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Ming Z, Chen Z, Tong H, Zhou X, Feng T, Dai J. Immune functions of C-type lectins in medical arthropods. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:652-662. [PMID: 36661334 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs) are a family of proteins that contain 1 or more carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs) and bind to a broad repertoire of ligands in the presence of calcium ions. CTLs play important roles in innate immune defenses against microorganisms by acting as pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) for invading pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. After binding to pathogen-associated ligands, CTLs mediate immune responses, such as agglutination, phagocytosis, and the activation of phenol oxidase progenitors, thereby clearing pathogens. CTLs are an evolutionarily conserved family found in almost all vertebrates and invertebrates. Medical arthropods can acquire and transmit a range pathogens through various approaches, such as bloodsucking, lancing, and parasitism, thus infecting humans and animals with related diseases, some of which can be life-threatening. Recent studies have shown that lectins are important components of the arthropod immune system and are essential for the immune responses of arthropods to arthropod-borne pathogens. This article reviews the current understanding of the structure, function, and signaling pathways involved in CTLs derived from important medical arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Ming
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao Tong
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tingting Feng
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianfeng Dai
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Xia J, Peng R, Fei S, Awais MM, Lai W, Huang Y, Wu H, Yu Y, Liang L, Swevers L, Sun J, Feng M. Systematic analysis of innate immune-related genes in the silkworm: Application to antiviral research. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38571329 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The silkworm, a crucial model organism of the Lepidoptera, offers an excellent platform for investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying the innate immune response of insects toward pathogens. Over the years, researchers worldwide have identified numerous immune-related genes in silkworms. However, these identified silkworm immune genes are not well classified and not well known to the scientific community. With the availability of the latest genome data of silkworms and the extensive research on silkworm immunity, it has become imperative to systematically categorize the immune genes of silkworms with different database IDs. In this study, we present a meticulous organization of prevalent immune-related genes in the domestic silkworm, using the SilkDB 3.0 database as a reliable source for updated gene information. Furthermore, utilizing the available data, we classify the collected immune genes into distinct categories: pattern recognition receptors, classical immune pathways, effector genes and others. In-depth data analysis has enabled us to predict some potential antiviral genes. Subsequently, we performed antiviral experiments on selected genes, exploring their impact on Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus replication. The outcomes of this research furnish novel insights into the immune genes of the silkworm, consequently fostering advancements in the field of silkworm immunity research by establishing a comprehensive classification and functional understanding of immune-related genes in the silkworm. This study contributes to the broader understanding of insect immune responses and opens up new avenues for future investigations in the domain of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruoxuan Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shigang Fei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mian Muhammad Awais
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxuan Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yigui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hailin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingying Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, Athens, Greece
| | - Jingchen Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Brock KE, Cooper RL. The Effects of Doxapram Blocking the Response of Gram-Negative Bacterial Toxin (LPS) at Glutamatergic Synapses. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1046. [PMID: 37626932 PMCID: PMC10451348 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) associated with Gram-negative bacteria are one factor responsible for triggering the mammalian immune response. Blocking the action of LPS is key to reducing its downstream effects. However, the direct action of LPS on cells is not yet fully addressed. LPS can have rapid, direct effects on cells in the absence of a systemic immune response. Recent studies have shown that doxapram, a blocker of a subset of K2P channels, also blocks the acute actions of LPS. Doxapram was evaluated to determine if such action also occurs at glutamatergic synapses in which it is known that LPS can increase synaptic transmission. Doxapram at 5 mM first enhanced synaptic transmission, then reduced synaptic response, while 10 mM rapidly blocked transmission. Doxapram at 5 mM blocked the excitatory response induced by LPS. Enhancing synaptic transmission with LPS and then applying LPS combined with doxapram also resulted in retarding the response of LPS. It is possible doxapram and LPS are mediated via a similar receptor or cellular responses. The potential of designing pharmacological compounds with a similar structure to doxapram and determining the binding of such compounds can aid in addressing the acute, direct actions by LPS on cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin L. Cooper
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA;
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Zhao L, Niu J, Feng D, Wang X, Zhang R. Immune functions of pattern recognition receptors in Lepidoptera. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1203061. [PMID: 37398667 PMCID: PMC10312389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), as the "sensors" in the immune response, play a prominent role in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiating an effective defense response to pathogens in Lepidoptera. It is becoming increasingly clear that damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) normally play a physiological role within cells; however, when exposed to extracellular, they may become "part-time" critical signals of the immune response. Based on research in recent years, we review herein typical PRRs of Lepidoptera, including peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP), gram-negative binding protein (GNBP), β-1,3-glucan recognition protein (βGRP), C-type lectin (CTL), and scavenger receptor (SR). We also outline the ways in which DAMPs participate in the immune response and the correlation between PRRs and immune escape. Taken together, these findings suggest that the role of PRRs in insect innate immunity may be much greater than expected and that it is possible to recognize a broader range of signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinlan Niu
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Disong Feng
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xialu Wang
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Sun Z, Gao Q, Wei Y, Zhou Z, Chen Y, Xu C, Gao J, Liu D. Activated P2X receptors can up-regulate the expressions of inflammation-related genes via NF-κB pathway in spotted sea bass ( Lateolabrax maculatus). Front Immunol 2023; 14:1181067. [PMID: 37215129 PMCID: PMC10193947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1181067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors, including seven subtypes, i.e., P2X1-7, are the ligand-gated ion channels activated by the extracellular ATP playing the critical roles in inflammation and immune response. Even though the immune functions of P2X receptors have been characterized extensively in mammals, their functions in fish remain largely unknown. In this study, four P2X receptor homologues were characterized in spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus), which were named LmP2X2, LmP2X4, LmP2X5, and LmP2X7. Their tissue distributions and expression patterns were then investigated by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Furthermore, their functions in regulating the expressions of inflammation-associated genes and possible signaling pathway were examined by qPCR and luciferase assay. The results showed that they share similar topological structures, conserved genomic organization, and gene synteny with their counterparts in other species previously investigated. And the four P2X receptors were expressed constitutively in the tested tissues. In addition, the expression of each of the four receptor genes was significantly induced by stimulation of Edwardsiella tarda and/or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in vivo. Also, in primary head kidney leukocytes of spotted sea bass, LmP2X2 and LmP2X5 were induced by using PAMPs and/or ATP. Notably, the expressions of CCL2, IL-8, and TNF-α recognized as the pro-inflammatory cytokines, and of the four apoptosis-related genes, i.e., caspase3, caspase6, caspase7, and P53, were differentially upregulated in the HEK 293T cells with over-expressed LmP2X2 and/or LmP2X7 following ATP stimulation. Also, the over-expression of LmP2X4 can upregulate the expressions of IL-8, caspase6, caspase7, and P53, and LmP2X5 upregulates of IL-8, TNF-α, caspase7, and P53. Then in the present study it was demonstrated that the activation of any one of the four receptors significantly upregulated the activity of NF-κB promoter, suggesting that the activated LmP2Xs may regulate the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines via the NF-κB pathway. Taken together, the four P2X receptors were identified firstly from fish species in Perciformes, and they participate in innate immune response of spotted sea bass possibly by regulating the expressions of the inflammation-related genes. Our study provides the new evidences for the P2X receptors' involvement in fish immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaosheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youchuan Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- SinoNorway Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota Joint Lab, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Brock KE, Elliott ER, Abul-Khoudoud MO, Cooper RL. The effects of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial toxins (LTA & LPS) on cardiac function in Drosophila melanogaster larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 147:104518. [PMID: 37119936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Gram negative and positive bacterial sepsis depend on the type of toxins released, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Previous studies show LPS to rapidly hyperpolarize larval Drosophila skeletal muscle, followed by desensitization and return to baseline. In larvae, heart rate increased then decreased with exposure to LPS. However, responses to LTA, as well as the combination of LTA and LPS, on the larval Drosophila heart have not been previously examined. This study examined the effects of LTA and a cocktail of LTA and LPS on heart rate. The combined effects were examined by first treating with either LTA or LPS only, and then with the cocktail. The results showed a rapid increase in heart rate upon LTA application, followed by a gradual decline over time. When applying LTA followed by the cocktail, an increase in the rate occurred. However, if LPS was applied before the cocktail, the rate continued declining. These responses indicate the receptors or cellular cascades responsible for controlling heart rate within seconds and the rapid desensitization are affected by LTA or LPS and a combination of the two. The mechanisms for rapid changes which are not regulated by gene expression by exposure to LTA or LPS or associated bacterial peptidoglycans have yet to be identified in cardiac tissues of any organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn E Brock
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA.
| | - Elizabeth R Elliott
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA.
| | | | - Robin L Cooper
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA.
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Huang M, Dong T, Lou X, Zhang Y, Tao T, Zhou P, Yang S, Fei H. Peptidoglycan recognition protein MsPGRP in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) mediates immune functions with broad nonself recognition ability. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 134:108614. [PMID: 36775183 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN) recognition proteins (PGRPs) are important immune factors in innate immunity that function in recognising pathogens and activating the immune system. These ubiquitous proteins are conserved in invertebrates and vertebrates. In this study, a PGRP gene (MsPGRP) from largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) was identified and characterised, and its transcription distribution was explored. Recombinant protein (rMsPGRP) exhibited dose-dependent binding to PGN and glucan (GLU), but weak binding to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). MsPGRP exhibited agglutinating activity against several Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and fungi, and it promoted phagocytosis activity of leukocytes against Micrococcus luteus and Aeromonas hydrophila. The protein also possessed amidase activity in the presence of Zn2+, degraded PGN, and disrupted the M. luteus cell wall. The results suggest that MsPGRP plays an important role in pathogen recognition, and acts as a opsonin during immune system responses and elimination of invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Taiwei Dong
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xiaocong Lou
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yunkai Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Tao Tao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Shun Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Hui Fei
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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8
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Chen H, Fan X, Zhang W, Ye Y, Cai Z, Zhang K, Zhang K, Fu Z, Chen D, Guo R. Deciphering the CircRNA-Regulated Response of Western Honey Bee ( Apis mellifera) Workers to Microsporidian Invasion. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091285. [PMID: 36138764 PMCID: PMC9495892 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Vairimorpha ceranae is a widespread fungal parasite of adult honey bees that leads to a serious disease called nosemosis. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are newly discovered non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that regulate biological processes such as immune defense and development. Here, 8199 and 8711 circRNAs were predicted from the midguts of Apis mellifera ligustica workers at 7 d (Am7T) and 10 d (Am10T) after inoculation (dpi) with V. ceranae spores. In combination with transcriptome data from corresponding uninoculated midguts (Am7CK and Am10CK), 4464 circRNAs were found to be shared by these four groups. Additionally, 16 circRNAs were highly conserved among A. m. ligustica, Apis cerana cerana, and Homo sapiens. In the Am7CK vs. Am7T (Am10CK vs. Am10T) comparison group, 168 (306) differentially expressed circRNAs (DEcircRNAs) were identified. RT-qPCR results showed that the expression trend of eight DEcircRNAs was consistent with that in the transcriptome datasets. The source genes of DEcircRNAs in Am7CK vs. Am7T (Am10CK vs. Am10T) were engaged in 27 (35) GO functional terms, including 1 (1) immunity-associated terms. Moreover, the aforementioned source genes were involved in three cellular immune-related pathways. Moreover, 86 (178) DEcircRNAs in workers' midguts at 7 (10) dpi could interact with 75 (103) miRNAs, further targeting 215 (305) mRNAs. These targets were associated with cellular renewal, cellular structure, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, and cellular and humoral immunity. Findings in the present study unraveled the mechanism underlying circRNA-mediated immune responses of western honey bee workers to V. ceranae invasion, but also provided new insights into host-microsporidian interaction during nosemosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huazhi Chen
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China
| | - Xiaoxue Fan
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China
| | - Wende Zhang
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China
| | - Yaping Ye
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China
| | - Zongbing Cai
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China
| | - Kaiyao Zhang
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China
| | - Kuihao Zhang
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China
| | - Zhongmin Fu
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China
- Apitherapy Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China
| | - Dafu Chen
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China
- Apitherapy Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China
| | - Rui Guo
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China
- Apitherapy Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-0591-8764-0197
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Meng Y, Dai W, Lin Z, Zhang W, Dong Y. Expression and functional characterization of peptidoglycan recognition protein-S6 involved in antibacterial responses in the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 129:104331. [PMID: 34883108 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It has been recognized that peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), structurally conserved molecules, play crucial roles in the innate immunity of invertebrate. However, few studies have been taken to explore their potential functions. In this study, a novel PGRP from the razor clam Sinonovacula constrict designated as ScPGRP-S6 was identified and characterized. The open reading frame (ORF) of ScPGRP-S6 was 666 bp in length, encoding a protein of 221 amino acid with a signal peptide (1-30) and a typical PGRP domain (39-187). The sequence alignment combined with phylogenetic analysis collectively confirmed that ScPGRP-S6 was a novel member belonging to PGRP-S family. The mRNA transcript of ScPGRP-S6 in the hepatopancreases was significantly up-regulated after peptidoglycan (PGN) stimulation, while it was moderately up-regulated after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. The result of immunofluorescence detection demonstrated that the positive signal enhanced obviously after Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge. Notably, the recombinant protein of ScPGRP-S6 (designed as rScPGRP-S6) exhibited high agglutination activity towards V. parahaemolyticus but weak to Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, rScPGRP-S6 showed strong amidase and antibacterial activity in the presence of Zn2+. Collectively, our results manifested that ScPGRP-S6 could act as a scavenger in the innate immune response of S. constricta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Meng
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, PR China; College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315010, PR China
| | - Wenfang Dai
- Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ninghai, 315604, PR China
| | - Zhihua Lin
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, PR China; Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ninghai, 315604, PR China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315010, PR China
| | - Yinghui Dong
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, PR China; Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ninghai, 315604, PR China.
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10
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Chen H, Wang M, Zhang H, Wang H, Zhou L, Zhong Z, Cao L, Lian C, Sun Y, Li C. microRNAs facilitate comprehensive responses of Bathymodiolinae mussel against symbiotic and nonsymbiotic bacteria stimulation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:420-431. [PMID: 34687882 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bathymodiolinae mussels are dominant species in cold seeps and hydrothermal vents and could harbor endosymbionts in gill bacteriocytes. However, mechanisms underlying the symbiosis have remained largely undisclosed for years. In the present study, the global expression pattern of immune-related genes and miRNAs were surveyed in Gigantidas platifrons during bacterial challenges using enriched symbiotic methane oxidation bacteria MOBs or nonsymbiotic Vibrio. As a result, multiple pattern recognition receptors were found differentially expressed at 12 h and 24 h post bacteria challenges and distinctly clustered between stimulations. Dozens of immune effectors along with signal transducers were also modulated simultaneously during MOB or Vibrio challenge. A total of 459 miRNAs were identified in the gill while some were differentially expressed post MOB or nonsymbiotic bacteria challenge. A variety of immune-related genes were annotated as target genes of aforesaid differentially expressed miRNAs. As a result, biological processes including the immune recognition, lysosome activity and bacteria engulfment were suggested to be dynamically modulated by miRNAs in either symbiotic or nonsymbiotic bacteria challenge. It was suggested that G. platifrons mussels could maintain a robust immune response against invading pathogens while establishing symbiosis with chemosynthetic bacteria with the orchestra of immune-related genes and miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Center of Deep Sea Research, And CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Minxiao Wang
- Center of Deep Sea Research, And CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Center of Deep Sea Research, And CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Center of Deep Sea Research, And CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Center of Deep Sea Research, And CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhaoshan Zhong
- Center of Deep Sea Research, And CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Center of Deep Sea Research, And CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chao Lian
- Center of Deep Sea Research, And CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Center of Deep Sea Research, And CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chaolun Li
- Center of Deep Sea Research, And CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China.
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11
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Wang GJ, Wang WW, Liu Y, Chai LQ, Wang GX, Liu XS, Wang YF, Wang JL. Steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone promotes CTL1-mediated cellular immunity in Helicoverpa armigera. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1399-1413. [PMID: 32677271 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mermithid nematodes, such as Ovomermis sinensis, are used as biological control agents against many insect pests, including cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera). However, given the host's robust immune system, the infection rate of O. sinensis is low, thus restricting its widespread use. To understand the host defense mechanisms against mermithid nematodes, we identified and characterized a protein involved in the recognition of O. sinensis, the potential O. sinensis-binding protein C-type lectin 1 (HaCTL1a and/or HaCTL1b), which was eluted from the surface of O. sinensis after incubation with H. armigera plasma. HaCTL1b is homologous to the previously reported HaCTL1a protein. HaCTL1 was predominantly expressed in hemocytes and was induced by the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone through ecdysone receptor (HaEcR) or ultraspiracle (HaUSP), or both. Binding assays confirmed the interactions of the HaCTL1 proteins with O. sinensis but not with Romanomermis wuchangensis, a parasitic nematode of mosquito. Moreover, the HaCTL1 proteins were secreted into the hemocoel and promoted hemocyte-mediated encapsulation and phagocytosis. A knockdown of HaEcR and/or HaUSP resulted in compromised encapsulation and phagocytosis. Thus, HaCTL1 appears to modulate cellular immunity in the defense against parasitic nematodes, and the 20-hydroxyecdysone-HaEcR-HaUSP complex is involved in regulating the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Jie Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wen-Wen Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Lian-Qin Chai
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Guo-Xiu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xu-Sheng Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
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12
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Bombyx mori β-1,3-Glucan Recognition Protein 4 ( BmβGRP4) Could Inhibit the Proliferation of B. mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus through Promoting Apoptosis. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12080743. [PMID: 34442307 PMCID: PMC8396850 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
β-1,3-glucan recognition proteins (βGRPs) as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play an important role in recognizing various pathogens and trigger complicated signaling pathways in insects. In this study, we identified a Bombyx mori β-1,3-glucan recognition protein gene named BmβGRP4, which showed differential expression, from a previous transcriptome database. The full-length cDNA sequence was 1244 bp, containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 1128 bp encoding 375 amino acids. BmβGRP4 was strongly expressed in the larval stages and highly expressed in the midgut of B. mori larvae in particular. After BmNPV infection, the expression of BmβGRP4 was reduced significantly in the midgut. Furthermore, a significant increase in the copy number of BmNPV was observed after the knockdown of BmβGRP4 in 5th instar larvae, while the overexpression of BmβGRP4 suppressed the proliferation of BmNPV in BmN cells. Subsequently, the expression analysis of several apoptosis-related genes and observation of the apoptosis morphology demonstrated that overexpression of BmβGRP4 facilitated apoptosis induced by BmNPV in BmN cells. Moreover, BmβGRP4 positively regulated the phosphatase and tensin homolog gene (BmPTEN), while expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis gene (BmIAP) was negatively regulated by BmβGRP4. Hence, we hypothesize that BmNPV infection might suppress BmPTEN and facilitate BmIAP to inhibit cell apoptosis by downregulating the expression of BmβGRP4 to escape host antiviral defense. Taken together, these results show that BmβGRP4 may play a role in B. mori response to BmNPV infection and lay a foundation for studying its functions.
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13
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Shen D, Ji J, Zhang S, Liu J, An C. A Short-Type Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 1 (PGRP1) Is Involved in the Immune Response in Asian Corn Borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158198. [PMID: 34360963 PMCID: PMC8347126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The insect immune response is initiated by the recognition of invading microorganisms. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) function primarily as pattern recognition receptors by specifically binding to peptidoglycans expressed on microbial surfaces. We cloned a full-length cDNA for a PGRP from the Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) and designated it as PGRP1. PGRP1 mRNA was mainly detected in the fat bodies and hemocytes. Its transcript levels increased significantly upon bacterial and fungal challenges. Purified recombinant PGRP1 exhibited binding activity to the gram-positive Micrococcus luteus, gram-negative Escherichia coli, entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana, and yeast Pichia pastoris. The binding further induced their agglutination. Additionally, PGRP1 preferred to bind to Lys-type peptidoglycans rather than DAP-type peptidoglycans. The addition of recombinant PGRP1 to O. furnacalis plasma resulted in a significant increase in phenoloxidase activity. The injection of recombinant PGRP1 into larvae led to a significantly increased expression of several antimicrobial peptide genes. Taken together, our results suggest that O. furnacalis PGRP1 potentially recognizes the invading microbes and is involved in the immune response in O. furnacalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Shen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.S.); (J.J.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Jiayue Ji
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.S.); (J.J.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.S.); (J.J.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.S.); (J.J.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Chunju An
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.S.); (J.J.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-10-6273-4083
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14
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Andrejko M, Mak P, Siemińska-Kuczer A, Iwański B, Wojda I, Suder P, Kuleta P, Regucka K, Cytryńska M. A comparison of the production of antimicrobial peptides and proteins by Galleria mellonella larvae in response to infection with two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains differing in the profile of secreted proteases. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 131:104239. [PMID: 33845095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The work presents identification of antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) in the hemolymph of Galleria mellonella larvae infected with two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains (ATCC 27,853 and PA18), differing in the profile of secreted proteases. The insects were immunized with bacteria cultivated in rich (LB) and minimal (M9) media, which resulted in appearance of a similar broad set of AMPs in the hemolymph. Among them, 13 peptides and proteins were identified, i.e. proline-rich peptides 1 and 2, lebocin-like anionic peptide 1 and anionic peptide 2, defensin/galiomicin, cecropin, cecropin D-like peptide, apolipophoricin, gallerimycin, moricin-like peptide B, lysozyme, apolipophorin III, and superoxide dismutase. Bacterial strain- and/or medium-dependent changes in the level of proline-rich peptide 1, anionic peptide 1 and 2, moricin-like peptide B, cecropin D-like and gallerimycin were observed. The analysis of the expression of genes encoding cecropin, gallerimycin, and galiomicin indicated that they were differently affected by the bacterial strain but mainly by the medium used for bacterial culture. The highest expression was found for the LB medium. In addition to the antibacterial and antifungal activity, proteolytic activity was detected in the hemolymph of the P. aeruginosa-infected insects. Based on these results and those presented in our previous reports, it can be postulated that the appearance of AMPs in G. mellonella hemolymph can be triggered not only by P. aeruginosa pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) but also by bacterial extracellular proteases secreted during infection. However, although there were no qualitative differences in the set of AMPs depending on the P. aeruginosa strain and medium, differences in the level of particular AMPs synthesized in response to the bacteria used were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Andrejko
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Paweł Mak
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Siemińska-Kuczer
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Iwański
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Wojda
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Suder
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Sciences and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paula Kuleta
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Regucka
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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15
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Li E, Qin J, Feng H, Li J, Li X, Nyamwasa I, Cao Y, Ruan W, Li K, Yin J. Immune-related genes of the larval Holotrichia parallela in response to entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis beicherriana LF. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:192. [PMID: 33731017 PMCID: PMC7967997 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) emerge as compatible alternatives to conventional insecticides in controlling Holotrichia parallela larvae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). However, the immune responses of H. parallela against EPNs infection remain unclear. Results In present research, RNA-Seq was firstly performed. A total of 89,427 and 85,741 unigenes were achieved from the midgut of H. parallela larvae treated with Heterorhabditis beicherriana LF for 24 and 72 h, respectively; 2545 and 3156 unigenes were differentially regulated, respectively. Among those differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 74 were identified potentially related to the immune response. Notably, some immune-related genes, such as peptidoglycan recognition protein SC1 (PGRP-SC1), pro-phenoloxidase activating enzyme-I (PPAE-I) and glutathione s-transferase (GST), were induced at both treatment points. Bioinformatics analysis showed that PGRP-SC1, PPAE-I and GST were all involved in anti-parasitic immune process. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results showed that the three immune-related genes were expressed in all developmental stages; PGRP-SC1 and PPAE-I had higher expressions in midgut and fat body, respectively, while GST exhibited high expression in both of them. Moreover, in vivo silencing of them resulted in increased susceptibility of H. parallela larvae to H. beicherriana LF. Conclusion These results suggest that H. parallela PGRP-SC1, PPAE-I and GST are involved in the immune responses to resist H. beicherriana LF infection. This study provides the first comprehensive transcriptome resource of H. parallela exposure to nematode challenge that will help to support further comparative studies on host-EPN interactions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07506-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianhui Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Honglin Feng
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jinqiao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Innocent Nyamwasa
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yazhong Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weibin Ruan
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China
| | - Kebin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
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16
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Shen D, Tong M, Guo J, Mei X, Xia D, Qiu Z, Zhao Q. A Pattern Recognition Receptor C-type Lectin-S6 (CTL-S6) is Involved in the Immune Response in the Silkworm (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2021; 21:9. [PMID: 33511414 PMCID: PMC7846087 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Insect innate immunity is initiated by the special recognition and binding of the foreign pathogens, which is accomplished by the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). As an important type of PRRs, C-type lectins (CTLs) play various roles in insect innate immunity, including pathogen recognition, stimulation of prophenoloxidase, regulation of cellular immunity and so on. In this study, we have cloned the full-length cDNA of a CTL gene named CTL-S6 from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. The open reading frame (ORF) of B. mori CTL-S6 encodes 378 amino acids, which contain a secretion signal peptide. The mRNA of CTL-S6 exhibited the highest transcriptional level in the midgut. Its transcriptional level increased dramatically in fat body and hemocytes upon Escherichia coli or Micrococcus luteus challenge. Purified recombinant CTL-S6 could bind to bacterial cell wall components, including peptidoglycan (PGN, from Bacillus subtilis) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, from E. coli 0111:B4), and recombinant CTL-S6 was involved in the encapsulation and melanization of hemocytes. Furthermore, the addition of recombinant CTL-S6 to the hemolymph of silkworm resulted in a significant increase in phenoloxidase activity. Overall, our results indicated that B. mori CTL-S6 may serve as a PRR for the recognition of foreign pathogens, prophenoloxidase pathway stimulation and involvement in the innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meijin Tong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiyun Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xianghan Mei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dingguo Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyong Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiaoling Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericutural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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17
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Negroni MA, Segers FHID, Vogelweith F, Foitzik S. Immune challenge reduces gut microbial diversity and triggers fertility-dependent gene expression changes in a social insect. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:816. [PMID: 33225893 PMCID: PMC7682046 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07191-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The gut microbiome can influence life history traits associated with host fitness such as fecundity and longevity. In most organisms, these two life history traits are traded-off, while they are positively linked in social insects. In ants, highly fecund queens can live for decades, while their non-reproducing workers exhibit much shorter lifespans. Yet, when fertility is induced in workers by death or removal of the queen, worker lifespan can increase. It is unclear how this positive link between fecundity and longevity is achieved and what role the gut microbiome and the immune system play in this. To gain insights into the molecular regulation of lifespan in social insects, we investigated fat body gene expression and gut microbiome composition in workers of the ant Temnothorax rugatulus in response to an experimental induction of fertility and an immune challenge. Results Fertile workers upregulated several molecular repair mechanisms, which could explain their extended lifespan. The immune challenge altered the expression of several thousand genes in the fat body, including many immune genes, and, interestingly, this transcriptomic response depended on worker fertility. For example, only fertile, immune-challenged workers upregulated genes involved in the synthesis of alpha-ketoglutarate, an immune system regulator, which extends the lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans by down-regulating the TOR pathway and reducing oxidant production. Additionally, we observed a dramatic loss in bacterial diversity in the guts of the ants within a day of the immune challenge. Yet, bacterial density did not change, so that the gut microbiomes of many immune challenged workers consisted of only a single or a few bacterial strains. Moreover, the expression of immune genes was linked to the gut microbiome composition, suggesting that the ant host can regulate the microbiome in its gut. Conclusions Immune system flare-ups can have negative consequence on gut microbiome diversity, pointing to a previously underrated cost of immunity. Moreover, our results provide important insights into shifts in the molecular regulation of fertility and longevity associated with insect sociality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Antoine Negroni
- Institute of Molecular and Organismic Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Francisca H I D Segers
- Institute of Molecular and Organismic Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Department for Applied Bioinformatics, Inst. of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Fanny Vogelweith
- Institute of Molecular and Organismic Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,M2i Biocontrol, Parnac, France
| | - Susanne Foitzik
- Institute of Molecular and Organismic Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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18
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Li X, Yuan S, Sun Z, Lei L, Wan S, Wang J, Zou J, Gao Q. Gene identification and functional analysis of peptidoglycan recognition protein from the spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:1014-1024. [PMID: 32866609 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), which are structurally conserved innate immune molecules in invertebrate and vertebrate animals, play the important roles in regulation of innate immune responses. In this paper, three PGRP genes of spotted sea bass, Lateolabrax maculatus, were cloned, designated as Ssb-PGRP2, Ssb-PGRP-L2 and Ssb-PGRP-SC2, respectively. Sequence analysis showed that the deduced amino acid sequences of Ssb-PGRP2, Ssb-PGRP-L2 and Ssb-PGRP-SC2 proteins contained respectively 468, 482 and 167 amino acid residues, and had the typical structural features of PGRPs, i.e. conserved PGRP domain and Zn2+ binding domain including four specific amino acid residues which were required for amidase activity. q-PCR analysis of total mRNA showed that the mRNA expression of three PGRP genes were detected in all the examined tissues and the expression patterns of Ssb-PGRP2, Ssb-PGRP-L2 and Ssb-PGRP-SC2 were different. After injected with LPS, Poly (I:C) and Edwardsiella tarda, there was a clear time-dependent expression pattern for each of the three PGRP genes in head kidney, spleen, intestine and gill of the spotted sea bass. In our study, three recombinant proteins corresponding to the three members of the peptidoglycan recognition protein family were expressed and purified. Moreover, all of the three recombinant PGRP proteins significantly inhibited bacterial survival and growth, and expressed bactericidal effects on Vibrio harveyi, Staphylococcus aureus and Edwardsiella tarda. In particular, it was firstly verified that their antimicrobial activity presented the superimposed effect. Overall, these findings indicated that three PGRP genes of spotted sea bass were at least involved in host defense against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuya Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaosheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Lei
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Wan
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
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19
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Greenhalgh A, Istas O, Cooper RL. Bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide enhances synaptic transmission at low-output glutamatergic synapses. Neurosci Res 2020; 170:59-65. [PMID: 32987087 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The endotoxin lipopolysaccharides (LPS), secreted from gram-negative bacteria, has direct effects on synaptic transmission independent of systemic secondary cytokine responses. High concentration of LPS (500 μg/mL) from Serratia marcescens increased synaptic efficacy at glutamatergic low-output synapses more than for high-output synapses. Over an hour of exposure was not toxic to the preparation and continued to enhance synaptic transmission. A small but significant rapid hyperpolarization of the post-synaptic cells occurred, in addition to a slower enhancement of in the amplitude of evoked excitatory junction potentials. LPS may promote reserve pool vesicles to the readily releasable pool for low-output synapses. The action of LPS at the glutamatergic synapses of the crayfish neuromuscular junction is unique in promoting synaptic transmission as compared to other glutamatergic synapses in Drosophila and mammals, where synaptic transmission is depressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Greenhalgh
- Department of Biology, Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0225, USA
| | - Oscar Istas
- Department of Biology, Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0225, USA
| | - Robin L Cooper
- Department of Biology, Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0225, USA.
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20
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Bernard J, Greenhalgh A, Istas O, Marguerite NT, Cooper RL. The Effect of Bacterial Endotoxin LPS on Serotonergic Modulation of Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E210. [PMID: 32781679 PMCID: PMC7463696 DOI: 10.3390/biology9080210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The release of the endotoxin lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria is key in the induction of the downstream cytokine release from cells targeting cells throughout the body. However, LPS itself has direct effects on cellular activity and can alter synaptic transmission. Animals experiencing septicemia are generally in a critical state and are often treated with various pharmacological agents. Since antidepressants related to the serotonergic system have been shown to have a positive outcome for septicemic conditions impacting the central nervous system, the actions of serotonin (5-HT) on neurons also exposed to LPS were investigated. At the model glutamatergic synapse of the crayfish neuromuscular junction (NMJ), 5-HT primarily acts through a 5-HT2A receptor subtype to enhance transmission to the motor neurons. LPS from Serratia marcescens also enhances transmission at the crayfish NMJ but by a currently unknown mechanism. LPS at 100 µg/mL had no significant effect on transmission or on altering the response to 5-HT. LPS at 500 µg/mL increased the amplitude of the evoked synaptic excitatory junction potential, and 5-HT in combination with 500 µg/mL LPS continued to promote enhanced transmission. The preparations maintained responsiveness to serotonin in the presence of low or high concentrations of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Robin L. Cooper
- Department of Biology, Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA; (J.B.); (A.G.); (O.I.); (N.T.M.)
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21
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Istas O, Greenhalgh A, L. Cooper R. Repetitive Exposure to Bacterial Endotoxin LPS Alters Synaptic Transmission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.3923/jpt.2020.65.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Gao L, Song X, Wang J. Gut microbiota is essential in PGRP-LA regulated immune protection against Plasmodium berghei infection. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:3. [PMID: 31907025 PMCID: PMC6945779 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3876-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains to be one of the deadliest infectious diseases and imposes substantial financial and social costs in the world. Mosquitoes rely on the immune system to control parasite infection. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), a family of pattern-recognition receptors (PRR), are responsible for initiating and regulating immune signaling pathways. PGRP-LA is involved in the regulation of immune defense against the Plasmodium parasite, however, the underlying mechanism needs to be further elucidated. METHODS The spatial and temporal expression patterns of pgrp-la in Anopheles stephensi were analyzed by qPCR. The function of PGRP-LA was examined using a dsRNA-based RNA interference strategy. Western blot and periodic acid schiff (PAS) staining were used to assess the structural integrity of peritrophic matrix (PM). RESULTS The expression of pgrp-la in An. stephensi was induced in the midgut in response to the rapid proliferating gut microbiota post-blood meal. Knocking down of pgrp-la led to the downregulation of immune effectors that control gut microbiota growth. The decreased expression of these immune genes also facilitated P. berghei infection. However, such dsLA treatment did not influence the structural integrity of PM. When gut microbiota was removed by antibiotic treatment, the regulation of PGRP-LA on immune effectors was abolished and the knock down of pgrp-la failed to increase susceptibility of mosquitoes to parasite infection. CONCLUSIONS PGRP-LA regulates the immune responses by sensing the dynamics of gut microbiota. A mutual interaction between gut microbiota and PGRP-LA contributes to the immune defense against Plasmodium parasites in An. stephensi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiumei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China. .,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Effects of bacterial endotoxin on regulation of the heart, a sensory-CNS-motor nerve circuit and neuromuscular junctions: Crustacean model. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 237:110557. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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24
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Shakeel M, Xu X, De Mandal S, Jin F. Role of serine protease inhibitors in insect-host-pathogen interactions. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 102:e21556. [PMID: 31050038 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors (serpins), evolutionary old, structurally conserved molecules, are a superfamily of proteins found in almost all living organisms. Serpins are relatively large, typically 350-500 amino acids in length, with three β-sheets and seven to nine α-helices folding into a conserved tertiary structure with a reactive center loop. Serpins perform various physiological functions in insects, including development, digestion, host-pathogen interactions, and innate immune response. In insects, the innate immune system is characterized as the first and major defense system against the invasion of microorganisms. Serine protease cascades play a critical role in the initiation of innate immune responses, such as melanization and the production of antimicrobial peptides, and are strictly and precisely regulated by serpins. Herein, we provide a microreview on the role of serpins in the insect-host-pathogen interactions, emphasizing their role in immune responses, particularly in diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), highlighting the important discoveries and also the gaps that remain to be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shakeel
- Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xu
- Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Surajit De Mandal
- Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengliang Jin
- Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Zhang Z, Kong J, De Mandal S, Li S, Zheng Z, Jin F, Xu X. An immune-responsive PGRP-S1 regulates the expression of antibacterial peptide genes in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 142:114-124. [PMID: 31593730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and triggers the innate immune system (IIS) against the microbial infection. Although PGRPs have been intensively studied in model insects, they remain uncharacterized in most of the non-model insects. Here, we cloned and characterized a full-length cDNA of PGRP, from P. xylostella (PxPGRP-S1), which encodes a protein of 239 amino acids with PGRP domain, Ami2 domain and transmembrane region. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the PxPGRP-S1 was closely related to the unigene of Plutella xylostella. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry revealed that PxPGRP-S1 is mainly expressed in the fat body of the healthy larva. The expression of PxPGRP-S1 was significantly upregulated in the midgut at 24 h postinfection by Bacillus thuringiensis. Silencing of the PxPGRP-S1 expression by RNAi, significantly decrease the expression of the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the 4th instar larvae of P. xylostella. Similarly injection of an anti-PxPGRP-S1 serum caused the low expression of the AMPs in P. xylostella. Additionally, PxPGRP-S1 depleted P. xylostella by oral administration of bacterial expressed dsRNA decreased the resistance against B. thuringiensis challenge, leads to high mortality. Together, our result indicates that PxPGRP-S1, served as a bacterial pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and triggers the expression of AMPs in P. xylostella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhantao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinrong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Surajit De Mandal
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuzhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhihua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fengliang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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26
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Chen S, Dong Z, Ren X, Zhao D, Zhang Y, Tang M, Han J, Ye L, Zhao P. Proteomic Identification of Immune-Related Silkworm Proteins Involved in the Response to Bacterial Infection. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:5538637. [PMID: 31343690 PMCID: PMC6657664 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) is an important economic insect and a classic Lepidopteran model system. Although immune-related genes have been identified at a genome-wide scale in the silkworm, proteins involved in immune defense of the silkworm have not been comprehensively characterized. In this study, two types of bacteria were injected into the silkworm larvae, Gram-negative Escherichia coli (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae), or Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (Bacillales: Staphylococcaceae). After injection, proteomic analyses of hemolymph were performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In total, 514 proteins were identified in the uninduced control group, 540 were identified in the E. coli-induced group, and 537 were identified in the S. aureus-induced group. Based on Uniprot annotations, 32 immunological recognition proteins, 28 immunological signaling proteins, and 21 immunological effector proteins were identified. We found that 127 proteins showed significant upregulation, including 10 immunological recognition proteins, 4 immunological signaling proteins, 11 immunological effector proteins, and 102 other proteins. Using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the fat body, we verified that immunological recognition proteins, signaling proteins, and effector proteins also showed significant increases at the transcriptional level after infection with E. coli and S. aureus. Five newly identified proteins showed upregulation at both protein and transcription levels after infection, including 30K protein, yellow-d protein, chemosensory protein, and two uncharacterized proteins. This study identified many new immune-related proteins, deepening our understanding of the immune defense system in B. mori. The data have been deposited to the iProX with identifier IPX0001337000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Chen
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericulture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaoming Dong
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericulture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiu Ren
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericulture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongchao Zhao
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericulture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericulture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Muya Tang
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericulture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaxuan Han
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericulture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericulture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
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27
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Istas O, Greenhalgh A, Cooper R. The Effects of a Bacterial Endotoxin on Behavior and Sensory-CNS-Motor Circuits in Drosophila melanogaster. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10040115. [PMID: 31013568 PMCID: PMC6523965 DOI: 10.3390/insects10040115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of bacterial sepsis on animal behavior and physiology is complex due to direct and indirect actions. The most common form of bacterial sepsis in humans is from gram-negative bacterial strains. The endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and/or associated peptidoglycans from the bacteria are the key agents to induce an immune response, which then produces a cascade of immunological consequences. However, there are direct actions of LPS and associated peptidoglycans on cells which are commonly overlooked. This study showed behavioral and neural changes in larval Drosophila fed commercially obtained LPS from Serratia marcescens. Locomotor behavior was not altered, but feeding behavior increased and responses to sensory tactile stimuli were decreased. In driving a sensory-central nervous system (CNS)-motor neural circuit in in-situ preparations, direct application of commercially obtained LPS initially increased evoked activity and then decreased and even stopped evoked responses in a dose-dependent manner. With acute LPS and associated peptidoglycans exposure (10 min), the depressed neural responses recovered within a few minutes after removal of LPS. Commercially obtained LPS induces a transitory hyperpolarization of the body wall muscles within seconds of exposure and alters activity within the CNS circuit. Thus, LPS and/or associated peptidoglycans have direct effects on body wall muscle without a secondary immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Istas
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA.
| | - Abigail Greenhalgh
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA.
| | - Robin Cooper
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA.
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28
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Jiang L, Liu W, Guo H, Dang Y, Cheng T, Yang W, Sun Q, Wang B, Wang Y, Xie E, Xia Q. Distinct Functions of Bombyx mori Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 2 in Immune Responses to Bacteria and Viruses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:776. [PMID: 31031766 PMCID: PMC6473039 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) is an important pattern recognition receptor in innate immunity that is vital for bacterial recognition and defense in insects. Few studies report the role of PGRP in viral infection. Here we cloned two forms of PGRP from the model lepidopteran Bombyx mori: BmPGRP2-1 is a transmembrane protein, whereas BmPGRP2-2 is an intracellular protein. BmPGRP2-1 bound to diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-type peptidoglycan (PGN) to activate the canonical immune deficiency (Imd) pathway. BmPGRP2-2 knockdown reduced B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) multiplication and mortality in cell lines and in silkworm larvae, while its overexpression increased viral replication. Transcriptome and quantitative PCR (qPCR) results confirmed that BmPGRP2 negatively regulated phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). BmPGRP2-2 expression was induced by BmNPV, and the protein suppressed PTEN-phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling to inhibit cell apoptosis, suggesting that BmNPV modulates BmPGRP2-2-PTEN-PI3K/Akt signaling to evade host antiviral defense. These results demonstrate that the two forms of BmPGRP2 have different functions in host responses to bacteria and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Jiang
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiqiang Liu
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huizhen Guo
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yinghui Dang
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingcai Cheng
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wanying Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yumei Wang
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Enyu Xie
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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29
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Cooper RL, McNabb M, Nadolski J. The effects of bacterial endotoxin LPS on synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01430. [PMID: 30976700 PMCID: PMC6441827 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The direct action of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) endotoxin was shown to enhance synaptic transmission and hyperpolarize the membrane potential at low doses, but block glutamatergic receptors and decrease observable spontaneous events at a high dosage. The dosage effects are LPS type specific. The hyperpolarization is not due to voltage-gated potassium channels or to activation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). The effects are induced directly by LPS, independent of an immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Cooper
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0225, USA
| | - Micaiah McNabb
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0225, USA
| | - Jeremy Nadolski
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Benedictine University, Lisle, IL, 60532, USA
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30
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Innate and Adaptive Immune Memory: an Evolutionary Continuum in the Host's Response to Pathogens. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:13-26. [PMID: 30629914 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunological memory is an important evolutionary trait that improves host survival upon reinfection. Memory is a characteristic recognized within both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Although the mechanisms and properties through which innate and adaptive immune memory are induced are distinct, they collude to improve host defense to pathogens. Here, we propose that innate immune memory, or "trained immunity," is a primitive form of adaptation in host defense, resulting from chromatin structure rearrangement, which provides an increased but non-specific response to reinfection. In contrast, adaptive immune memory is more advanced, with increased magnitude of response mediated through epigenetic changes, as well as specificity mediated by gene recombination. An integrative model of immune memory is important for broad understanding of host defense, and for identifying the most effective approaches to modulate it for the benefit of patients with infections and immune-mediated diseases.
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31
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Anyagaligbo O, Bernard J, Greenhalgh A, Cooper RL. The effects of bacterial endotoxin (LPS) on cardiac function in a medicinal blow fly (Phaenicia sericata) and a fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 217:15-24. [PMID: 30448591 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial endotoxins, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), are known to have direct effects on mammalian heart cells; thus, LPS is likely to have some effects in other cardiac models. Drosophila melanogaster was used since it serves as a model for cardiac physiology. Larvae of blow flies (Phaenicia sericata) commonly used as therapy for debriding dead tissue, are exposed to high levels of bacterial endotoxins, but their mechanisms of LPS resistance are not entirely understood. Comparative effects of LPS on heart rate (HR) were examined for both Drosophila and blowfly larvae. Acute 10-min direct exposure of in situ heart tubes with saline containing 1, 100, and 500 μg/ml LPS from two common bacterial stains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens) revealed a dose-dependent effect. The effects differed between the two fly models. Larval hearts of Drosophila stopped rapidly in low Ca2+ containing saline, but the hearts of blow flies appear unaffected for >30 min. S. marcescens increased HR initially in Drosophila followed by a reduction for low and high doses, but no change was observed in larvae of blow flies. Whereas P. aeruginosa at a high dose decreased HR in larvae of Drosophila but increased HR in larvae of blow flies. The goal of this study is to better the understanding in the direct action of LPS on HR. Knowing the acute and direct actions of LPS exposure on HR in different species of larvae may aid in understanding the underlying mechanisms in other animals during septicemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogechi Anyagaligbo
- Department of Biology, Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA
| | - Jate Bernard
- Department of Biology, Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA
| | - Abigail Greenhalgh
- Department of Biology, Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA
| | - Robin L Cooper
- Department of Biology, Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA.
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Yang H, Li X, Song W, Ji J, Li F, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Wang L. Involvement of a short-type peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) from Chinese giant salamanders Andrias davidianus in the immune response against bacterial infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 88:37-44. [PMID: 30017855 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PGRPs (Peptidoglycan recognition proteins) could recognize peptidoglycan and play vital roles in innate immunity among different animals. Till present, the functions of PGRP have been studied in various animals, but few reports have studied the amphibian PGRPs. In the current research, a short type PGRP was identified from Chinese giant salamander and its involvement in the innate immunity was studied. The ORF of AdPGRP-SC2 cDNA was 573 bp, which encoded 190 amino acids, and contained a PGRP and an amidase_2 domain. The qPCR analysis revealed that AdPGRP-SC2 mRNA transcripts expressed in different tissues, with the highest expression level in muscle, intestine and spleen. Results of immune challenges with peptidoglycan (PGN) demonstrated that expression patterns of AdPGRP-SC2 were significantly up-regulated in erythrocyte and spleen at the early injection stage. The recombinant AdPGRP-SC2 protein was successfully produced and purified, and it could show binding affinity to different bacteria. In the presence of Zn2+, the rAdPGRP-SC2 could exhibit a broad PAMPs binding activities, strongly agglutinate bacteria and exhibit amidase enzyme activity. Collectively, these data indicate AdPGRP-SC2 could act as PRR to recognize the invading microorganisms and as the antimicrobial effectors during the innate immune response of A. davidianus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xixi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Weijia Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jiaojun Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Fenggang Li
- Yellow River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710086, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Lixin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Kong X, Liu H, Li Y, Zhang H. Two Novel Short Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins (PGRPs) From the Deep Sea Vesicomyidae Clam Archivesica packardana: Identification, Recombinant Expression and Bioactivity. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1476. [PMID: 30405434 PMCID: PMC6206172 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicomyidae clams are common species living in cold seeps, which incorporates symbiotic bacteria into their body maintaining endosymbiosis relationship. As members of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family, peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns and play an important role in innate immunity. In present study, two short PGRPs (ApPGRP-1 and -2) were first identified from Vesicomyidae clam Archivesica packardana. Sequences analysis showed that they have both conserved Zn2+ binding sites (H-H-C) and amidase catalytic sites (H-Y-H-T-C), and phylogenetic tree indicated that they clustered with short PGRPs of other molluscs. PGN assay showed that ApPGRPs could bind Lys-type PGN from Staphylococcus aureus and Dap-type PGN from Bacillus subtilis, and revealed amidase activity with selective zinc ion dependence. rApPGRP-1 and -2 (recombinant ApPGRP-1 and -2) could bind six bacteria with a broad spectrum and had both zinc-dependent and -independent bactericidal activity. ApPGRPs had the complete functions of effectors and partial functions of receptors from PGRPs. Further analyses showed that ApPGRPs from A. packardana might be involved in the endosymbiosis relationship between the host clam and endosymbiotic bacteria as a regulator. The results of these experiments suggested that ApPGRPs were involved in cold seep clams’ immune response. This study provides basic information for further research on the immune mechanisms of deep sea organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Kong
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Helu Liu
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haibin Zhang
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
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Cheng Y, Lin Z, Wang JM, Xing LS, Xiong GH, Zou Z. CTL14, a recognition receptor induced in late stage larvae, modulates anti-fungal immunity in cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 84:142-152. [PMID: 29453998 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectin (CTL) is usually considered as pattern recognition receptors in insect innate immunity. Here we found that CTL14 of Helicoverpa armigera was only activated in the fifth instar larvae not in the second instar by entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana infection. Recombinant CTL14 protein was found to form aggregates with zymosan and B. bassiana in vitro. Immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that CTL14 interacted with serine proteinases (SP), serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin), prophenoloxidases (PPO) and vitellogenin (Vg) in the larval hemolymph. Furthermore, depletion of CTL14 using dsRNA led to dramatic decrease in the expression level of PPO1. Additionally, CTL14 depleted H. armigera decreased the resistance to fungal challenge. Taken together, our study showed the direct involvement of CTL14 in the anti-fungal immunity of H. armigera, which further explained the stronger immune responses in the fifth instar compared to the second instar larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhe Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ju-Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Long-Sheng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guang-Hua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; School of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Comparative immunological study of the snail Physella acuta (Hygrophila, Pulmonata) reveals shared and unique aspects of gastropod immunobiology. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:108-119. [PMID: 29920433 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The freshwater snail Physella acuta was selected to expand the perspective of comparative snail immunology. Analysis of Physella acuta, belonging to the Physidae, taxonomic sister family to Planorbidae, affords family-level comparison of immune features characterized from Biomphalaria glabrata, the model snail often used to interpret general gastropod immunity. To capture constitutive and induced immune sequences, transcriptomes of an individual Physella acuta snail, 12 h post injection with bacteria (Gram -/+) and one sham-exposed snail were recorded with 454 pyrosequencing. Assembly yielded a combined reference transcriptome containing 24,288 transcripts. Additionally, genomic Illumina reads were obtained (∼15-fold coverage). Recovery of transcripts for two macin-like antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), 12 aplysianins, four LBP/BPIs and three physalysins indicated that Physella acuta shares a similar organization of antimicrobial defenses with Biomphalaria glabrata, contrasting a modest AMP arsenal with a diverse set of antimicrobial proteins. The lack of predicted transmembrane domains in all seven Physella acuta PGRP transcripts supports the notion that gastropods do not employ cell-bound PGRP receptors, different from ecdysozoan invertebrates yet similar to mammals (vertebrate deuterostomes). The well-documented sequence diversification by Biomphalaria glabrata FREPs (immune lectins comprising immunoglobulin superfamily domains and fibrinogen domains), resulting from somatic mutations of a large FREP gene family is hypothesized to be unique to Planorbidae; Physella acuta revealed just two bonafide FREP genes and these were not diversified. Furthermore, the flatworm parasite Echinostoma paraensei, confirmed here to infect both snail species, did not evoke from Physella acuta the abundant expression of FREP proteins at 2, 4 and 8 days post exposure that was previously observed from Biomphalaria glabrata. The Physella acuta reference transcriptome also revealed 24 unique transcripts encoding proteins consisting of a single fibrinogen-related domain (FReDs), with a short N-terminal sequence encoding either a signal peptide, transmembrane domain or no predicted features. The Physella acuta FReDs are candidate immune genes based on implication of similar sequences in immunity of bivalve molluscs. Overall, comparative analysis of snails of sister families elucidated the potential for taxon-specific immune features and investigation of strategically selected species will provide a more comprehensive view of gastropod immunity.
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Shen D, Wang L, Ji J, Liu Q, An C. Identification and Characterization of C-type Lectins in Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2018; 18:4924850. [PMID: 29718486 PMCID: PMC5842395 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs) are a large family of calcium-dependent carbohydrate-binding proteins. They function primarily in cell adhesion and immunity by recognizing various glycoconjugates. We identified 14 transcripts encoding proteins with one or two CTL domains from the transcriptome from Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée; Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Among them, five (OfCTL-S1 through S5) only contain one CTL domain, the remaining nine (OfIML-1 through 9) have two tandem CTL domains. Five CTL-Ss and six OfIMLs have a signal peptide are likely extracellular while another two OfIMLs might be cytoplasmic. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that OfCTL-Ss had 1:1 orthologs in Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera species, but OfIMLs only clustered with immulectins (IMLs) from Lepidopteran. Structural modeling revealed that the 22 CTL domains adopt a similar double-loop fold consisting of β-sheets and α-helices. The key residues for calcium-dependent or independent binding of specific carbohydrates by CTL domains were predicted with homology modeling. Expression profiles assay showed distinct expression pattern of 14 CTLs: the expression and induction were related to the developmental stages and infected microorganisms. Overall, our work including the gene identification, sequence alignment, phylogenetic analysis, structural modeling, and expression profile assay would provide a valuable basis for the further functional studies of O. furnacalis CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Shen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jiayue Ji
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qizhi Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chunju An
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
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Shakeel M, Xu X, Xu J, Li S, Yu J, Zhou X, Xu X, Hu Q, Yu X, Jin F. Genome-Wide Identification of Destruxin A-Responsive Immunity-Related MicroRNAs in Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella. Front Immunol 2018; 9:185. [PMID: 29472927 PMCID: PMC5809476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plutella xylostella, a global key pest, is one of the major lepidopteran pests of cruciferous vegetables owing to its strong ability of resistance development to a wide range of insecticides. Destruxin A, a mycotoxin of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae, has broad-spectrum insecticidal effects and has been used as an alternative control strategy to reduce harmful effects of insecticides. However, microRNA (miRNA)-regulated reactions against destruxin A have not been elucidated yet. Therefore, here, to identify immunity-related miRNAs, we constructed four small RNA libraries from destruxin A-injected larvae of P. xylostella at three different time courses (2, 4, and 6 h) with a control, and sequenced by Illumina. Our results showed that totally 187 known and 44 novel miRNAs were identified in four libraries by bioinformatic analysis. Interestingly, among differentially expressed known miRNAs, some conserved miRNAs, such as miR-263, miR-279, miR-306, miR-2a, and miR-308, predicted to be involved in regulating immunity-related genes, were also identified. Worthy to mention, miR-306 and miR-279 were also listed as common abundantly expressed miRNA in all treatments. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis also indicated that differentially expressed miRNAs were involved in several immunity-related signaling pathways, including toll signaling pathway, IMD signaling pathway, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, and cell adhesion molecules signaling pathway. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive report of destruxin A-responsive immunity-related miRNAs in P. xylostella. Our findings will improve in understanding the role of destruxin A-responsive miRNAs in the host immune system and would be useful to develop biological control strategies for controlling P. xylostella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shakeel
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Xu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuzhong Li
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jialin Yu
- Beijing Genomic Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | | | | | - Qiongbo Hu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengliang Jin
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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Angleró-Rodríguez YI, MacLeod HJ, Kang S, Carlson JS, Jupatanakul N, Dimopoulos G. Aedes aegypti Molecular Responses to Zika Virus: Modulation of Infection by the Toll and Jak/Stat Immune Pathways and Virus Host Factors. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2050. [PMID: 29109710 PMCID: PMC5660061 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika (ZIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) are transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes. However, the molecular interactions between the vector and ZIKV remain largely unexplored. In this work, we further investigated the tropism of ZIKV in two different Aedes aegypti strains and show that the virus infection kinetics, tissue migration, and susceptibility to infection differ between mosquito strains. We also compare the vector transcriptome changes upon ZIKV or DENV infection demonstrating that 40% of the mosquito's midgut infection-responsive transcriptome is virus-specific at 7 days after virus ingestion. Regulated genes included key factors of the mosquito's anti-viral immunity. Comparison of the ZIKV and DENV infection-responsive transcriptome data to those available for yellow fever virus and West Nile virus identified 26 genes likely to play key roles in virus infection of Aedes mosquitoes. Through reverse genetic analyses, we show that the Toll and the Jak/Stat innate immune pathways mediate increased resistance to ZIKV infection, and the conserved DENV host factors vATPase and inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase are also utilized for ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesseinia I Angleró-Rodríguez
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hannah J MacLeod
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Seokyoung Kang
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jenny S Carlson
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Natapong Jupatanakul
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Shakeel M, Xu X, Xu J, Zhu X, Li S, Zhou X, Yu J, Xu X, Hu Q, Yu X, Jin F. Identification of immunity-related genes in Plutella xylostella in response to fungal peptide destruxin A: RNA-Seq and DGE analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10966. [PMID: 28887550 PMCID: PMC5591186 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plutella xylostella has become the major lepidopteran pest of Brassica owing to its strong ability of resistance development to a wide range of insecticides. Destruxin A, a mycotoxin of entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae, has broad-spectrum insecticidal effects. However, the interaction mechanism of destruxin A with the immune system of P. xylostella at genomic level is still not well understood. Here, we identified 129 immunity-related genes, including pattern recognition receptors, signal modulators, few members of main immune pathways (Toll, Imd, and JAK/STAT), and immune effectors in P. xylostella in response to destruxin A at three different time courses (2 h, 4 h, and 6 h). It is worthy to mention that the immunity-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis exhibited 30, 78, and 72 up-regulated and 17, 13, and 6 down-regulated genes in P. xylostella after destruxin A injection at 2 h, 4 h, and 6 h, respectively, compared to control. Interestingly, our results revealed that the expression of antimicrobial peptides that play a vital role in insect immune system was up-regulated after the injection of destruxin A. Our findings provide a detailed information on immunity-related DEGs and reveal the potential of P. xylostella to limit the infection of fungal peptide destruxin A by increasing the activity of antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shakeel
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Xu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jin Xu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuzhong Li
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | - Qiongbo Hu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Fengliang Jin
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
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Yang C, Wang L, Jia Z, Yi Q, Xu Q, Wang W, Gong C, Liu C, Song L. Two short peptidoglycan recognition proteins from Crassostrea gigas with similar structure exhibited different PAMP binding activity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:9-18. [PMID: 28042081 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) is an essential molecule in innate immunity for both invertebrates and vertebrates, owing to its prominent ability in specifically recognizing bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN) and eliminating the invading bacteria. In the present study, the full length cDNA of two PGRP genes, CgPGRPS2 and CgPGRPS4, were cloned from oyster Crassostrea gigas. Their amino acid sequences both contained one signal peptide, one typical PGRP/amidase domain with conserved catalytic residues responsible for amidase activity (55H, 90Y, 164H, 172C in CgPGRPS2, and 98H, 133Y, 207H, 215C in CgPGRPS4), and specific PGN recognition (84R, 85W, 104R, 109V in CgPGRPS2, and 127G, 128W, 147R, 152V in CgPGRPS4), and they shared 55.9% sequence similarity. The mRNA transcripts of CgPGRPS2 and CgPGRPS4 were constitutively expressed in all the examined tissues, including haemocytes, hepatopancreas, mantle, gonad, heart, adductor muscle and gill, with the highest expression level in adductor muscle and hepatopancreas, respectively. Both CgPGRPS2 and CgPGRPS4 proteins were mainly localized in the cytoplasma. The recombinant protein of CgPGRPS2 (rCgPGRPS2) could bind lipopolysaccharide (LPS), PGN and mannan (Man), as well as various microorganisms including Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Vibrio anguillarum, Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and fungi Yarrowia lipolytica. The recombinant protein of CgPGRPS4 (rCgPGRPS4) exhibited higher binding affinity to PGN, lower binding affinity to LPS, while no binding activity to Man and Y. lipolytica. The results indicated that CgPGRPS2 and CgPGRPS4 could function as pattern recognition receptors (PRR) in the innate immune response of oyster, and they exhibited a certain degree of functional differentiation in recognition of Man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyan Yang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qilin Yi
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qingsong Xu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Changhao Gong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Conghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China.
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Badaoui B, Fougeroux A, Petit F, Anselmo A, Gorni C, Cucurachi M, Cersini A, Granato A, Cardeti G, Formato G, Mutinelli F, Giuffra E, Williams JL, Botti S. RNA-sequence analysis of gene expression from honeybees (Apis mellifera) infected with Nosema ceranae. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173438. [PMID: 28350872 PMCID: PMC5370102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are constantly subjected to many biotic stressors including parasites. This study examined honeybees infected with Nosema ceranae (N. ceranae). N. ceranae infection increases the bees energy requirements and may contribute to their decreased survival. RNA-seq was used to investigate gene expression at days 5, 10 and 15 Post Infection (P.I) with N. ceranae. The expression levels of genes, isoforms, alternative transcription start sites (TSS) and differential promoter usage revealed a complex pattern of transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation suggesting that bees use a range of tactics to cope with the stress of N. ceranae infection. N. ceranae infection may cause reduced immune function in the bees by: (i)disturbing the host amino acids metabolism (ii) down-regulating expression of antimicrobial peptides (iii) down-regulation of cuticle coatings and (iv) down-regulation of odorant binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouabid Badaoui
- Parco Tecnologico Padano - CERSA, Integrative Biology Group, Lodi, Italy
| | | | | | - Anna Anselmo
- Parco Tecnologico Padano - CERSA, Integrative Biology Group, Lodi, Italy
| | - Chiara Gorni
- Parco Tecnologico Padano - CERSA, Integrative Biology Group, Lodi, Italy
| | - Marco Cucurachi
- Parco Tecnologico Padano - CERSA, Integrative Biology Group, Lodi, Italy
| | - Antonella Cersini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Granato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Giusy Cardeti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Formato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Roma, Italy
| | - Franco Mutinelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giuffra
- Parco Tecnologico Padano - CERSA, Integrative Biology Group, Lodi, Italy
| | - John L. Williams
- Davies Research Centre, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sara Botti
- Parco Tecnologico Padano - CERSA, Integrative Biology Group, Lodi, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Zhu X, Zhang M, Yao F, Yin Y, Zou X, Hou L. Involvement of PGRP-SC2 from Artemia sinica in the innate immune response against bacteria and expression pattern at different developmental stages. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:276-286. [PMID: 27646138 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan-recognition protein-SC2 precursor-like protein (PGRP-SC2) is a vital protein in innate immunity with a vita role in response to bacteria challenge in invertebrates. Here, a 678-bp full-length cDNA of pgrp-sc2 from A. sinica was obtained containing a 558-bp open reading frame encoding 185 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 19.6 kDa. The predicted protein contains a PGRP and an Amidase2 domain, indicating that PGRP-SC2 is a PGRP family member and has N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase activity. The expression and localization of pgrp-sc2/PGRP-SC2 in A.sinica during embryonic development and bacterial challenge were determined by qPCR, WB and ISH. During different A. sinica embryonic development stages, the expression level of pgrp-sc2/PGRP-SC2 was most highly expressed at 0 and 5 h and after challenge by Gram-positive bacteria, it increased with increasing bacterial concentrations, indicating that it plays a vital role in A. sinica early embryonic development and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Mengchen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Feng Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Yuling Yin
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiangyang Zou
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Lin Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China.
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Kaneko T, Golenbock D, Silverman N. Peptidoglycan recognition by the Drosophila Imd pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519050110060201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The structural requirements for recognition of peptidoglycan (PGN) by PGRP-LC and activation of the Drosophila IMD pathway are not yet clear. In order to examine this question more carefully, the activity of peptidoglycan from different types of bacteria was compared in cell-based and whole animal assays. Drosophila S2* cells, but not adult flies, responded to Lys-type Micrococcus luteus PGN, but with significantly less potency compared to Dap-type Escherichia coli PGN, while intact Lys-type PGN from Staphylococcus aureus was inactive. After treatment with lysostaphin, which digests the cross-bridging peptides, S. aureus PGN weakly stimulated the IMD pathway, similar to M. luteus PGN. Further digestion with mutanolysin, which creates monomeric PGN fragments, abolished the activity of S. aureus PGN. On the other hand, monomeric E. coli PGN, generated by mutanolysin digestion, was still active but required different isoforms of PGRP-LC for recognition. Polymeric PGN required only PGRP-LCx, while monomeric E. coli PGN required both the PGRP-LCa and PGRP-LCx isoforms. These results suggest that the recognition by PGRP-LCx alone requires polymeric PGN, and that polymeric Dap-type PGN is a more potent PGRP-LCx agonist, compared to Lys-type PGN. These results also suggest that the heteromeric PGRP-LCa/LCx receptor complex recognizes monomeric Dap-type, but not Lys-type, PGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kaneko
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA, Department of Periodontology, Nagasaki University School of Dentistry, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Douglas Golenbock
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neal Silverman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA,
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44
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Kupper M, Stigloher C, Feldhaar H, Gross R. Distribution of the obligate endosymbiont Blochmannia floridanus and expression analysis of putative immune genes in ovaries of the carpenter ant Camponotus floridanus. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2016; 45:475-487. [PMID: 27664781 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial endosymbiont Blochmannia floridanus of the carpenter ant Camponotus floridanus contributes to its hosts' ontogeny via nutritional upgrading during metamorphosis. This primary endosymbiosis is essential for both partners and vertical transmission of the endosymbionts is guaranteed by bacterial infestation of oocytes. Here we present a detailed analysis of the presence and localisation of B. floridanus in the ants' ovaries obtained by FISH and TEM analyses. The most apical part of the germarium harbouring germ-line stem cells (GSCs) is not infected by the bacteria. The bacteria are detectable for the first time in lower parts of the germarium when cystocytes undergo the 4th and 5th division and B. floridanus infects somatic cells lying under the basal lamina surrounding the ovarioles. With the beginning of cystocyte differentiation, the endosymbionts are exclusively transported from follicle cells into the growing oocytes. This infestation of the oocytes by bacteria very likely involves exocytosis-endocytosis processes between follicle cells and the oocytes. Nurse cells were never found to harbour the endosymbionts. Furthermore we present first gene expression data in C. floridanus ovaries. These data indicate a modulation of immune gene expression which may facilitate tolerance towards the endosymbionts and thus may contribute to their transovarial transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kupper
- Department of Microbiology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Christian Stigloher
- Division of Electron Microscopy, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Heike Feldhaar
- Department of Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Roy Gross
- Department of Microbiology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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45
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Netea MG, Joosten LAB, Latz E, Mills KHG, Natoli G, Stunnenberg HG, O'Neill LAJ, Xavier RJ. Trained immunity: A program of innate immune memory in health and disease. Science 2016; 352:aaf1098. [PMID: 27102489 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1575] [Impact Index Per Article: 196.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The general view that only adaptive immunity can build immunological memory has recently been challenged. In organisms lacking adaptive immunity, as well as in mammals, the innate immune system can mount resistance to reinfection, a phenomenon termed "trained immunity" or "innate immune memory." Trained immunity is orchestrated by epigenetic reprogramming, broadly defined as sustained changes in gene expression and cell physiology that do not involve permanent genetic changes such as mutations and recombination, which are essential for adaptive immunity. The discovery of trained immunity may open the door for novel vaccine approaches, new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of immune deficiency states, and modulation of exaggerated inflammation in autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Bonn University, Bonn, Germany. Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Gioacchino Natoli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Hendrik G Stunnenberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculties of Science and Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Center for Computational and Integrative Biology and Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Bechsgaard J, Vanthournout B, Funch P, Vestbo S, Gibbs RA, Richards S, Sanggaard KW, Enghild JJ, Bilde T. Comparative genomic study of arachnid immune systems indicates loss of beta-1,3-glucanase-related proteins and the immune deficiency pathway. J Evol Biol 2015; 29:277-91. [PMID: 26528622 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Analyses of arthropod genomes have shown that the genes in the different innate humoral immune responses are conserved. These genes encode proteins that are involved in immune signalling pathways that recognize pathogens and activate immune responses. These immune responses include phagocytosis, encapsulation of the pathogen and production of effector molecules for pathogen elimination. So far, most studies have focused on insects leaving other major arthropod groups largely unexplored. Here, we annotate the immune-related genes of six arachnid genomes and present evidence for a conserved pattern of some immune genes, but also evolutionary changes in the arachnid immune system. Specifically, our results suggest that the family of recognition molecules of beta-1,3-glucanase-related proteins (βGRPs) and the genes from the immune deficiency (IMD) signalling pathway have been lost in a common ancestor of arachnids. These findings are consistent with previous work suggesting that the humoral immune effector proteins are constitutively produced in arachnids in contrast to insects, where these have to be induced. Further functional studies are needed to verify this. We further show that the full haemolymph clotting cascade found in the horseshoe crab is retrieved in most arachnid genomes. Tetranychus lacks at least one major component, although it is possible that this cascade could still function through recruitment of a different protein. The gel-forming protein in horseshoe crabs, coagulogen, was not recovered in any of the arachnid genomes; however, it is possible that the arachnid clot consists of a related protein, spätzle, that is present in all of the genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bechsgaard
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - B Vanthournout
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - P Funch
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - S Vestbo
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - R A Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S Richards
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - K W Sanggaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - J J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - T Bilde
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Downregulation of the Musca domestica peptidoglycan recognition protein SC (PGRP-SC) leads to overexpression of antimicrobial peptides and tardy pupation. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:465-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Functions of Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins (Pglyrps) at the Ocular Surface: Bacterial Keratitis in Gene-Targeted Mice Deficient in Pglyrp-2, -3 and -4. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137129. [PMID: 26332373 PMCID: PMC4558058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Functions of antimicrobial peptidoglycan recognition proteins (Pglyrp1-4) at the ocular surface are poorly understood. Earlier, we reported an antibacterial role for Pglyrp-1 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. Here we investigated functions of three other related genes Pglyrp-2, -3 and -4 in a mouse model of P. aeruginosa keratitis. METHODS Wild type (WT) and each of the Pglyrp-null genotypes were challenged with P. aeruginosa keratitis. The eyes were scored in a blinded manner 24 and 48h post infection. Viable bacterial counts and inflammatory factors (IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ, CCL2, IL-6 and IL-10) were measured in whole eye homogenates using cytometric bead arrays. Expressions of Pglyrp-1-4, mouse beta defensins (mBD)-2,-3, cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) were determined by qRTPCR in total RNA extracts of uninfected and infected eyes of WT and each of the Pglyrp-null mouse types. RESULTS The Pglyrp-2-/- mice showed reduced disease and lower induction of pro-inflammatory TNF-α (p = 0.02) than WT or the other Pglyrp null mice. Viable bacterial yield was significantly lower in the Pglyrp-2-/- (p = 0.0007) and the Pglyrp-4-/- (p = 0.098) mice. With regards to expression of these antimicrobial genes, Pglyrp-2 expression was induced after infection in WT mice. Pglyrp-3 expression was low before and after infection in WT mice, while Pglyrp-4 expression was slightly elevated after infection in WT, Pglyrp-2 and -3 null mice. Pglyrp-1 expression was slightly elevated after infection in all genotypes without statistical significance. Transcripts for antimicrobial peptides mBD2, mBD3 and CRAMP were elevated in infected Pglyrp-2-/- males without statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Efficient resolution of keratitis in the Pglyrp-2-/- mice may be due to a reduced pro-inflammatory microenvironment and synergistic antibacterial activities of defensins, CRAMP and Pglyrp-1. Therefore, in ocular infections the pro-inflammatory functions of Pglyrp-2 must be regulated to benefit the host.
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Meng Q, Yu HY, Zhang H, Zhu W, Wang ML, Zhang JH, Zhou GL, Li X, Qin QL, Hu SN, Zou Z. Transcriptomic insight into the immune defenses in the ghost moth, Hepialus xiaojinensis, during an Ophiocordyceps sinensis fungal infection. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 64:1-15. [PMID: 26165779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepialus xiaojinensis is an economically important species of Lepidopteran insect. The fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis can infect its larvae, which leads to mummification after 5-12 months, providing a valuable system with which to study interactions between the insect hosts and pathogenic fungi. However, little sequence information is available for this insect. A time-course analysis of the fat body transcriptome was performed to explore the host immune response to O. sinensis infection. In total, 50,164 unigenes were obtained by assembling the reads from two high-throughput approaches: 454 pyrosequencing and Illumina Hiseq2000. Hierarchical clustering and functional examination revealed four major gene clusters. Clusters 1-3 included transcripts markedly induced by the fungal infection within 72 h. Cluster 4, with a lower number of transcripts, was suppressed during the early phase of infection but returned to normal expression levels sometime before 1 year. Based on sequence similarity to orthologs known to participate in immune defenses, 258 candidate immunity-related transcripts were identified, and their functions were hypothesized. The genes were more primitive than those in other Lepidopteran insects. In addition, lineage-specific family expansion of the clip-domain serine proteases and C-type lectins were apparent and likely caused by selection pressures. Global expression profiles of immunity-related genes indicated that H. xiaojinensis was capable of a rapid response to an O. sinensis challenge; however, the larvae developed tolerance to the fungus after prolonged infection, probably due to immune suppression. Specifically, antimicrobial peptide mRNAs could not be detected after chronic infection, because key components of the Toll pathway (MyD88, Pelle and Cactus) were downregulated. Taken together, this study provides insights into the defense system of H. xiaojinensis, and a basis for understanding the molecular aspects of the interaction between the host and the entomopathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hai-Ying Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meng-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ji-Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gui-Ling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qi-Lian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Song-Nian Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.
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Suppression of intestinal immunity through silencing of TCTP by RNAi in transgenic silkworm, Bombyx mori. Gene 2015; 574:82-7. [PMID: 26302749 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal immune response is a front line of host defense. The host factors that participate in intestinal immunity response remain largely unknown. We recently reported that Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (BmTCTP) was obtained by constructing a phage display cDNA library of the silkworm midgut and carrying out high throughput screening of pathogen binding molecules. To further address the function of BmTCTP in silkworm intestinal immunity, transgenic RNAi silkworms were constructed by microinjection piggBac plasmid to Dazao embryos. The antimicrobial capacity of transgenic silkworm decreased since the expression of gut antimicrobial peptide from transgenic silkworm was not sufficiently induced during oral microbial challenge. Moreover, dynamic ERK phosphorylation from transgenic silkworm midgut was disrupted. Taken together, the innate immunity of intestinal was suppressed through disruption of dynamic ERK phosphorylation after oral microbial infection as a result of RNAi-mediated knockdown of midgut TCTP in transgenic silkworm.
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