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Norman T, Guenther J, Asante I, Adler BL. Analysis of Contact Allergens in Polyvinyl Chloride Examination Gloves in the United States. Dermatitis 2024; 35:160-166. [PMID: 37669114 DOI: 10.1089/derm.2023.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gloves are recommended as a safe alternative for patients with rubber accelerator allergy. However, allergic contact dermatitis to other chemicals in PVC gloves has been reported. Objective: To analyze single-use PVC medical examination gloves in the United States for the presence of potential contact allergens. Methods: Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, 20 unique PVC gloves were analyzed in triplicate for 6 chemicals: benzisothiazolinone, bisphenol A, mono(2-ethylhexyl) maleate, tricresyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, and triphenyl phosphite. Results: All 20 PVC gloves contained detectable quantities of benzisothiazolinone (range, 0.001-1.48 parts per million [ppm]), bisphenol A (0.01-0.11 ppm), triphenyl phosphate (0.01-2.11 ppm), and triphenyl phosphite (0.001-0.22 ppm). Eighteen (90%) gloves contained mono(2-ethylhexyl) maleate (0.001-0.14 ppm) and 3 (15%) contained tricresyl phosphate (0.001-0.002 ppm). Conclusions: Known allergens were present in all 20 PVC gloves. However, the detected levels were mostly low and their relationship with sensitization and elicitation thresholds requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Norman
- From the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jana Guenther
- From the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Isaac Asante
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brandon L Adler
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Goossens A, Aerts O. Contact allergy to and allergic contact dermatitis from formaldehyde and -releasers: A clinical review and update. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 87:20-27. [PMID: 35229319 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to provide a clinically useful update regarding the role of formaldehyde (FA) and its five main releasers (FRs) quaternium-15, diazolidinyl urea, DMDM hydantoin, imidazolidinyl urea and 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (bronopol) in contact allergy and allergic contact dermatitis. These ubiquitous preservatives are still often, and sometimes undeclared, present in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, household detergents and chemical (industrial) products. In Europe, the use of free FA and quaternium-15 in cosmetics is forbidden and contact allergy rates have been found to be stable to decreasing. However, FA/FRs still readily provoke localized (e.g., facial/hand), airborne and generalized dermatitis, and may also complicate atopic and stasis dermatitis, or result in nummular dermatitis. Seborrheic-, rosacea- and impetigo-like dermatitis have recently been reported. For a correct diagnosis, FA 2% aq. (0.60 mg/cm2 ) should be used, and particularly the FRs bronopol 0.5% pet. and diazolidinyl urea 2% should be patch tested separately in a baseline series. If sensitization to FA occurs, both FA and FRs should preferably be avoided, except perhaps for bronopol in case it tests negatively. If a patient reacts to one or more FRs (such as bronopol, or diazolidinyl/imidazolidinyl urea), but not to FA, then the specific FR(s) should be avoided. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Goossens
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olivier Aerts
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Antwerp (UZA) and Research group Immunology, INFLA-MED Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Rehabilitation and Prevention of Hand Eczema. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Aalto-Korte K. Contact Allergy to Protective Gloves. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lopushinsky KM, Gill N, Shea WK, Elliott JF, Straube S, Dytoc MT. Making Glove Decision Less of a White Knuckling Experience: A Systematic Review and Inventory of Glove Accelerator Contents. J Cutan Med Surg 2020; 24:386-398. [DOI: 10.1177/1203475420919398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Accelerators in medical gloves are a common cause of allergic contact dermatitis among healthcare workers. Objective A systematic review of medical and nursing literature, patch testing reports, and chemical analyses of gloves was conducted to assess accelerator contents reported in the literature and to identify accelerator-free gloves. Methods A systematic literature search was performed in OVID Medline and OVID EMBASE. Hand-searching of reference lists of articles in the field and author input generated the remainder of articles assessed. Results We present an inventory of accelerator contents of gloves and accelerator-free glove options as reported in the literature as a clinical reference tool to assist allergen-free glove selection for individuals suffering from allergic contact dermatitis due to rubber accelerators. Limitations Pertinent limitations of our review include lack of predefined study exclusion criteria and screening of the studies identified in the search by 1 review author only. Conclusion The glove inventory we provide summarizes the available literature regarding medical and surgical glove accelerator content, describing gloves both by brand and manufacturer as well as by accelerators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M. Lopushinsky
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Navjeet Gill
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Whitney K. Shea
- Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - John F. Elliott
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, University Dermatology Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sebastian Straube
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marlene T. Dytoc
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, University Dermatology Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Rehabilitation and Prevention of Hand Eczema. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_71-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Aalto-Korte K. Contact Allergy to Protective Gloves. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_74-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Preservatives such as formaldehyde and formaldehyde releasers (F/FRs) are found in personal care products. Studies from Europe and Israel have indicated that products with undeclared F/FRs on product labels may have detectable levels of formaldehyde. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine the presence of formaldehyde in samples of US personal care products. METHODS Fifty-four baby and adult products were tested with the chromotropic acid method. A blinded investigator graded the color change as mild, moderate, or strong. RESULTS All 8 products declaring F/FRs resulted in a deep purple color change, indicating a strong reaction. Of the 46 products with undeclared F/FRs, 4 (8.6%) were found to release formaldehyde. All 4 resulted in a light purple color change, indicating a mild reaction. CONCLUSIONS Overall, 4 of 54 products (7.4%) had label information, which did not match chromotropic acid method testing results. Clinicians and formaldehyde-allergic individuals should be aware of the limitations of product ingredient labeling in managing allergic contact dermatitis to formaldehyde.
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Formaldehyde Release From Clothing and Upholstery Fabrics Using the Chromotropic Acid Method. Dermatitis 2019; 30:255-258. [DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Aerts O, Goossens A. Preservatives. Contact Dermatitis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_85-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gloves. Contact Dermatitis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_74-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wilke A, Skudlik C, Sonsmann FK. Individualprävention beruflicher Kontaktekzeme: Schutzhandschuhe und Hautschutzempfehlungen im berufsgenossenschaftlichen Heilverfahren. DER HAUTARZT 2018; 69:449-461. [DOI: 10.1007/s00105-018-4170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hauksson I, Pontén A, Gruvberger B, Isaksson M, Engfeldt M, Bruze M. Skincare products containing low concentrations of formaldehyde detected by the chromotropic acid method cannot be safely used in formaldehyde-allergic patients. Br J Dermatol 2015; 174:371-9. [PMID: 26480304 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formaldehyde is a well-known contact sensitizer. Formaldehyde releasers are widely used preservatives in skincare products. It has been found that formaldehyde at concentrations allowed by the European Cosmetics Directive can cause allergic contact dermatitis. However, we still lack information on whether formaldehyde at low concentrations affects dermatitis in formaldehyde-allergic individuals. OBJECTIVES To study the effects of low concentrations of formaldehyde on irritant contact dermatitis in formaldehyde-allergic individuals. METHODS Fifteen formaldehyde-allergic individuals and a control group of 12 individuals without contact allergy to formaldehyde and formaldehyde releasers were included in the study. The individuals performed the repeated open application test (ROAT) during 4 weeks with four different moisturizers releasing formaldehyde in concentrations that had been determined as > 40, 20-40, 2·5-10 and 0 p.p.m. by the chromotropic acid (CA) spot test. Dimethyloldimethylhydantoin was used as a formaldehyde releaser in the moisturizers. The ROAT was performed on areas of experimentally induced sodium lauryl sulfate dermatitis. The study was double blind, controlled and randomized. RESULTS Nine of the 15 formaldehyde-allergic individuals had reappearance or worsening of dermatitis on the areas that were treated with moisturizers containing formaldehyde. No such reactions were observed in the control group (P < 0·001) or for the moisturizers without formaldehyde in the formaldehyde-allergic individuals (P < 0·001). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the low concentrations of formaldehyde often found in skincare products by the CA method are sufficient to worsen an existing dermatitis in formaldehyde-allergic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hauksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden
| | - A Pontén
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden
| | - B Gruvberger
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden
| | - M Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden
| | - M Engfeldt
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden
| | - M Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden
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Crépy MN, Langlois E, Mélin S, Descatha A, Bensefa-Colas L, Jonathan AM, Ameille J. Tricresyl phosphate in polyvinylchloride gloves: a new allergen. Contact Dermatitis 2014; 70:325-8. [PMID: 24731092 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Noëlle Crépy
- Department of Occupational Health, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France; Department of Occupational Health, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
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Vandevenne A, Ghys K, Dahlin J, Pontén A, Kerre S. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by triphenyl phosphite in poly(vinyl chloride) gloves. Contact Dermatitis 2013; 68:181-2. [PMID: 23421460 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alix Vandevenne
- Department of Dermatology, Katholieke Universiteit, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Suuronen K, Pesonen M, Henriks-Eckerman ML, Aalto-Korte K. Triphenyl phosphite, a new allergen in polyvinylchloride gloves. Contact Dermatitis 2012; 68:42-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2012.02159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hauksson I, Pontén A, Gruvberger B, Isaksson M, Bruze M. Clinically relevant contact allergy to formaldehyde may be missed by testing with formaldehyde 1·0%. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164:568-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Weimann S, Skudlik C, John SM. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by the blue pigment VINAMON® Blue BX FW - a Phthalocyanine Blue in a vinyl glove. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2010; 8:820-2. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010.07355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rose RF, Lyons P, Horne H, Mark Wilkinson S. A review of the materials and allergens in protective gloves. Contact Dermatitis 2009; 61:129-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Crépy MN, Francuz B, Gorodetzky M, Choudat D. Les gants : une cause fréquente d’eczéma d’origine professionnelle. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Aalto-Korte K, Ackermann L, Henriks-Eckerman ML, Välimaa J, Reinikka-Railo H, Leppänen E, Jolanki R. 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one in disposable polyvinyl chloride gloves for medical use. Contact Dermatitis 2007; 57:365-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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