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Liu BM, Rakhmanina NY, Yang Z, Bukrinsky MI. Mpox (Monkeypox) Virus and Its Co-Infection with HIV, Sexually Transmitted Infections, or Bacterial Superinfections: Double Whammy or a New Prime Culprit? Viruses 2024; 16:784. [PMID: 38793665 PMCID: PMC11125633 DOI: 10.3390/v16050784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have established that mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) outbreaks worldwide in 2022-2023, due to Clade IIb mpox virus (MPXV), disproportionately affected gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. More than 35% and 40% of the mpox cases suffer from co-infection with HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (e.g., Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum, and herpes simplex virus), respectively. Bacterial superinfection can also occur. Co-infection of MPXV and other infectious agents may enhance disease severity, deteriorate outcomes, elongate the recovery process, and potentially contribute to the morbidity and mortality of the ensuing diseases. However, the interplays between MPXV and HIV, bacteria, other STI pathogens and host cells are poorly studied. There are many open questions regarding the impact of co-infections with HIV, STIs, or bacterial superinfections on the diagnosis and treatment of MPXV infections, including clinical and laboratory-confirmed mpox diagnosis, suboptimal treatment effectiveness, and induction of antiviral drug resistance. In this review article, we will discuss the progress and knowledge gaps in MPXV biology, antiviral therapy, pathogenesis of human MPXV and its co-infection with HIV, STIs, or bacterial superinfections, and the impact of the co-infections on the diagnosis and treatment of mpox disease. This review not only sheds light on the MPXV infection and co-infection of other etiologies but also calls for more research on MPXV life cycles and the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of co-infection of MPXV and other infectious agents, as well as research and development of a novel multiplex molecular testing panel for the detection of MPXV and other STI co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Liu
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20010, USA;
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA;
- Children’s National Research Institute, Washington, DC 20012, USA
- The District of Columbia Center for AIDS Research, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Natella Y. Rakhmanina
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20010, USA;
- The District of Columbia Center for AIDS Research, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
- Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | - Zhilong Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Michael I. Bukrinsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA;
- The District of Columbia Center for AIDS Research, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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Tsuda H, Keslar KS, Baldwin WM, Heeger PS, Valujskikh A, Fairchild RL. p40 homodimers bridge ischemic tissue inflammation and heterologous alloimmunity in mice via IL-15 transpresentation. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e172760. [PMID: 38271093 PMCID: PMC10940089 DOI: 10.1172/jci172760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced memory T cells often express functional cross-reactivity, or heterologous immunity, to other viruses and to allogeneic MHC molecules that is an important component of pathogenic responses to allogeneic transplants. During immune responses, antigen-reactive naive and central memory T cells proliferate in secondary lymphoid organs to achieve sufficient cell numbers to effectively respond, whereas effector memory T cell proliferation occurs directly within the peripheral inflammatory microenvironment. Mechanisms driving heterologous memory T cell proliferation and effector function expression within peripheral tissues remain poorly understood. Here, we dissected proliferation of heterologous donor-reactive memory CD8+ T cells and their effector functions following infiltration into heart allografts with low or high intensities of ischemic inflammation. Proliferation within both ischemic conditions required p40 homodimer-induced IL-15 transpresentation by graft DCs, but expression of effector functions mediating acute allograft injury occurred only in high-ischemic allografts. Transcriptional responses of heterologous donor-reactive memory CD8+ T cells were distinct from donor antigen-primed memory CD8+ T cells during early activation in allografts and at graft rejection. Overall, the results provide insights into mechanisms driving heterologous effector memory CD8+ T cell proliferation and the separation between proliferation and effector function that is dependent on the intensity of inflammation within the tissue microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Tsuda
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Transplant Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Karen S. Keslar
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Transplant Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - William M. Baldwin
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Transplant Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Peter S. Heeger
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anna Valujskikh
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Transplant Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert L. Fairchild
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Transplant Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Li M, Yang L, Wang C, Cui M, Wen Z, Liao Z, Han Z, Zhao Y, Lang B, Chen H, Qian J, Shu Y, Zeng X, Sun C. Rapid Induction of Long-Lasting Systemic and Mucosal Immunity via Thermostable Microneedle-Mediated Chitosan Oligosaccharide-Encapsulated DNA Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24200-24217. [PMID: 37991848 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Most existing vaccines, delivered by intramuscular injection (IM), are typically associated with stringent storage requirements under cold-chain distribution and professional administration by medical personnel and often result in the induction of weak mucosal immunity. In this context, we reported a microneedle (MN) patch to deliver chitosan oligosaccharide (COS)-encapsulated DNA vaccines (DNA@COS) encoding spike and nucleocapsid proteins of SARS-CoV-2 as a vaccination technology. Compared with IM immunization, intradermal administration via the MN-mediated DNA vaccine effectively induces a comparable level of neutralizing antibody against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Surprisingly, we found that MN-mediated intradermal immunization elicited superior systemic and mucosal T cell immunity with enhanced magnitude, polyfunctionality, and persistence. Importantly, the DNA@COS nanoparticle vaccine loaded in an MN patch can be stored at room temperature for at least 1 month without a significant decrease of its immunogenicity. Mechanically, our strategy enhanced dendritic cell maturation and antiviral immunity by activating the cGAS-STING-mediated IFN signaling pathway. In conclusion, this work provides valuable insights for the rapid development of an easy-to-administer and thermostable technology for mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchao Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University; Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University; Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Mingting Cui
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University; Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Ziyu Wen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University; Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Zhiheng Liao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University; Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Zirong Han
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University; Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yangguo Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University; Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Bing Lang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University; Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Hongzhong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Jun Qian
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University; Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University; Shenzhen, 518107, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (MOE), State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102629, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Caijun Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University; Shenzhen, 518107, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen university), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 514400, China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong 518107, China
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Kahler D, Curtis H, Zhao H, Diamond A, Di Carlo A, Karhadkar S. Deciphering the True Immunologic Risk in Renal Transplantation in Patients With HIV. Transplant Proc 2023; 55:2392-2397. [PMID: 37932184 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2023.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Since 1995, rates of end-stage renal disease have risen dramatically in patients living with HIV infection. However, given the concern for higher rates of acute rejection in this patient population, the immunologic threat posed by HIV infection is a specter clinicians must continually confront. Living donor transplantation may negate this risk; this study aims to assess the benefit of living donor transplantation in this population and to ascertain the immunologic risk faced by patients who are HIV-infected. The 2021 UNOS database was queried, and all HIV-infected kidney transplant recipients since 1987 were identified. Recipients were stratified based on deceased (DDKT) vs living (LDKT) donor status. Overall survival, allograft survival, acute rejection, panel reactive antibody (PRA) percentage, and crossmatch positivity were compared between groups. One thousand two hundred twenty-six patients underwent DDKT, and 304 patients underwent LDKT. Living donor kidney transplantation demonstrated greater overall survival (P = .045) and graft survival (P < .001). However, no difference in acute rejection was noted between the cohorts, and no difference in overall or graft survival was evident based on PRA percentage. Crossmatch positive status did not negatively affect graft survival. Patients with HIV undergoing LDKT fared better than those undergoing DDKT. Nevertheless, patients at higher immunologic risk-elevated PRA% and crossmatch positivity-did not experience graft loss at a higher rate than patients at lower immunologic risk. These results were valid in both DDKT and LDKT cohorts. These findings suggest that infection with HIV does not overtly increase patients' immunologic risk, and concerns surrounding transplantation in this population may be overestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Kahler
- Department of Surgery, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Houston Curtis
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Huaqing Zhao
- Center for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Education and Data Science, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Adam Diamond
- Department of Pharmacy, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Antonio Di Carlo
- Division of Abdominal Organ Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sunil Karhadkar
- Division of Abdominal Organ Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA.
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Elzagallaai AA, Rieder MJ. Novel insights into molecular and cellular aspects of delayed drug hypersensitivity reactions. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2023; 16:1187-1199. [PMID: 38018416 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2023.2289543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Delayed drug hypersensitivity reactions (DDHRs) represent a major health problem. They are unpredictable and can cause life-long disability or even death. The pathophysiology of DDHRs is complicated, multifactorial, and not well understood mainly due to the lack of validated animal models or in vitro systems. The role of the immune system is well demonstrated but its exact pathophysiology still a matter of debate. AREA COVERED This review summarizes the current understanding of DDHRs pathophysiology and abridges the available new evidence supporting each hypothesis. A comprehensive literature search for relevant publications was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Medline databases with no date restrictions and focusing on the most recent 10 years. EXPERT OPINION Although multiple milestones have been achieved in our understanding of DDHRs pathophysiology as a result of the development of useful experimental models, many questions are yet to be fully answered. A deeper understanding of the mechanistic basis of DDHRs would not only facilitate the development of robust and reliable diagnostic assays for diagnosis, but would also inform therapy by providing specific target(s) for immunomodulation and potentially permit pre-therapeutic risk assessment to pursue the common goal of safe and effective drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelbaset A Elzagallaai
- Department of Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J Rieder
- Department of Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics and Physiology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Zareie P, La Gruta NL. Thanks for the memories: Low-avidity T cells shine against escape variants. Immunity 2023; 56:1160-1162. [PMID: 37315530 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
T cell responses against foreign antigens are clonally diverse, but the significance of this diversity is unclear. In this issue of Immunity, Straub et al.1 show that recruitment of low-avidity T cells during primary infection can provide protection against subsequent encounter with escape variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirooz Zareie
- Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicole L La Gruta
- Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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7
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Akoolo L, Rocha SC, Parveen N. Protozoan co-infections and parasite influence on the efficacy of vaccines against bacterial and viral pathogens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1020029. [PMID: 36504775 PMCID: PMC9732444 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of protozoan pathogens either transmitted by vectors (Plasmodium, Babesia, Leishmania and Trypanosoma), by contaminated food or water (Entamoeba and Giardia), or by sexual contact (Trichomonas) invade various organs in the body and cause prominent human diseases, such as malaria, babesiosis, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, diarrhea, and trichomoniasis. Humans are frequently exposed to multiple pathogens simultaneously, or sequentially in the high-incidence regions to result in co-infections. Consequently, synergistic or antagonistic pathogenic effects could occur between microbes that also influences overall host responses and severity of diseases. The co-infecting organisms can also follow independent trajectory. In either case, co-infections change host and pathogen metabolic microenvironments, compromise the host immune status, and affect microbial pathogenicity to influence tissue colonization. Immunomodulation by protozoa often adversely affects cellular and humoral immune responses against co-infecting bacterial pathogens and promotes bacterial persistence, and result in more severe disease symptoms. Although co-infections by protozoa and viruses also occur in humans, extensive studies are not yet conducted probably because of limited animal model systems available that can be used for both groups of pathogens. Immunosuppressive effects of protozoan infections can also attenuate vaccines efficacy, weaken immunological memory development, and thus attenuate protection against co-infecting pathogens. Due to increasing occurrence of parasitic infections, roles of acute to chronic protozoan infection on immunological changes need extensive investigations to improve understanding of the mechanistic details of specific immune responses alteration. In fact, this phenomenon should be seriously considered as one cause of breakthrough infections after vaccination against both bacterial and viral pathogens, and for the emergence of drug-resistant bacterial strains. Such studies would facilitate development and implementation of effective vaccination and treatment regimens to prevent or significantly reduce breakthrough infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavoisier Akoolo
- Biorepository and Tissue Research Facility, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Sandra C. Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Nikhat Parveen
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States,*Correspondence: Nikhat Parveen,
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Alum-anchored intratumoral retention improves the tolerability and antitumor efficacy of type I interferon therapies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205983119. [PMID: 36037341 PMCID: PMC9457244 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205983119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective antitumor immunity in mice requires activation of the type I interferon (IFN) response pathway. IFNα and IFNβ therapies have proven promising in humans, but suffer from limited efficacy and high toxicity. Intratumoral IFN retention ameliorates systemic toxicity, but given the complexity of IFN signaling, it was unclear whether long-term intratumoral retention of type I IFNs would promote or inhibit antitumor responses. To this end, we compared the efficacy of IFNα and IFNβ that exhibit either brief or sustained retention after intratumoral injection in syngeneic mouse tumor models. Significant enhancement in tumor retention, mediated by anchoring these IFNs to coinjected aluminum-hydroxide (alum) particles, greatly improved both their tolerability and efficacy. The improved efficacy of alum-anchored IFNs could be attributed to sustained pleiotropic effects on tumor cells, immune cells, and nonhematopoietic cells. Alum-anchored IFNs achieved high cure rates of B16F10 tumors upon combination with either anti-PD-1 antibody or interleukin-2. Interestingly however, these alternative combination immunotherapies yielded disparate T cell phenotypes and differential resistance to tumor rechallenge, highlighting important distinctions in adaptive memory formation for combinations of type I IFNs with other immunotherapies.
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9
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Zhou P, Hu Y, Wang X, Shen L, Liao X, Zhu Y, Yu J, Zhao F, Zhou Y, Shen H, Li J. Microbiome in cancer: An exploration of carcinogenesis, immune responses and immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:877939. [PMID: 36003378 PMCID: PMC9393638 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.877939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major disease endangering human health. More and more studies have shown that microorganisms play an extremely important role in the occurrence, development and treatment of tumors. As a very promising tumor treatment strategy, immunotherapy has also been proved to have a great relationship with microorganisms. Here, the authors review the contribution of the microbiota to cancer and the research on its impact on cancer immunotherapy. We also highlight the possible mechanism of their interaction and outlined the potential application of microbiota in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yawen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luxuan Shen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinghao Liao
- Department of Medical Examination, Chengdu Seventh People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yajuan Zhu
- Department of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiadong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fulei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Medical Examination, Chengdu Seventh People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengshui Shen
- Sichuan Aupone Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jiong Li,
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Seo SU, Seong BL. Prospects on Repurposing a Live Attenuated Vaccine for the Control of Unrelated Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:877845. [PMID: 35651619 PMCID: PMC9149153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.877845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Live vaccines use attenuated microbes to acquire immunity against pathogens in a safe way. As live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) still maintain infectivity, the vaccination stimulates diverse immune responses by mimicking natural infection. Induction of pathogen-specific antibodies or cell-mediated cytotoxicity provides means of specific protection, but LAV can also elicit unintended off-target effects, termed non-specific effects. Such mechanisms as short-lived genetic interference and non-specific innate immune response or long-lasting trained immunity and heterologous immunity allow LAVs to develop resistance to subsequent microbial infections. Based on their safety and potential for interference, LAVs may be considered as an alternative for immediate mitigation and control of unexpected pandemic outbreaks before pathogen-specific therapeutic and prophylactic measures are deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Uk Seo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Vaccine Innovative Technology ALliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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11
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Habal MV. Current Desensitization Strategies in Heart Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:702186. [PMID: 34504489 PMCID: PMC8423343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart transplant candidates sensitized to HLA antigens wait longer for transplant, are at increased risk of dying while waiting, and may not be listed at all. The increasing prevalence of HLA sensitization and limitations of current desensitization strategies underscore the urgent need for a more effective approach. In addition to pregnancy, prior transplant, and transfusions, patients with end-stage heart failure are burdened with unique factors placing them at risk for HLA sensitization. These include homograft material used for congenital heart disease repair and left ventricular assist devices (LVADs). Moreover, these risks are often stacked, forming a seemingly insurmountable barrier in some cases. While desensitization protocols are typically implemented uniformly, irrespective of the mode of sensitization, the heterogeneity in success and post-transplant outcomes argues for a more tailored approach. Achieving this will require progress in our understanding of the immunobiology underlying the innate and adaptive immune response to these varied allosensitizing exposures. Further attention to B cell activation, memory, and plasma cell differentiation is required to establish methods that durably abrogate the anti-HLA antibody response before and after transplant. The contribution of non-HLA antibodies to the net state of sensitization and the potential implications for graft longevity also remain to be comprehensively defined. The aim of this review is to first bring forth select issues unique to the sensitized heart transplant candidate. The current literature on desensitization in heart transplantation will then be summarized providing context within the immune response. Building on this, newer approaches with therapeutic potential will be discussed emphasizing the importance of not only addressing the short-term pathogenic consequences of circulating HLA antibodies, but also the need to modulate alloimmune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena V. Habal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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12
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Pre-existing T Cell Memory against Zika Virus. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.00132-21. [PMID: 33789994 PMCID: PMC8316092 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00132-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mosquito-borne Zika virus (ZIKV) has spread rapidly into regions where dengue virus (DENV) is endemic, and flavivirus cross-reactive T cell responses have been observed repeatedly in animal models and in humans. Preexisting cellular immunity to DENV is thought to contribute to protection in subsequent ZIKV infection, but the epitope targets of cross-reactive T cell responses have not been comprehensively identified. Using human blood samples from the regions of Nicaragua and Sri Lanka where DENV is endemic that were collected before the global spread of ZIKV in 2016, we employed an in vitro expansion strategy to map ZIKV T cell epitopes in ZIKV-unexposed, DENV-seropositive donors. We identified 93 epitopes across the ZIKV proteome, and we observed patterns of immunodominance that were dependent on antigen size and sequence identity to DENV. We confirmed the immunogenicity of these epitopes through a computational HLA binding analysis, and we showed that cross-reactive T cells specifically recognize ZIKV peptides homologous to DENV sequences. We also found that these CD4 responses were derived from the memory T cell compartment. These data have implications for understanding the dynamics of flavivirus-specific T cell immunity in areas of endemicity. IMPORTANCE Multiple flaviviruses, including Zika virus (ZIKV) and the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV), are prevalent in the same large tropical and equatorial areas, which are inhabited by hundreds of millions of people. The interplay of DENV and ZIKV infection is especially relevant, as these two viruses are endemic in largely overlapping regions, have significant sequence similarity, and share the same arthropod vector. Here, we define the targets of preexisting immunity to ZIKV in unexposed subjects in areas where dengue is endemic. We demonstrate that preexisting immunity to DENV could shape ZIKV-specific responses, and DENV-ZIKV cross-reactive T cell populations can be expanded by stimulation with ZIKV peptides. The issue of potential ZIKV and DENV cross-reactivity is of relevance for understanding patterns of natural immunity, as well as for the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines.
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13
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Doberne JW, Jawitz OK, Raman V, Bryner BS, Schroder JN, Milano CA. Heart Transplantation Survival Outcomes of HIV Positive and Negative Recipients. Ann Thorac Surg 2021; 111:1465-1471. [PMID: 32946847 PMCID: PMC9874795 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.06.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the era of antiretroviral therapy, HIV-positive patients have reduced mortality from HIV infection and increased morbidity from end-stage heart failure. The number of HIV-positive heart transplantation recipients remains scant. Long-term survival has not been rigorously studied. We compared survival outcomes of heart transplantation in HIV-positive recipients with those of HIV-negative recipients. METHODS Clinical data from all adult heart transplantations were extracted from the United Network for Organ Sharing dataset. The impact of recipient HIV status was analyzed with Cox proportional hazards modeling, 1:3 propensity score matching, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS Seventy-five HIV-positive recipients and 29,848 HIV-negative recipients were identified. Race distributions differed between the recipient groups, with black patients comprising a larger proportion of the HIV-positive recipient group (46.7% vs 20.9%, P < .001). The mean year of transplant was significantly later in the HIV-positive recipient group. The rate of acute rejection in the HIV-positive group was higher than in the HIV-negative group (38.7% vs 17.7%, P < .001), as was rate of antirejection treatment administration such as intravenous immunoglobulin or plasmapheresis (26.7% vs 10.4%, P < .001). There was no difference in 30-day, 1-year, and 5-year survival of HIV-positive recipients vs HIV-negative recipients. Recipient HIV infection was not a significant covariate in predicting survival in a Cox proportional hazards model. CONCLUSIONS Short-term and moderate-term survival after heart transplantation is similar for HIV-positive recipients and HIV-negative recipients, although data are very limited. This finding suggests that HIV-positive recipients should not be excluded from transplant candidacy solely based on HIV serostatus.
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Avery EG, Bartolomaeus H, Maifeld A, Marko L, Wiig H, Wilck N, Rosshart SP, Forslund SK, Müller DN. The Gut Microbiome in Hypertension: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Circ Res 2021; 128:934-950. [PMID: 33793332 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.318065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of hypertension is known to involve a diverse range of contributing factors including genetic, environmental, hormonal, hemodynamic and inflammatory forces, to name a few. There is mounting evidence to suggest that the gut microbiome plays an important role in the development and pathogenesis of hypertension. The gastrointestinal tract, which houses the largest compartment of immune cells in the body, represents the intersection of the environment and the host. Accordingly, lifestyle factors shape and are modulated by the microbiome, modifying the risk for hypertensive disease. One well-studied example is the consumption of dietary fibers, which leads to the production of short-chain fatty acids and can contribute to the expansion of anti-inflammatory immune cells, consequently protecting against the progression of hypertension. Dietary interventions such as fasting have also been shown to impact hypertension via the microbiome. Studying the microbiome in hypertensive disease presents a variety of unique challenges to the use of traditional model systems. Integrating microbiome considerations into preclinical research is crucial, and novel strategies to account for reciprocal host-microbiome interactions, such as the wildling mouse model, may provide new opportunities for translation. The intricacies of the role of the microbiome in hypertensive disease is a matter of ongoing research, and there are several technical considerations which should be accounted for moving forward. In this review we provide insights into the host-microbiome interaction and summarize the evidence of its importance in the regulation of blood pressure. Additionally, we provide recommendations for ongoing and future research, such that important insights from the microbiome field at large can be readily integrated in the context of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen G Avery
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (E.G.A.,H.B.,A.M.,L.M.,N.W.,S.K.F.,D.N.M.).,For Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (E.G.A.,H.B., N.W., S.K.F., D.N.M.).,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany (E.G.A., H.B., A.M., L.M., N.W., S.K.F., D.N.M.).,Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Berlin, Germany (E.G.A.)
| | - Hendrik Bartolomaeus
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (E.G.A.,H.B.,A.M.,L.M.,N.W.,S.K.F.,D.N.M.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.B., A.M., L.M., N.W., S.K.F., D.N.M.).,For Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (E.G.A.,H.B., N.W., S.K.F., D.N.M.).,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany (E.G.A., H.B., A.M., L.M., N.W., S.K.F., D.N.M.)
| | - Andras Maifeld
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (E.G.A.,H.B.,A.M.,L.M.,N.W.,S.K.F.,D.N.M.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.B., A.M., L.M., N.W., S.K.F., D.N.M.).,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany (E.G.A., H.B., A.M., L.M., N.W., S.K.F., D.N.M.)
| | - Lajos Marko
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (E.G.A.,H.B.,A.M.,L.M.,N.W.,S.K.F.,D.N.M.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.B., A.M., L.M., N.W., S.K.F., D.N.M.).,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany (E.G.A., H.B., A.M., L.M., N.W., S.K.F., D.N.M.)
| | - Helge Wiig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway (H.W.)
| | - Nicola Wilck
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (E.G.A.,H.B.,A.M.,L.M.,N.W.,S.K.F.,D.N.M.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.B., A.M., L.M., N.W., S.K.F., D.N.M.).,For Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (E.G.A.,H.B., N.W., S.K.F., D.N.M.).,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany (E.G.A., H.B., A.M., L.M., N.W., S.K.F., D.N.M.).,For Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (N.W.)
| | - Stephan P Rosshart
- Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Department of Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases, Freiburg, Germany (S.P.R.)
| | - Sofia K Forslund
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (E.G.A.,H.B.,A.M.,L.M.,N.W.,S.K.F.,D.N.M.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.B., A.M., L.M., N.W., S.K.F., D.N.M.).,For Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (E.G.A.,H.B., N.W., S.K.F., D.N.M.).,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany (E.G.A., H.B., A.M., L.M., N.W., S.K.F., D.N.M.)
| | - Dominik N Müller
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (E.G.A.,H.B.,A.M.,L.M.,N.W.,S.K.F.,D.N.M.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.B., A.M., L.M., N.W., S.K.F., D.N.M.).,For Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (E.G.A.,H.B., N.W., S.K.F., D.N.M.).,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany (E.G.A., H.B., A.M., L.M., N.W., S.K.F., D.N.M.)
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Bonifacius A, Tischer-Zimmermann S, Dragon AC, Gussarow D, Vogel A, Krettek U, Gödecke N, Yilmaz M, Kraft ARM, Hoeper MM, Pink I, Schmidt JJ, Li Y, Welte T, Maecker-Kolhoff B, Martens J, Berger MM, Lobenwein C, Stankov MV, Cornberg M, David S, Behrens GMN, Witzke O, Blasczyk R, Eiz-Vesper B. COVID-19 immune signatures reveal stable antiviral T cell function despite declining humoral responses. Immunity 2021; 54:340-354.e6. [PMID: 33567252 PMCID: PMC7871825 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellular and humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is critical to control primary infection and correlates with severity of disease. The role of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity, its relationship to antibodies, and pre-existing immunity against endemic coronaviruses (huCoV), which has been hypothesized to be protective, were investigated in 82 healthy donors (HDs), 204 recovered (RCs), and 92 active COVID-19 patients (ACs). ACs had high amounts of anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and spike IgG but lymphopenia and overall reduced antiviral T cell responses due to the inflammatory milieu, expression of inhibitory molecules (PD-1, Tim-3) as well as effector caspase-3, -7, and -8 activity in T cells. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity conferred by polyfunctional, mainly interferon-γ-secreting CD4+ T cells remained stable throughout convalescence, whereas humoral responses declined. Immune responses toward huCoV in RCs with mild disease and strong cellular SARS-CoV-2 T cell reactivity imply a protective role of pre-existing immunity against huCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Bonifacius
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabine Tischer-Zimmermann
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna C Dragon
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel Gussarow
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Vogel
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Krettek
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nina Gödecke
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Anke R M Kraft
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany; Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Marius M Hoeper
- Department of Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabell Pink
- Department of Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Julius J Schmidt
- Department of Kidney and Hypertension Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yang Li
- Department Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Britta Maecker-Kolhoff
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörg Martens
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Moritz Berger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Corinna Lobenwein
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Metodi V Stankov
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Cornberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany; Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Sascha David
- Department of Kidney and Hypertension Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georg M N Behrens
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany; Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Rainer Blasczyk
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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16
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Gill RG, Burrack AL. Diverse Routes of Allograft Tolerance Disruption by Memory T Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:580483. [PMID: 33117387 PMCID: PMC7578217 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.580483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory T lymphocytes constitute a significant problem in tissue and organ transplantation due their contribution to early rejection and their relative resistance to tolerance-promoting therapies. Memory cells generated by environmental antigen exposure, as with T cells in general, harbor a high frequency of T cell receptors (TCR) spontaneously cross-reacting with allogeneic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. This phenomenon, known as ‘heterologous’ immunity, is thought to be a key barrier to transplant tolerance induction since such memory cells can potentially react directly with essentially any prospective allograft. In this review, we describe two additional concepts that expand this commonly held view of how memory cells contribute to transplant immunity and tolerance disruption. Firstly, autoimmunity is an additional response that can comprise an endogenously generated form of heterologous alloimmunity. However, unlike heterologous immunity generated as a byproduct of indiscriminate antigen sensitization, autoimmunity can generate T cells that have the unusual potential to interact with the graft either through the recognition of graft-bearing autoantigens or by their cross-reactive (heterologous) alloimmune specificity to MHC molecules. Moreover, we describe an additional pathway, independent of significant heterologous immunity, whereby immune memory to vaccine- or pathogen-induced antigens also may impair tolerance induction. This latter form of immune recognition indirectly disrupts tolerance by the licensing of naïve alloreactive T cells by vaccine/pathogen directed memory cells recognizing the same antigen-presenting cell in vivo. Thus, there appear to be recognition pathways beyond typical heterologous immunity through which memory T cells can directly or indirectly impact allograft immunity and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald G Gill
- Departments of Surgery and Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Adam L Burrack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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17
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Sequential immunization induces strong and broad immunity against all four dengue virus serotypes. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:68. [PMID: 32728482 PMCID: PMC7382454 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in dengue vaccine development is the need to induce immunity against four dengue (DENV) serotypes. Dengvaxia®, the only licensed dengue vaccine, consists of four variant dengue antigens, one for each serotype. Three doses of immunization with the tetravalent vaccine induced only suboptimal protection against DENV1 and DENV2. Furthermore, vaccination paradoxically and adversely primes dengue naïve subjects to more severe dengue. Here, we have tested whether sequential immunization induces stronger and broader immunity against four DENV serotypes than tetravalent-formulated immunization. Mice were immunized with four DNA plasmids, each encoding the pre-membrane and envelope from one DENV serotype, either sequentially or simultaneously. The sequential immunization induced significantly higher levels of interferon (IFN)γ- or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α-expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to both serotype-specific and conserved epitopes than tetravalent immunization. Moreover, sequential immunization induced higher levels of neutralizing antibodies to all four DENV serotypes than tetravalent vaccination. Consistently, sequential immunization resulted in more diversified immunoglobulin repertoire, including increased complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) length and more robust germinal center reactions. These results show that sequential immunization offers a simple approach to potentially overcome the current challenges encountered with tetravalent-formulated dengue vaccines.
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18
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Abstract
: With current antiretroviral therapy, the lifespan of newly diagnosed persons with HIV (PWH) approaches that of uninfected persons. However, metabolic abnormalities related to both the disease and the virus itself, along with comorbidities of aging, have resulted in end-organ disease and organ failure as a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Solid organ transplantation is a life-saving therapy for PWH who have organ failure, and the approval of the HIV Organ Policy Equity Act has opened and expanded opportunities for PWH to donate and receive organs. The current environment of organ transplantation for PWH will be reviewed and future directions of research and treatment will be discussed.
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19
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Efstratiou A, Galon EMS, Wang G, Umeda K, Kondoh D, Terkawi MA, Kume A, Liu M, Ringo AE, Guo H, Gao Y, Lee SH, Li J, Moumouni PFA, Nishikawa Y, Suzuki H, Igarashi I, Xuan X. Babesia microti Confers Macrophage-Based Cross-Protective Immunity Against Murine Malaria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:193. [PMID: 32411624 PMCID: PMC7200999 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria and babesiosis, the two primary intraerythrocytic protozoan diseases of humans, have been reported in multiple cases of co-infection in endemic regions. As the geographic range and incidence of arthropod-borne infectious diseases is being affected by climate change, co-infection cases with Plasmodium and Babesia are likely to increase. The two parasites have been used in experimental settings, where prior infection with Babesia microti has been shown to protect against fatal malarial infections in mice and primates. However, the immunological mechanisms behind such phenomena of cross-protection remain unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of a primary B. microti infection on the outcome of a lethal P. chabaudi challenge infection using a murine model. Simultaneous infection with both pathogens led to high mortality rates in immunocompetent BALB/c mice, similar to control mice infected with P. chabaudi alone. On the other hand, mice with various stages of B. microti primary infection were thoroughly immune to a subsequent P. chabaudi challenge. Protected mice exhibited decreased levels of serum antibodies and pro-inflammatory cytokines during early stages of challenge infection. Mice repeatedly immunized with dead B. microti quickly succumbed to P. chabaudi infection, despite induction of high antibody responses. Notably, cross-protection was observed in mice lacking functional B and T lymphocytes. When the role of other innate immune effector cells was examined, NK cell-depleted mice with chronic B. microti infection were also found to be protected against P. chabaudi. Conversely, in vivo macrophage depletion rendered the mice vulnerable to P. chabaudi. The above results show that the mechanism of cross-protection conferred by B. microti against P. chabaudi is innate immunity-based, and suggest that it relies predominantly upon the function of macrophages. Further research is needed for elucidating the malaria-suppressing effects of babesiosis, with a vision toward development of novel tools to control malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemis Efstratiou
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Eloiza May S Galon
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Guanbo Wang
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Kousuke Umeda
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kondoh
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Mohamad Alaa Terkawi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Aiko Kume
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Mingming Liu
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Aaron Edmond Ringo
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Huanping Guo
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Yang Gao
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Seung-Hun Lee
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Jixu Li
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Paul Franck Adjou Moumouni
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
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Lack of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific cell-mediated immune response using QuantiFERON-CMV assay in CMV-seropositive healthy volunteers: fact not artifact. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7194. [PMID: 32346028 PMCID: PMC7188901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The QuantiFERON-CMV (QF) assay measures cell-mediated immunity against cytomegalovirus (CMV-CMI), which is particularly useful in individuals susceptible to CMV infection such as transplant patients. A positive QF result identifies patients that are better protected against CMV infection. However, the significance of a negative QF result in CMV-seropositive individuals needs to be clarified. CMV-CMI was analyzed in healthy subjects using the QF assay, and, in parallel, the Flow-cytometric Assay of Specific Cell-mediated Immune response in Activated whole blood (FASCIA). FASCIA assay measures T-cell proliferation using CMV lysate as stimulus whereas QF assay use a mix of peptides. A total of 93 healthy volunteers were enrolled, and 13/71 CMV-seropositive individuals (18.3%) showed humoral/cellular discordance using QF assay (CMV+ QF-). Interestingly, with FASCIA assay CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferations were lower in CMV+ QF- than in CMV+ QF+ individuals. Furthermore, CMV+ QF- volunteers had a lower level of anti-CMV IgG than CMV+ QF+ subjects. Discordant CMV+ QF- volunteers can be defined as low responder individuals since they show lower CMV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in comparison to CMV+ QF+ individuals. Immune discordance shows the high heterogeneity of immunity to CMV in healthy subjects.
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21
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Gil A, Kamga L, Chirravuri-Venkata R, Aslan N, Clark F, Ghersi D, Luzuriaga K, Selin LK. Epstein-Barr Virus Epitope-Major Histocompatibility Complex Interaction Combined with Convergent Recombination Drives Selection of Diverse T Cell Receptor α and β Repertoires. mBio 2020; 11:e00250-20. [PMID: 32184241 PMCID: PMC7078470 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00250-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition modes of individual T cell receptors (TCRs) are well studied, but factors driving the selection of TCR repertoires from primary through persistent human virus infections are less well understood. Using deep sequencing, we demonstrate a high degree of diversity of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific clonotypes in acute infectious mononucleosis (AIM). Only 9% of unique clonotypes detected in AIM persisted into convalescence; the majority (91%) of unique clonotypes detected in AIM were not detected in convalescence and were seeming replaced by equally diverse "de novo" clonotypes. The persistent clonotypes had a greater probability of being generated than nonpersistent clonotypes due to convergence recombination of multiple nucleotide sequences to encode the same amino acid sequence, as well as the use of shorter complementarity-determining regions 3 (CDR3s) with fewer nucleotide additions (i.e., sequences closer to germ line). Moreover, the two most immunodominant HLA-A2-restricted EBV epitopes, BRLF1109 and BMLF1280, show highly distinct antigen-specific public (i.e., shared between individuals) features. In fact, TCRα CDR3 motifs played a dominant role, while TCRβ played a minimal role, in the selection of TCR repertoire to an immunodominant EBV epitope, BRLF1. This contrasts with the majority of previously reported repertoires, which appear to be selected either on TCRβ CDR3 interactions with peptide/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or in combination with TCRα CDR3. Understanding of how TCR-peptide-MHC complex interactions drive repertoire selection can be used to develop optimal strategies for vaccine design or generation of appropriate adoptive immunotherapies for viral infections in transplant settings or for cancer.IMPORTANCE Several lines of evidence suggest that TCRα and TCRβ repertoires play a role in disease outcomes and treatment strategies during viral infections in transplant patients and in cancer and autoimmune disease therapy. Our data suggest that it is essential that we understand the basic principles of how to drive optimum repertoires for both TCR chains, α and β. We address this important issue by characterizing the CD8 TCR repertoire to a common persistent human viral infection (EBV), which is controlled by appropriate CD8 T cell responses. The ultimate goal would be to determine if the individuals who are infected asymptomatically develop a different TCR repertoire than those that develop the immunopathology of AIM. Here, we begin by doing an in-depth characterization of both CD8 T cell TCRα and TCRβ repertoires to two immunodominant EBV epitopes over the course of AIM, identifying potential factors that may be driving their selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gil
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Larisa Kamga
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Nuray Aslan
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fransenio Clark
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dario Ghersi
- School of Interdisciplinary Informatics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Katherine Luzuriaga
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Liisa K Selin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Agrawal B. Heterologous Immunity: Role in Natural and Vaccine-Induced Resistance to Infections. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2631. [PMID: 31781118 PMCID: PMC6856678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The central paradigm of vaccination is to generate resistance to infection by a specific pathogen when the vacinee is re-exposed to that pathogen. This paradigm is based on two fundamental characteristics of the adaptive immune system, specificity and memory. These characteristics come from the clonal specificity of T and B cells and the long-term survival of previously-encountered memory cells which can rapidly and specifically expand upon re-exposure to the same specific antigen. However, there is an increasing awareness of the concept, as well as experimental documentation of, heterologous immunity and cross-reactivity of adaptive immune lymphocytes in protection from infection. This awareness is supported by a number of human epidemiological studies in vaccine recipients and/or individuals naturally-resistant to certain infections, as well as studies in mouse models of infections, and indeed theoretical considerations regarding the disproportional repertoire of available T and B cell clonotypes compared to antigenic epitopes found on pathogens. Heterologous immunity can broaden the protective outcomes of vaccinations, and natural resistance to infections. Besides exogenous microbes/pathogens and/or vaccines, endogenous microbiota can also impact the outcomes of an infection and/or vaccination through heterologous immunity. Moreover, utilization of viral and/or bacterial vaccine vectors, capable of inducing heterologous immunity may also influence the natural course of many infections/diseases. This review article will briefly discuss these implications and redress the central dogma of specificity in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Agrawal
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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23
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Xie J, Chen CW, Sun Y, Laurie SJ, Zhang W, Otani S, Martin GS, Coopersmith CM, Ford ML. Increased attrition of memory T cells during sepsis requires 2B4. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126030. [PMID: 31045575 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent seminal studies have revealed that laboratory mice differ from adult humans with regard to the frequency, number, and distribution of memory T cells. Because our data show that memory T cells are more susceptible to sepsis-induced death than naive T cells, in this study we developed a model in which mice possess a memory T cell compartment more similar to that of adult humans, to better study immune responses during sepsis in the more physiologically relevant context of high frequencies of memory T cells. Using this model, we found that CD44hi memory T cells significantly upregulated the coinhibitory molecule 2B4 during sepsis, and 2B4+ memory T cells coexpressed markers of both activation and exhaustion. Genetic deficiency in 2B4 resulted in decreased mortality during sepsis. Mechanistically, this decreased mortality was associated with reduced caspase-3/7+ apoptotic T cells in 2B4-/- relative to WT, septic hosts. These results were corroborated by analysis of PBMCs isolated from human patients with sepsis, which showed increased frequencies of caspase-3/7+ apoptotic cells among 2B4+ relative to 2B4- T cells. Thus, 2B4 plays a critical role in sepsis-induced apoptosis in both murine memory T cells and those isolated from human patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gregory S Martin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Craig M Coopersmith
- Department of Surgery, and.,Emory Critical Care Center, Department of Surgery, and
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Department of Surgery, and.,Emory Transplant Center, Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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24
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Iida S, Miyairi S, Su CA, Abe T, Abe R, Tanabe K, Dvorina N, Baldwin WM, Fairchild RL. Peritransplant VLA-4 blockade inhibits endogenous memory CD8 T cell infiltration into high-risk cardiac allografts and CTLA-4Ig resistant rejection. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:998-1010. [PMID: 30372587 PMCID: PMC6433496 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recipient endogenous memory CD8 T cells expressing reactivity to donor class I MHC infiltrate MHC-mismatched cardiac allografts within 24 hours after reperfusion and express effector functions mediating graft injury. The current study tested the efficacy of Very Late Antigen-4 (VLA-4) blockade to inhibit endogenous memory CD8 T cell infiltration into cardiac allografts and attenuate early posttransplant inflammation. Peritransplant anti-VLA-4 mAb given to C57BL6 (H-2b ) recipients of AJ (H-2a ) heart allografts completely inhibited endogenous memory CD4 and CD8 T cell infiltration with significant decrease in macrophage, but not neutrophil, infiltration into allografts subjected to either minimal or prolonged cold ischemic storage (CIS) prior to transplant, reduced intra-allograft IFN-γ-induced gene expression and prolonged survival of allografts subjected to prolonged CIS in CTLA-4Ig treated recipients. Anti-VLA-4 mAb also inhibited priming of donor-specific T cells producing IFN-γ until at least day 7 posttransplant. Peritransplant anti-VLA plus anti-CD154 mAb treatment similarly prolonged survival of allografts subjected to minimal or increased CIS prior to transplant. Overall, these data indicate that peritransplant anti-VLA-4 mAb inhibits early infiltration memory CD8 T cell infiltration into allografts with a marked reduction in early graft inflammation suggesting an effective strategy to attenuate negative effects of heterologous alloimmunity in recipients of higher risk grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Iida
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA,Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miyairi
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Charles A. Su
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Toyofumi Abe
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA,Department of Urology, Osaka University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Abe
- Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Nina Dvorina
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Robert L. Fairchild
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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25
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Abstract
Coinfections involving viruses are being recognized to influence the disease pattern that occurs relative to that with single infection. Classically, we usually think of a clinical syndrome as the consequence of infection by a single virus that is isolated from clinical specimens. However, this biased laboratory approach omits detection of additional agents that could be contributing to the clinical outcome, including novel agents not usually considered pathogens. The presence of an additional agent may also interfere with the targeted isolation of a known virus. Viral interference, a phenomenon where one virus competitively suppresses replication of other coinfecting viruses, is the most common outcome of viral coinfections. In addition, coinfections can modulate virus virulence and cell death, thereby altering disease severity and epidemiology. Immunity to primary virus infection can also modulate immune responses to subsequent secondary infections. In this review, various virological mechanisms that determine viral persistence/exclusion during coinfections are discussed, and insights into the isolation/detection of multiple viruses are provided. We also discuss features of heterologous infections that impact the pattern of immune responsiveness that develops.
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26
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Sørup S, Jensen AKG, Aaby P, Benn CS. Revaccination With Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and Infectious Disease Morbidity: A Danish Register-based Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 68:282-290. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Signe Sørup
- Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University
| | - Aksel K G Jensen
- Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen
- Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Aaby
- Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Christine S Benn
- Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen
- Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital/Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark
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27
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Rowntree LC, Nguyen THO, Halim H, Purcell AW, Rossjohn J, Gras S, Kotsimbos TC, Mifsud NA. Inability To Detect Cross-Reactive Memory T Cells Challenges the Frequency of Heterologous Immunity among Common Viruses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3993-4003. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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Tsuda H, Su CA, Tanaka T, Ayasoufi K, Min B, Valujskikh A, Fairchild RL. Allograft dendritic cell p40 homodimers activate donor-reactive memory CD8+ T cells. JCI Insight 2018; 3:96940. [PMID: 29467328 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.96940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recipient endogenous memory T cells with donor reactivity pose an important barrier to successful transplantation and costimulatory blockade-induced graft tolerance. Longer ischemic storage times prior to organ transplantation increase early posttransplant inflammation and negatively impact early graft function and long-term graft outcome. Little is known about the mechanisms enhancing endogenous memory T cell activation to mediate tissue injury within the increased inflammatory environment of allografts subjected to prolonged cold ischemic storage (CIS). Endogenous memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation is markedly increased within complete MHC-mismatched cardiac allografts subjected to prolonged versus minimal CIS, and the memory CD8+ T cells directly mediate CTLA-4Ig-resistant allograft rejection. Memory CD8+ T cell activation within allografts subjected to prolonged CIS requires memory CD4+ T cell stimulation of graft DCs to produce p40 homodimers, but not IL-12 p40/p35 heterodimers. Targeting p40 abrogates memory CD8+ T cell proliferation within the allografts and their ability to mediate CTLA-4Ig-resistant allograft rejection. These findings indicate a critical role for memory CD4+ T cell-graft DC interactions to increase the intensity of endogenous memory CD8+ T cell activation needed to mediate rejection of higher-risk allografts subjected to increased CIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Tsuda
- Lerner Research Institute and.,Transplant Center, Cleveland Clinic, and
| | - Charles A Su
- Lerner Research Institute and.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Toshiaki Tanaka
- Lerner Research Institute and.,Transplant Center, Cleveland Clinic, and
| | | | | | | | - Robert L Fairchild
- Lerner Research Institute and.,Transplant Center, Cleveland Clinic, and.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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29
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Broad TCR repertoire and diverse structural solutions for recognition of an immunodominant CD8 + T cell epitope. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 24:395-406. [PMID: 28250417 PMCID: PMC5383516 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A keystone of antiviral immunity is CD8 T-cell recognition of viral peptides bound to MHC-I proteins. The recognition mode of individual T cell receptors (TCRs) has been studied in some detail, but how TCR variation functions in providing a robust response to viral antigen is unclear. The influenza M1 epitope is an immunodominant target of CD8 T cells helping to control influenza in HLA-A2+ individuals. Here, we show that many distinct TCRs are used by CD8 T cells to recognize HLA-A2/M1, encoding different structural solutions to the problem of specifically recognizing a relatively featureless peptide antigen. The vast majority of responding TCRs target small clefts between peptide and MHC. These broad repertoires lead to plasticity in antigen recognition and protection against T cell clonal loss and viral escape.
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30
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Human Asymptomatic Epitopes Identified from the Herpes Simplex Virus Tegument Protein VP13/14 (UL47) Preferentially Recall Polyfunctional Effector Memory CD44high CD62Llow CD8+ TEM Cells and Protect Humanized HLA-A*02:01 Transgenic Mice against Ocular Herpesvirus Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01793-16. [PMID: 27847359 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01793-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection is widespread among humans. The HSV-1 virion protein 13/14 (VP13/14), also known as UL47, is a tegument antigen targeted by CD8+ T cells from HSV-seropositive individuals. However, whether VP13/14-specific CD8+ T cells play a role in the natural protection seen in asymptomatic (ASYMP) individuals (individuals who have never had a clinical herpetic disease) has not been elucidated. Using predictive computer-assisted algorithms, we identified 10 potential HLA-A*02:01-restricted CD8+ T-cell epitopes from the 693-amino-acid sequence of the VP13/14 protein. Three out of 10 epitopes exhibited a high to moderate affinity of binding to soluble HLA-A*02:01 molecules. The phenotype and function of CD8+ T cells specific for each epitope were compared in HLA-A*02:01-positive ASYMP individuals and symptomatic (SYMP) individuals (individuals who have frequent clinical herpetic diseases) using determination of a combination of tetramer frequency and the levels of granzyme B, granzyme K, perforin, gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-2 production and CD107a/b cytotoxic degranulation. High frequencies of multifunctional CD8+ T cells directed against three epitopes, VP13/14 from amino acids 286 to 294 (VP13/14286-294), VP13/14 from amino acids 504 to 512 (VP13/14504-512), and VP13/14 from amino acids 544 to 552 (VP13/14544-552), were detected in ASYMP individuals, while only low frequencies were detected in SYMP individuals. The three epitopes also predominantly recalled more CD45RAlow CD44high CCR7low CD62Llow CD8+ effector memory T cells (TEM cells) in ASYMP individuals than SYMP individuals. Moreover, immunization of HLA-A*02:01 transgenic mice with the three CD8+ TEM-cell epitopes from ASYMP individuals induced robust and polyfunctional HSV-specific CD8+ TEM cells associated with strong protective immunity against ocular herpesvirus infection and disease. Our findings outline the phenotypic and functional features of protective HSV-specific CD8+ T cells that should guide the development of a safe and effective T-cell-based herpes simplex vaccine. IMPORTANCE Although most herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)-infected individuals shed the virus in their body fluids following reactivation from latently infected sensory ganglia, the majority never develop a recurrent herpetic disease and remain asymptomatic (ASYMP). In contrast, small proportions of individuals are symptomatic (SYMP) and develop frequent bouts of recurrent disease. The present study demonstrates that naturally protected ASYMP individuals have a higher frequency of effector memory CD8+ T cells (CD8+ TEM cells) specific to three epitopes derived from the HSV-1 tegument protein VP13/14 (VP13/14286-294,VP13/14504-512, and VP13/14544-552) than SYMP patients. Moreover, immunization of humanized HLA-A*02:01 transgenic mice with the three CD8+ TEM-cell epitopes from ASYMP individuals induced robust and polyfunctional HSV-specific CD8+ T cells associated with strong protective immunity against ocular herpesvirus infection and disease. The findings support the emerging concept of the development of a safe and effective asymptomatic herpes simplex vaccine that is selectively based on CD8+ T-cell epitopes from ASYMP individuals.
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31
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Grant EJ, Josephs TM, Valkenburg SA, Wooldridge L, Hellard M, Rossjohn J, Bharadwaj M, Kedzierska K, Gras S. Lack of Heterologous Cross-reactivity toward HLA-A*02:01 Restricted Viral Epitopes Is Underpinned by Distinct αβT Cell Receptor Signatures. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24335-24351. [PMID: 27645996 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.753988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
αβT cell receptor (TCR) genetic diversity is outnumbered by the quantity of pathogenic epitopes to be recognized. To provide efficient protective anti-viral immunity, a single TCR ideally needs to cross-react with a multitude of pathogenic epitopes. However, the frequency, extent, and mechanisms of TCR cross-reactivity remain unclear, with conflicting results on anti-viral T cell cross-reactivity observed in humans. Namely, both the presence and lack of T cell cross-reactivity have been reported with HLA-A*02:01-restricted epitopes from the Epstein-Barr and influenza viruses (BMLF-1 and M158, respectively) or with the hepatitis C and influenza viruses (NS31073 and NA231, respectively). Given the high sequence similarity of these paired viral epitopes (56 and 88%, respectively), the ubiquitous nature of the three viruses, and the high frequency of the HLA-A*02:01 allele, we selected these epitopes to establish the extent of T cell cross-reactivity. We combined ex vivo and in vitro functional assays, single-cell αβTCR repertoire sequencing, and structural analysis of these four epitopes in complex with HLA-A*02:01 to determine whether they could lead to heterologous T cell cross-reactivity. Our data show that sequence similarity does not translate to structural mimicry of the paired epitopes in complexes with HLA-A*02:01, resulting in induction of distinct αβTCR repertoires. The differences in epitope architecture might be an obstacle for TCR recognition, explaining the lack of T cell cross-reactivity observed. In conclusion, sequence similarity does not necessarily result in structural mimicry, and despite the need for cross-reactivity, antigen-specific TCR repertoires can remain highly specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Grant
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Tracy M Josephs
- the Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and; the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Linda Wooldridge
- the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Hellard
- the Center for Research Excellence in Injecting Drug Use, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia, and
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- the Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and; the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia,; the Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Mandvi Bharadwaj
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia,.
| | - Stephanie Gras
- the Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and; the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia,.
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32
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Long-Term Immunity to Trypanosoma cruzi in the Absence of Immunodominant trans-Sialidase-Specific CD8+ T Cells. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2627-38. [PMID: 27354447 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00241-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi infection drives the expansion of remarkably focused CD8(+) T cell responses targeting epitopes encoded by variant trans-sialidase (TS) genes. Infection of C57BL/6 mice with T. cruzi results in up to 40% of all CD8(+) T cells committed to recognition of the dominant TSKB20 and subdominant TSKB18 TS epitopes. However, despite this enormous response, these mice fail to clear T. cruzi infection and subsequently develop chronic disease. One possible reason for the failure to cure T. cruzi infection is that immunodomination by these TS-specific T cells may interfere with alternative CD8(+) T cell responses more capable of complete parasite elimination. To address this possibility, we created transgenic mice that are centrally tolerant to these immunodominant epitopes. Mice expressing TSKB20, TSKB18, or both epitopes controlled T. cruzi infection and developed effector CD8(+) T cells that maintained an activated phenotype. Memory CD8(+) T cells from drug-cured TSKB-transgenic mice rapidly responded to secondary T. cruzi infection. In the absence of the response to TSKB20 and TSKB18, immunodominance did not shift to other known subdominant epitopes despite the capacity of these mice to expand epitope-specific T cells specific for the model antigen ovalbumin expressed by engineered parasites. Thus, CD8(+) T cell responses tightly and robustly focused on a few epitopes within variant TS antigens appear to neither contribute to, nor detract from, the ability to control T. cruzi infection. These data also indicate that the relative position of an epitope within a CD8(+) immunodominance hierarchy does not predict its importance in pathogen control.
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33
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Haas J, Singer T, Nowak K, Brust J, Göttmann U, Schnülle P, Krüger B, Krämer BK, Benck U. Renal Transplantation in HIV-positive Renal Transplant Recipients: Experience at the Mannheim University Hospital. Transplant Proc 2016; 47:2791-4. [PMID: 26680097 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Renal transplantation in HIV-positive patients with end-stage renal disease has in recent years become a successful treatment option. We report two patients who underwent renal transplantation using a combination of basiliximab, calcineurin inhibitors, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and steroids with a "non-interacting" antiretroviral combination therapy consisting of stavudine or abacavir, lamivudine, and nevirapine. We observed no acute rejection but a BK polyomavirus infection in both patients. In conclusion, a quadruple immunosuppression with an interleukin 2 receptor antagonist, a calcineurin inhibitor, MMF, and steroids appears to be advisable to prevent high rates of acute rejection, but if possible thereafter immunosuppression should be tapered rapidly (eg, MMF stop, prednisolone dose 5 mg/d). The selection of antiretroviral agents should avoid compounds that interact severely with the immunosuppression used.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Haas
- Fifth Department of Medicine & Renal Transplant Program, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - T Singer
- Fifth Department of Medicine & Renal Transplant Program, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - K Nowak
- Department of Surgery & Renal Transplant Program, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - J Brust
- HIV & Hematology/Oncology Specialist Practice, Mannheim, Germany
| | - U Göttmann
- Fifth Department of Medicine & Renal Transplant Program, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - P Schnülle
- Fifth Department of Medicine & Renal Transplant Program, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - B Krüger
- Fifth Department of Medicine & Renal Transplant Program, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - B K Krämer
- Fifth Department of Medicine & Renal Transplant Program, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - U Benck
- Fifth Department of Medicine & Renal Transplant Program, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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34
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Benn CS, Fisker AB, Whittle HC, Aaby P. Revaccination with Live Attenuated Vaccines Confer Additional Beneficial Nonspecific Effects on Overall Survival: A Review. EBioMedicine 2016; 10:312-7. [PMID: 27498365 PMCID: PMC5006692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Live vaccines against measles (MV), tuberculosis (BCG), polio (OPV) and smallpox reduce mortality more than explained by target-disease prevention. The beneficial nonspecific effects (NSEs) of MV are strongest when MV is given in presence of maternal antibodies. We therefore hypothesised that revaccination in presence of prior immunity enhances beneficial NSEs. METHODS Literature search for studies of revaccination and mortality. FINDINGS In two randomised trials (RCTs), two doses versus one dose of MV reduced all-cause mortality by 63% (95% CI: 23-83%) from 9 to 18months of age. In a quasi-experimental study two doses before and after 9months compared with one dose of MV after 9months of age reduced mortality by 59% (25-81%). BCG-revaccination significantly enhanced BCG's effect against overall child mortality in two RCTs. In a natural experiment study of OPV campaigns over a 13-year-period in Guinea-Bissau, each additional dose of OPV was associated with a 13% (4-21%) reduction in mortality rate. The beneficial NSEs of smallpox vaccination for survival increased significantly with the number of smallpox vaccination scars. INTERPRETATION Revaccination with live vaccines led to substantial reductions in overall mortality. These findings challenge current understanding of vaccines and may explain the beneficial effects of campaigns with live vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine S Benn
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Apartado 861, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau; Research Centre for Vitamins and Vaccines (CVIVA), Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark; OPEN, Odense Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital/Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Ane B Fisker
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Apartado 861, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau; Research Centre for Vitamins and Vaccines (CVIVA), Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Hilton C Whittle
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
| | - Peter Aaby
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Apartado 861, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau; Research Centre for Vitamins and Vaccines (CVIVA), Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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Cheng WK, Plumb AW, Lai JCY, Abraham N, Dutz JP. Topical CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide Adjuvant Enhances the Adaptive Immune Response against Influenza A Infections. Front Immunol 2016; 7:284. [PMID: 27524984 PMCID: PMC4965457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines generate humoral immunity, targeting highly variable epitopes and thus fail to achieve long-term protection. T cells recognize and respond to several highly conserved epitopes across influenza serotypes. A strategy of raising strong cytotoxic T cell memory responses to epitopes conserved across serotypes would provide cross serotype protection, eliminating the need for annual vaccination. We explored the adjuvant potential of epicutaneous (ec) and subcutaneous (sc) delivery of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide in conjunction with sc protein immunization to improve protection against influenza A virus (IAV) infections using a mouse model. We found enhanced long-term protection with epicutaneous CpG ODN (ecCpG) compared to subcutaneous CpG ODN (scCpG) as demonstrated by reduced viral titers in the lungs. This correlated with increased antigen-specific CD8 T cells in the airways and the lungs. The memory T cell response after immunization with ecCpG adjuvant was comparable to memory response by priming with IAV infection in the lungs. In addition, ecCpG was more efficient than scCpG in inducing the generation of IFN-γ producing CD4 T cells. The adjuvant effect of ecCpG was accompanied with its ability to modulate tissue-homing molecules on T cells that may direct them to the site of infection. Together, this work provides evidence for using ecCpG to induce strong antibody and memory T cell responses to confer protection against IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Ki Cheng
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Adam William Plumb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Jacqueline Cheuk-Yan Lai
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Ninan Abraham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jan Peter Dutz
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
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Deciphering the clinical relevance of allo-human leukocyte antigen cross-reactivity in mediating alloimmunity following transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2016; 21:29-39. [PMID: 26575852 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite a growing awareness regarding the potential of cross-reactive virus-specific memory T cells to mediate alloimmunity, there has been limited clinical evaluation on allograft immunopathology. This review will explore published models of human T-cell cross-reactivity and discuss criteria required to drive this mechanism as a contributing cause of allograft dysfunction in transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS Published models of human allogeneic (allo)-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) cross-reactivity have enabled dissection of the cross-reactive T cell receptor/peptide/major histocompatibility complex (TCR/peptide/MHC) interaction. In many of the models, the cross-reactive T cells express a unique TCR, although the relevance of a public cross-reactive TCR repertoire has yet to be determined. Equally, allopeptide identity, a vital component driving cross-recognition, remains unknown in the majority of models thereby prompting further characterization utilizing novel technologies. Although clinical studies examining the presence and impact of specific cross-reactive virus-specific T cells have been minimally explored, the existing data suggest that there may be a marginal set of requirements that need to be satisfied before the potentially damaging effects of allo-HLA cross-reactivity can be realized. SUMMARY Our understanding of allo-HLA cross-reactivity continues to evolve as improved technology and novel strategies allow us to better question the contribution of allo-HLA cross-reactivity in clinically relevant allograft dysfunction.
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Beura LK, Hamilton SE, Bi K, Schenkel JM, Odumade OA, Casey KA, Thompson EA, Fraser KA, Rosato PC, Filali-Mouhim A, Sekaly RP, Jenkins MK, Vezys V, Haining WN, Jameson SC, Masopust D. Normalizing the environment recapitulates adult human immune traits in laboratory mice. Nature 2016; 532:512-6. [PMID: 27096360 PMCID: PMC4871315 DOI: 10.1038/nature17655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 735] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our current understanding of immunology was largely defined in laboratory mice because of experimental advantages including inbred homogeneity, tools for genetic manipulation, the ability to perform kinetic tissue analyses starting with the onset of disease, and tractable models. Comparably reductionist experiments are neither technically nor ethically possible in humans. Despite revealing many fundamental principals of immunology, there is growing concern that mice fail to capture relevant aspects of the human immune system, which may account for failures to translate disease treatments from bench to bedside1–8. Laboratory mice live in abnormally hygienic “specific pathogen free” (SPF) barrier facilities. Here we show that the standard practice of laboratory mouse husbandry has profound effects on the immune system and that environmental changes result in better recapitulation of features of adult humans. Laboratory mice lack effector-differentiated and mucosally distributed memory T cells, which more closely resembles neonatal than adult humans. These cell populations were present in free-living barn populations of feral mice, pet store mice with diverse microbial experience, and were induced in laboratory mice after co-housing with pet store mice, suggesting a role for environment. Consequences of altering mouse housing profoundly impacted the cellular composition of the innate and adaptive immune system and resulted in global changes in blood cell gene expression patterns that more closely aligned with immune signatures of adult humans rather than neonates, altered the mouse’s resistance to infection, and impacted T cell differentiation to a de novo viral infection. These data highlight the impact of environment on the basal immune state and response to infection and suggest that restoring physiological microbial exposure in laboratory mice could provide a relevant tool for modeling immunological events in free-living organisms, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit K Beura
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA
| | - Sara E Hamilton
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA
| | - Kevin Bi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jason M Schenkel
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA
| | - Oludare A Odumade
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA
| | - Kerry A Casey
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA
| | - Emily A Thompson
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA
| | - Kathryn A Fraser
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA
| | - Pamela C Rosato
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA
| | - Ali Filali-Mouhim
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Rafick P Sekaly
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA
| | - Vaiva Vezys
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA
| | - W Nicholas Haining
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Stephen C Jameson
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA
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Reese TA, Bi K, Kambal A, Filali-Mouhim A, Beura LK, Bürger MC, Pulendran B, Sekaly RP, Jameson SC, Masopust D, Haining WN, Virgin HW. Sequential Infection with Common Pathogens Promotes Human-like Immune Gene Expression and Altered Vaccine Response. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 19:713-9. [PMID: 27107939 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses differ between laboratory mice and humans. Chronic infection with viruses and parasites are common in humans, but are absent in laboratory mice, and thus represent potential contributors to inter-species differences in immunity. To test this, we sequentially infected laboratory mice with herpesviruses, influenza, and an intestinal helminth and compared their blood immune signatures to mock-infected mice before and after vaccination against yellow fever virus (YFV-17D). Sequential infection altered pre- and post-vaccination gene expression, cytokines, and antibodies in blood. Sequential pathogen exposure induced gene signatures that recapitulated those seen in blood from pet store-raised versus laboratory mice, and adult versus cord blood in humans. Therefore, basal and vaccine-induced murine immune responses are altered by infection with agents common outside of barrier facilities. This raises the possibility that we can improve mouse models of vaccination and immunity by selective microbial exposure of laboratory animals to mimic that of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Reese
- Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Kevin Bi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, and the Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Amal Kambal
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ali Filali-Mouhim
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Lalit K Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Matheus C Bürger
- Department of Clinical Analyses and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science at University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508, Brazil
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sekaly
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Stephen C Jameson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - W Nicholas Haining
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, and the Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Yassai MB, Demos W, Gorski J. CDR3 motif generation and selection in the BV19-utilizing subset of the human CD8 T cell repertoire. Mol Immunol 2016; 72:57-64. [PMID: 26963408 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The amino acids at the V-J rearrangement junction of TCR are encoded by the D region and by N or P nucleotides. Together they comprise the NDN region, the specific pMHC selection surface of the TCR β-chain. As an extension of our earlier work on the recall response to influenza M158-66 in HLA-A2 individuals, we have been analyzing the circulating BV19 CD8 T cell repertoires. We observed that NDN regions of the CDR3 often start at positions that are V-region encoded. Here we examine NDN encoded amino acid motifs of BV19 rearrangements in circulating CD8 T cells based on the CDR3 length, the CDR3 start position of the NDN, and the motif length. Motifs that start at V region-encoded positions could be expected to be CDR3 length independent as indeed is the case. Motifs that included sequential proline and glycine showed a CDR3 length independent distribution and examining codon usage indicates that a large proportion of these can be explained by P-nucleotide addition from the 5' end of the D region. Other examples of skewed codon usage were observed indicating possible additional rearrangement mechanisms. Another pattern of motif distributions was a shift of position along the CDR3 as a function of the CDR3 length. As these data were collected from an older healthy individual they can be used to model successful repertoire selection and to further define characteristics associated with a positive history of responses to pathogen exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam B Yassai
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Wendy Demos
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Jack Gorski
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
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Hepatitis C virus infection from the perspective of heterologous immunity. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 16:41-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Kenney LL, Cornberg M, Chen AT, Emonet S, de la Torre JC, Selin LK. Increased Immune Response Variability during Simultaneous Viral Coinfection Leads to Unpredictability in CD8 T Cell Immunity and Pathogenesis. J Virol 2015; 89:10786-801. [PMID: 26269191 PMCID: PMC4621125 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01432-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED T cell memory is usually studied in the context of infection with a single pathogen in naive mice, but how memory develops during a coinfection with two pathogens, as frequently occurs in nature or after vaccination, is far less studied. Here, we questioned how the competition between immune responses to two viruses in the same naive host would influence the development of CD8 T cell memory and subsequent disease outcome upon challenge. Using two different models of coinfection, including the well-studied lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCMV) and Pichinde (PICV) viruses, several differences were observed within the CD8 T cell responses to either virus. Compared to single-virus infection, coinfection resulted in substantial variation among mice in the size of epitope-specific T cell responses to each virus. Some mice had an overall reduced number of virus-specific cells to either one of the viruses, and other mice developed an immunodominant response to a normally subdominant, cross-reactive epitope (nucleoprotein residues 205 to 212, or NP205). These changes led to decreased protective immunity and enhanced pathology in some mice upon challenge with either of the original coinfecting viruses. In mice with PICV-dominant responses, during a high-dose challenge with LCMV clone 13, increased immunopathology was associated with a reduced number of LCMV-specific effector memory CD8 T cells. In mice with dominant cross-reactive memory responses, during challenge with PICV increased immunopathology was directly associated with these cross-reactive NP205-specific CD8 memory cells. In conclusion, the inherent competition between two simultaneous immune responses results in significant alterations in T cell immunity and subsequent disease outcome upon reexposure. IMPORTANCE Combination vaccines and simultaneous administration of vaccines are necessary to accommodate required immunizations and maintain vaccination rates. Antibody responses generally correlate with protection and vaccine efficacy. However, live attenuated vaccines also induce strong CD8 T cell responses, and the impact of these cells on subsequent immunity, whether beneficial or detrimental, has seldom been studied, in part due to the lack of known T cell epitopes to vaccine viruses. We questioned if the inherent increased competition and stochasticity between two immune responses during a simultaneous coinfection would significantly alter CD8 T cell memory in a mouse model where CD8 T cell epitopes are clearly defined. We show that some of the coinfected mice have sufficiently altered memory T cell responses that they have decreased protection and enhanced immunopathology when reexposed to one of the two viruses. These data suggest that a better understanding of human T cell responses to vaccines is needed to optimize immunization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie L Kenney
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Markus Cornberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alex T Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sebastien Emonet
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Liisa K Selin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Tscharke DC, Croft NP, Doherty PC, La Gruta NL. Sizing up the key determinants of the CD8+ T cell response. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:705-16. [DOI: 10.1038/nri3905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Gil A, Kenney LL, Mishra R, Watkin LB, Aslan N, Selin LK. Vaccination and heterologous immunity: educating the immune system. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2015; 109:62-9. [PMID: 25573110 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/tru198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses three inter-related topics: (1) the immaturity of the neonatal and infant immune response; (2) heterologous immunity, where prior infection history with unrelated pathogens alters disease outcome resulting in either enhanced protective immunity or increased immunopathology to new infections, and (3) epidemiological human vaccine studies that demonstrate vaccines can have beneficial or detrimental effects on subsequent unrelated infections. The results from the epidemiological and heterologous immunity studies suggest that the immune system has tremendous plasticity and that each new infection or vaccine that an individual is exposed to during a lifetime will potentially alter the dynamics of their immune system. It also suggests that each new infection or vaccine that an infant receives is not only perturbing the immune system but is educating the immune system and laying down the foundation for all subsequent responses. This leads to the question, is there an optimum way to educate the immune system? Should this be taken into consideration in our vaccination protocols?
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gil
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Laurie L Kenney
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Rabinarayan Mishra
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Levi B Watkin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Nuray Aslan
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Liisa K Selin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Abstract
The mammalian virome includes diverse commensal and pathogenic viruses that evoke a broad range of immune responses from the host. Sustained viral immunomodulation is implicated in a variety of inflammatory diseases, but also confers unexpected benefits to the host. These outcomes of viral infections are often dependent on host genotype. Moreover, it is becoming clear that the virome is part of a dynamic network of microorganisms that inhabit the body. Therefore, viruses can be viewed as a component of the microbiome, and interactions with commensal bacteria and other microbial agents influence their behavior. This piece is a review of our current understanding of how the virome, together with other components of the microbiome, affects the function of the host immune system to regulate health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Frequency, Private Specificity, and Cross-Reactivity of Preexisting Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-Specific CD8+ T Cells in HCV-Seronegative Individuals: Implications for Vaccine Responses. J Virol 2015; 89:8304-17. [PMID: 26041301 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00539-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED T cell responses play a critical role in controlling or clearing viruses. Therefore, strategies to prevent or treat infections include boosting T cell responses. T cells specific for various pathogens have been reported in unexposed individuals and an influence of such cells on the response toward vaccines is conceivable. However, little is known about their frequency, repertoire, and impact on vaccination. We performed a detailed characterization of CD8(+) T cells specific to a hepatitis C virus (HCV) epitope (NS3-1073) in 121 HCV-seronegative individuals. We show that in vitro HCV NS3-1073-specific CD8(+) T cell responses were rather abundantly detectable in one-third of HCV-seronegative individuals irrespective of risk factors for HCV exposure. Ex vivo, these NS3-1073-specific CD8(+) T cells were found to be both naive and memory cells. Importantly, recognition of various peptides derived from unrelated viruses by NS3-1073-specific CD8(+) T cells showed a considerable degree of T cell cross-reactivity, suggesting that they might in part originate from previous heterologous infections. Finally, we further provide evidence that preexisting NS3-1073-specific CD8(+) T cells can impact the T cell response toward peptide vaccination. Healthy, vaccinated individuals who showed an in vitro response toward NS3-1073 already before vaccination displayed a more vigorous and earlier response toward the vaccine. IMPORTANCE Preventive and therapeutic vaccines are being developed for many viral infections and often aim on inducing T cell responses. Despite effective antiviral drugs against HCV, there is still a need for a preventive vaccine. However, the responses to vaccines can be highly variable among different individuals. Preexisting T cells in unexposed individuals could be one reason that helps to explain the variable T cell responses to vaccines. Based on our findings, we suggest that HCV CD8(+) T cells are abundant in HCV-seronegative individuals but that their repertoire is highly diverse due to the involvement of both naive precursors and cross-reactive memory cells of different specificities, which can influence the response to vaccines. The data may emphasize the need to personalize immune-based therapies based on the individual's T cell repertoire that is present before the immune intervention.
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Mou D, Espinosa JE, Stempora L, Iwakoshi NN, Kirk AD. Viral-induced CD28 loss evokes costimulation independent alloimmunity. J Surg Res 2015; 196:241-6. [PMID: 25801976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Belatacept, a B7-specific fusion protein, blocks CD28-B7 costimulation and prevents kidney allograft rejection. However, it is ineffective in a sizable minority of patients. Although T-cell receptor and CD28 engagement are known to initiate T-cell activation, many human antigen-experienced T-cells lose CD28, and can be activated independent of CD28 signals. We posit that these cells are central drivers of costimulation blockade resistant rejection (CoBRR) and propose that CoBRR might relate to an accumulation of CD28(-) T-cells resulting from viral antigen exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS We infected C57BL/6 mice with polyomavirus (a BK virus analog), murine cytomegalovirus (a human cytomegalovirus analog), and gammaherpesvirus (HV68; an Epstein-Barr virus analog) and assessed for CD28 expression relative to mock infection controls. We then used mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assays to assess the alloreactive response of these mice against major histocompatibility complex-mismatched cells. RESULTS We demonstrated that infection with polyomavirus, murine CMV, and HV68 can induce CD28 downregulation in mice. We showed that these analogs of clinically relevant human viruses enable lymphocytes from infected mice to launch an anamnestic, costimulation blockade resistant, alloreactive response against major histocompatibility complex-mismatched cells without prior alloantigen exposure. Further analysis revealed that gammherpesvirus-induced oligoclonal T-cell expansion is required for the increased alloreactivity. CONCLUSIONS Virus exposure results in reduced T-cell expression of CD28, the target of costimulation blockade therapy. These viruses also contribute to increased alloreactivity. Thus, CD28 downregulation after viral infection may play a seminal role in driving CoBRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Mou
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | | | - Linda Stempora
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Allan D Kirk
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Srivastava R, Khan AA, Spencer D, Vahed H, Lopes PP, Thai NTU, Wang C, Pham TT, Huang J, Scarfone VM, Nesburn AB, Wechsler SL, BenMohamed L. HLA-A02:01-restricted epitopes identified from the herpes simplex virus tegument protein VP11/12 preferentially recall polyfunctional effector memory CD8+ T cells from seropositive asymptomatic individuals and protect humanized HLA-A*02:01 transgenic mice against ocular herpes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2232-48. [PMID: 25617474 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The HSV type 1 tegument virion phosphoprotein (VP) 11/12 (VP11/12) is a major Ag targeted by CD8(+) T cells from HSV-seropositive individuals. However, whether and which VP11/12 epitope-specific CD8(+) T cells play a role in the "natural" protection seen in seropositive healthy asymptomatic (ASYMP) individuals (who have never had clinical herpes disease) remain to be determined. In this study, we used multiple prediction computer-assisted algorithms to identify 10 potential HLA-A*02:01-restricted CD8(+) T cell epitopes from the 718-aa sequence of VP11/12. Three of 10 epitopes exhibited high-to-moderate binding affinity to HLA-A*02:01 molecules. In 10 sequentially studied HLA-A*02:01-positive and HSV-1-seropositive ASYMP individuals, the most frequent, robust, and polyfunctional effector CD8(+) T cell responses, as assessed by a combination of tetramer frequency, granzyme B, granzyme K, perforin, CD107(a/b) cytotoxic degranulation, IFN-γ, and multiplex cytokines assays, were predominantly directed against three epitopes: VP11/1266-74, VP11/12220-228, and VP11/12702-710. Interestingly, ASYMP individuals had a significantly higher proportion of CD45RA(low)CCR7(low)CD44(high)CD62L(low)CD27(low)CD28(low)CD8(+) effector memory CD8(+) T cells (TEMs) specific to the three epitopes, compared with symptomatic individuals (with a history of numerous episodes of recurrent ocular herpetic disease). Moreover, immunization of HLA-A*02:01 transgenic mice with the three ASYMP CD8(+) TEM cell epitopes induced robust and polyfunctional epitope-specific CD8(+) TEM cells that were associated with a strong protective immunity against ocular herpes infection and disease. Our findings outline phenotypic and functional features of protective HSV-specific CD8(+) T cells that should guide the development of an effective T cell-based herpes vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Arif A Khan
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Doran Spencer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Hawa Vahed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Patricia P Lopes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Nhi Thi Uyen Thai
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Christine Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Thanh T Pham
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Jiawei Huang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Vanessa M Scarfone
- Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Anthony B Nesburn
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Steven L Wechsler
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697; Virology Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697; Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697; and Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
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Martin SF. Adaptation in the innate immune system and heterologous innate immunity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4115-30. [PMID: 24997561 PMCID: PMC11113124 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1676-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system recognizes deviation from homeostasis caused by infectious or non-infectious assaults. The threshold for its activation seems to be established by a calibration process that includes sensing of microbial molecular patterns from commensal bacteria and of endogenous signals. It is becoming increasingly clear that adaptive features, a hallmark of the adaptive immune system, can also be identified in the innate immune system. Such adaptations can result in the manifestation of a primed state of immune and tissue cells with a decreased activation threshold. This keeps the system poised to react quickly. Moreover, the fact that the innate immune system recognizes a wide variety of danger signals via pattern recognition receptors that often activate the same signaling pathways allows for heterologous innate immune stimulation. This implies that, for example, the innate immune response to an infection can be modified by co-infections or other innate stimuli. This "design feature" of the innate immune system has many implications for our understanding of individual susceptibility to diseases or responsiveness to therapies and vaccinations. In this article, adaptive features of the innate immune system as well as heterologous innate immunity and their implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 7, 79104, Freiburg, Germany,
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Abstract
Following infections and environmental exposures, memory T cells are generated that provide long-term protective immunity. Compared to their naïve T cell counterparts, memory T cells possess unique characteristics that endow them with the ability to quickly and robustly respond to foreign antigens. While such memory T cells are beneficial in protecting their hosts from recurrent infection, memory cells reactive to donor antigens pose a major barrier to successful transplantation and tolerance induction. Significant progress has been made over the past several decades contributing to our understanding of memory T cell generation, their distinct biology, and their detrimental impact in clinical and animal models of transplantation. This review focuses on the unique features which make memory T cells relevant to the transplant community and discusses potential therapies targeting memory T cells which may ameliorate allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Su
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106 ; Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute and Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Robert L Fairchild
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106 ; Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute and Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
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50
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Clambey ET, Davenport B, Kappler JW, Marrack P, Homann D. Molecules in medicine mini review: the αβ T cell receptor. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:735-41. [PMID: 24848996 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1145-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As an integral part of the mammalian immune system, a distributed network of tissues, cells, and extracellular factors, T lymphocytes perform and control a multitude of activities that collectively contribute to the effective establishment, maintenance, and restoration of tissue and organismal integrity. Development and function of T cells is controlled by the T cell receptor (TCR), a heterodimeric cell surface protein uniquely expressed on T cells. During T cell development, the TCR undergoes extensive somatic diversification that generates a diverse T cell repertoire capable of recognizing an extraordinary range of protein and nonprotein antigens presented in the context of major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC). In this review, we provide an introduction to the TCR, describing underlying principles that position this molecule as a central regulator of the adaptive immune system involved in responses ranging from tissue protection and preservation to pathology and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Clambey
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Mail Stop B112, Research Complex 2, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA,
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