefit could drive the evolution of placentas in other live-bearing (swimming) animal lineages.
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Zúñiga-Vega JJ, Olivera-Tlahuel C, Molina-Moctezuma A. Superfetation increases total fecundity in a viviparous fish regardless of the ecological context. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Olivera-Tlahuel C, Villagrán-Santa Cruz M, Moreno-Mendoza NA, Zúñiga-Vega JJ. Morphological structures for potential sperm storage in poeciliid fishes. Does superfetation matter? J Morphol 2017; 278:907-918. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Olivera-Tlahuel
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad Universitaria 04510 Ciudad de México México
| | - Maricela Villagrán-Santa Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Comparada; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad Universitaria 04510 Ciudad de México México
| | - Norma A. Moreno-Mendoza
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología; Instituto de investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad Universitaria 04510 Ciudad de México México
| | - J. Jaime Zúñiga-Vega
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad Universitaria 04510 Ciudad de México México
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Olivera-Tlahuel C, Ossip-Klein AG, Espinosa-Pérez HS, Zúñiga-Vega JJ. Have superfetation and matrotrophy facilitated the evolution of larger offspring in poeciliid fishes? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015; 116:787-804. [PMID: 26617418 PMCID: PMC4659389 DOI: 10.1111/bij.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Superfetation is the ability of females to simultaneously carry multiple broods of embryos, with each brood at a different developmental stage. Matrotrophy is the post-fertilization maternal provisioning of nutrients to developing embryos throughout gestation. Several studies have demonstrated that, in viviparous fishes, superfetation and matrotrophy have evolved in a correlated way, such that species capable of bearing several simultaneous broods also exhibit advanced degrees of post-fertilization provisioning. The adaptive value of the concurrent presence of both reproductive modes may be associated with the production of larger newborns, which in turn may result in enhanced offspring fitness. In this study, we tested two hypotheses: (1) species with superfetation and moderate or extensive matrotrophy give birth to larger offspring compared to species without superfetation or matrotrophy; (2) species with higher degrees of superfetation and matrotrophy (i.e. more simultaneous broods and increased amounts of post-fertilization provisioning) give birth to larger offspring compared to species with relatively low degrees of superfetation and matrotrophy (i.e. fewer simultaneous broods and lesser amounts of post-fertilization provisioning). Using different phylogenetic comparative methods and data on 44 species of viviparous fishes of the family Poeciliidae, we found a lack of association between offspring size and the combination of superfetation and matrotrophy. Therefore, the concurrent presence of superfetation and moderate or extensive matrotrophy has not facilitated the evolution of larger offspring. In fact, these traits have evolved differently. Superfetation and matrotrophy have accumulated gradual changes that largely can be explained by Brownian motion, whereas offspring size has evolved fluidly, experiencing changes that likely resulted from selective responses to the local conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Olivera-Tlahuel
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Distrito Federal 04510, México
| | | | - Héctor S. Espinosa-Pérez
- Colección Nacional de Peces, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Distrito Federal 04510, México
| | - J. Jaime Zúñiga-Vega
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Distrito Federal 04510, México
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Istead A, Yavno S, Fox M. Morphological change and phenotypic plasticity in response to water velocity in three species of Centrarchidae. CAN J ZOOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2015-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Morphological responses to flowing water have been documented in many fishes, but rarely reported in species with gibbose body types, despite their use of riffles in rivers and streams. In this study, we compared morphological responses to water flow in three gibbose centrarchids: bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, 1819), pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus (L., 1758)), and rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque, 1817)). Flow-through plexiglass units, set to either a sustained flow or static conditions, were used to rear juveniles from each species for an 80-day period. All three species developed more streamlined body forms, longer and thinner caudal peduncles, and longer pectoral fins when reared in sustained current. Pumpkinseed exhibited the highest level of phenotypic plasticity in response to water flow, followed closely by bluegill; rock bass was the least plastic species. Rock bass developed longer predorsal and prepectoral lengths, which differ from the morphological changes observed in bluegill and pumpkinseed. The findings not only suggest that some gibbose fishes are capable of exhibiting strong phenotypic responses to water flow, but that many morphological changes are species specific, even within the same taxonomic family. Lastly, all three species developed shorter dorsal fin base lengths when reared under flowing condition, which differs from some previously documented work on fusiform fishes. The results of this study provide a better understanding of how morphology in three closely related species varies in response to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.E. Istead
- Environmental and Resources Studies Program and Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - S. Yavno
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - M.G. Fox
- Environmental and Resources Studies Program and Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
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Frías-Alvarez P, Zúñiga-Vega JJ. Superfetation in live-bearing fishes is not always the result of a morphological constraint. Oecologia 2015; 181:645-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3477-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Haas TC, Heins DC, Blum MJ. Predictors of body shape among populations of a stream fish (Cyprinella venusta, Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Travis C. Haas
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Tulane University; 6823 St Charles Avenue New Orleans LA 70118 USA
| | - David C. Heins
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Tulane University; 6823 St Charles Avenue New Orleans LA 70118 USA
| | - Michael J. Blum
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Tulane University; 6823 St Charles Avenue New Orleans LA 70118 USA
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27
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Weldele ML, Zúñiga-Vega JJ, Johnson JB. Life history ofGambusia vittata(Pisces: Poeciliidae). SOUTHWEST NAT 2014. [DOI: 10.1894/mp-08.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Frías-Alvarez P, Macías Garcia C, Vázquez-Vega LF, Zúñiga-Vega JJ. Spatial and temporal variation in superfoetation and related life history traits of two viviparous fishes: Poeciliopsis gracilis and P. infans. Naturwissenschaften 2014; 101:1085-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-014-1247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Uribe MC, De la Rosa-Cruz G, Grier HJ. Proliferation of Oogonia and folliculogenesis in the viviparous teleostIlyodon whitei(Goodeidae). J Morphol 2014; 275:1004-15. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Carmen Uribe
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción Animal, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria; México DF 04510 Mexico
| | - Gabino De la Rosa-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción Animal, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria; México DF 04510 Mexico
| | - Harry J. Grier
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute; St. Petersburg Florida 33701-5020
- Division of Fishes, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC 20013-7012
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30
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Mukherjee S, Heithaus MR, Trexler JC, Ray-Mukherjee J, Vaudo J. Perceived risk of predation affects reproductive life-history traits in Gambusia holbrooki, but not in Heterandria formosa. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88832. [PMID: 24551171 PMCID: PMC3923821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Key to predicting impacts of predation is understanding the mechanisms through which predators impact prey populations. While consumptive effects are well-known, non-consumptive predator effects (risk effects) are increasingly being recognized as important. Studies of risk effects, however, have focused largely on how trade-offs between food and safety affect fitness. Less documented, and appreciated, is the potential for predator presence to directly suppress prey reproduction and affect life-history characteristics. For the first time, we tested the effects of visual predator cues on reproduction of two prey species with different reproductive modes, lecithotrophy (i.e. embryonic development primarily fueled by yolk) and matrotrophy (i.e. energy for embryonic development directly supplied by the mother to the embryo through a vascular connection). Predation risk suppressed reproduction in the lecithotrophic prey (Gambusia holbrokii) but not the matrotroph (Heterandria formosa). Predator stress caused G. holbrooki to reduce clutch size by 43%, and to produce larger and heavier offspring compared to control females. H. formosa, however, did not show any such difference. In G. holbrooki we also found a significantly high percentage (14%) of stillbirths in predator-exposed treatments compared to controls (2%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first direct empirical evidence of predation stress affecting stillbirths in prey. Our results suggest that matrotrophy, superfetation (clutch overlap), or both decrease the sensitivity of mothers to environmental fluctuation in resource (food) and stress (predation risk) levels compared to lecithotrophy. These mechanisms should be considered both when modeling consequences of perceived risk of predation on prey-predator population dynamics and when seeking to understand the evolution of reproductive modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shomen Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, Florida, United States of America
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael R. Heithaus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Joel C. Trexler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jayanti Ray-Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, Florida, United States of America
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jeremy Vaudo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, Florida, United States of America
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31
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Regus JU, Johnson JB, Webb SA, Reznick DN. Comparative life histories of fishes in the genus Phallichthys (Pisces: Poeciliidae). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2013; 83:144-155. [PMID: 23808697 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a description of the life histories of all four species of the genus Phallichthys, found primarily in the Atlantic slope of Central America (ranging from northern Panama to Mexico), based on a combination of data collected from preserved and living specimens. All species produced a single litter of offspring before developing another brood (i.e. no superfoetation). In the laboratory, the mean time interval between successive litters ranged from 24 to 48 days, further suggesting that they lack superfoetation. Embryos lose from 15 to 65% of their dry mass during development, meaning all or the large majority of resources required for development are provided prior to fertilization (lecithotrophy). All mature male size distributions were platykurtotic and appeared either bimodal or multimodal. Multimodal and skewed size distributions have been associated with genetic polymorphisms for size at maturity in other species of Poeciliidae. As the sister clade to Phallichthys includes genera in which all species have superfoetation (Neoheterandria and Poeciliopsis), these results suggest that their common ancestor with Phallichthys also had superfoetation and that the trait has been lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- J U Regus
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Kashefi P, Bani A, Ebrahimi E. Morphometric and meristic variations between non-reproductive and reproductive kutum females (Rutilus frisii kutum,Kamensky, 1901), in the southwest Caspian Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/11250003.2011.642414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Ponce de León JL, Rodríguez R, León G. Life-History Patterns of Cuban Poeciliid Fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes). Zoo Biol 2012; 32:251-6. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José L. Ponce de León
- Departamento de Biología Animal y Humana,; Facultad de Biología; Universidad de La Habana; Ciudad de La Habana; Cuba
| | - Rodet Rodríguez
- Museo de Historia Natural “Felipe Poey”; Universidad de La Habana; San Lázaro y L; Ciudad de La Habana; Cuba
| | - Gunnary León
- Museo de Historia Natural “Felipe Poey”; Universidad de La Habana; San Lázaro y L; Ciudad de La Habana; Cuba
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Larson AD, Scarborough PL, Sayre CL, Johnson JB. What can phylogeographic breaks in the livebearer Poeciliopsis turrubarensis tell about fish community boundaries in western Costa Rica? JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2012; 80:728-736. [PMID: 22380567 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study asks if the geographic boundary delineating two fish communities in western Costa Rica is congruent with a phylogeographic break in a single widespread fish species Poeciliopsis turrubarensis (Poeciliidae) that spans this area. Such congruence would suggest that a common historical event (e.g. geological or climatic) could be responsible for both patterns. It was found that there was a shared break across a region in central Costa Rica suggesting a common cause may be responsible for both the abrupt shift in fish community composition and the genetic break in P. turrubarensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Larson
- Evolutionary Ecology Laboratories, Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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35
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Belk MC, Nance EE, Johnson JB. Life History of Brachyrhaphis parismina: Variation Within and Among Populations. COPEIA 2011. [DOI: 10.1643/ce-10-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Zúñiga-Vega JJ, Suárez-Rodríguez M, Espinosa-Pérez H, Johnson JB. Morphological and reproductive variation among populations of the Pacific molly Poecilia butleri. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 79:1029-1046. [PMID: 21967588 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In viviparous organisms, pregnant females typically experience an increase in body mass and body volume. In this study, the prediction that variation in reproductive traits among populations of viviparous organisms should be related to variation among populations in body shape was tested in the Pacific molly Poecilia butleri, a viviparous fish that inhabits western Mexico and northern Central America. Variation among 10 populations in four reproductive traits was examined: brood size, individual embryo mass, total reproductive allotment and degree of maternal provisioning of nutrients to developing embryos. Variation among these populations in body shape was also examined. Significant variation among populations was observed in both brood size and reproductive allotment but not in embryo mass or degree of maternal provisioning. Significant variation among populations was also observed in body shape. After correcting for female size, however, reproductive traits and body shape were not associated among populations. This suggests that selective pressures acting on reproduction do not necessarily affect morphology and vice versa. Several factors might contribute to this unexpected lack of association between reproductive traits and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Zúñiga-Vega
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria 04510, Distrito Federal, México.
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WESNER JEFFS, BILLMAN ERICJ, MEIER ADAM, BELK MARKC. Morphological convergence during pregnancy among predator and nonpredator populations of the livebearing fishBrachyrhaphis rhabdophora(Teleostei: Poeciliidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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SCOTT LAURAE, JOHNSON JERALDB. Does sympatry predict life history and morphological diversification in the Mexican livebearing fish Poeciliopsis baenschi? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Roellig K, Menzies BR, Hildebrandt TB, Goeritz F. The concept of superfetation: a critical review on a ‘myth’ in mammalian reproduction. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2010; 86:77-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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PIRES MARCELON, ARENDT JEFF, REZNICK DAVIDN. The evolution of placentas and superfetation in the fish genus Poecilia (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae: subgenera Micropoecilia and Acanthophacelus). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Pollux B, Pires M, Banet A, Reznick D. Evolution of Placentas in the Fish Family Poeciliidae: An Empirical Study of Macroevolution. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2009. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B.J.A. Pollux
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521; ,
| | - M.N. Pires
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521;
| | - A.I. Banet
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521;
| | - D.N. Reznick
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521;
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Langerhans RB. Predictability of phenotypic differentiation across flow regimes in fishes. Integr Comp Biol 2008; 48:750-68. [PMID: 21669830 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icn092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish inhabit environments greatly varying in intensity of water velocity, and these flow regimes are generally believed to be of major evolutionary significance. To what extent does water flow drive repeatable and predictable phenotypic differentiation? Although many investigators have examined phenotypic variation across flow gradients in fishes, no clear consensus regarding the nature of water velocity's effects on phenotypic diversity has yet emerged. Here, I describe a generalized model that produces testable hypotheses of morphological and locomotor differentiation between flow regimes in fishes. The model combines biomechanical information (describing how fish morphology determines locomotor abilities) with ecological information (describing how locomotor performance influences fitness) to yield predictions of divergent natural selection and phenotypic differentiation between low-flow and high-flow environments. To test the model's predictions of phenotypic differentiation, I synthesized the existing literature and conducted a meta-analysis. Based on results gathered from 80 studies, providing 115 tests of predictions, the model produced some accurate results across both intraspecific and interspecific scales, as differences in body shape, caudal fin shape, and steady-swimming performance strongly matched predictions. These results suggest that water flow drives predictable phenotypic variation in disparate groups of fish based on a common, generalized model, and that microevolutionary processes might often scale up to generate broader, interspecific patterns. However, too few studies have examined differentiation in body stiffness, muscle architecture, or unsteady-swimming performance to draw clear conclusions for those traits. The analysis revealed that, at the intraspecific scale, both genetic divergence and phenotypic plasticity play important roles in phenotypic differentiation across flow regimes, but we do not yet know the relative importance of these two sources of phenotypic variation. Moreover, while major patterns within and between species were predictable, we have little direct evidence regarding the role of water flow in driving speciation or generating broad, macroevolutionary patterns, as too few studies have addressed these topics or conducted analyses within a phylogenetic framework. Thus, flow regime does indeed drive some predictable phenotypic outcomes, but many questions remain unanswered. This study establishes a general model for predicting phenotypic differentiation across flow regimes in fishes, and should help guide future studies in fruitful directions, thereby enhancing our understanding of the predictability of phenotypic variation in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brian Langerhans
- *Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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