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Uhl LFK, Cai H, Oram SL, Mahale JN, MacLean AJ, Mazet JM, Piccirilli T, He AJ, Lau D, Elliott T, Gerard A. Interferon-γ couples CD8 + T cell avidity and differentiation during infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6727. [PMID: 37872155 PMCID: PMC10593754 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective responses to intracellular pathogens are characterized by T cell clones with a broad affinity range for their cognate peptide and diverse functional phenotypes. How T cell clones are selected throughout the response to retain a breadth of avidities remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that direct sensing of the cytokine IFN-γ by CD8+ T cells coordinates avidity and differentiation during infection. IFN-γ promotes the expansion of low-avidity T cells, allowing them to overcome the selective advantage of high-avidity T cells, whilst reinforcing high-avidity T cell entry into the memory pool, thus reducing the average avidity of the primary response and increasing that of the memory response. IFN-γ in this context is mainly provided by virtual memory T cells, an antigen-inexperienced subset with memory features. Overall, we propose that IFN-γ and virtual memory T cells fulfil a critical immunoregulatory role by enabling the coordination of T cell avidity and fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lion F K Uhl
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Han Cai
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sophia L Oram
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jagdish N Mahale
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J MacLean
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julie M Mazet
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Theo Piccirilli
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander J He
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Doreen Lau
- Centre for Immuno-oncology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tim Elliott
- Centre for Immuno-oncology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Audrey Gerard
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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2
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Shin MS, Park HJ, Young J, Kang I. Implication of IL-7 receptor alpha chain expression by CD8 + T cells and its signature in defining biomarkers in aging. Immun Ageing 2022; 19:66. [PMID: 36544153 PMCID: PMC9768896 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells play an important role in host defense against infections and malignancies as well as contribute to the development of inflammatory disorders. Alterations in the frequency of naïve and memory CD8+ T cells are one of the most significant changes in the immune system with age. As the world population rapidly ages, a better understanding of aging immune function or immunosenescence could become a basis for discovering treatments of illnesses that commonly occur in older adults. In particular, biomarkers for immune aging could be utilized to identify individuals at high risk of developing age-associated conditions and help monitor the efficacy of therapeutic interventions targeting such conditions. This review details the possible role of CD8+ T cell subsets expressing different levels of the cytokine receptor IL-7 receptor alpha chain (IL-7Rα) and the gene signature associated with IL-7Rα as potential biomarkers for immune aging given the association of CD8+ T cells in host defense, inflammation, and immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun Shin
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, S525C TAC, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Hong-Jai Park
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, S525C TAC, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Juan Young
- Departments of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Insoo Kang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, S525C TAC, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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3
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Lagumdzic E, Pernold C, Viano M, Olgiati S, Schmitt MW, Mair KH, Saalmüller A. Transcriptome Profiling of Porcine Naïve, Intermediate and Terminally Differentiated CD8 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:849922. [PMID: 35265090 PMCID: PMC8900158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.849922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pig has the potential to become a leading research model for human diseases, pharmacological and transplantation studies. Since there are many similarities between humans and pigs, especially concerning anatomy, physiology and metabolism, there is necessity for a better understanding of the porcine immune system. In adaptive immunity, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are essential for host defense. However, most data on CTLs come from studies in mice, non-human primates and humans, while detailed information about porcine CD8+ CTLs is still sparse. Aim of this study was to analyze transcriptomes of three subsets of porcine CD8β+ T-cell subsets by using next-generation sequencing technology. Specifically, we described transcriptional profiles of subsets defined by their CD11a/CD27 expression pattern, postulated as naïve (CD8β+CD27+CD11alow), intermediate differentiated (CD8β+CD27dimCD11a+), and terminally differentiated cells (CD8β+CD27-CD11ahigh). Cells were analyzed in ex vivo condition as well as upon in vitro stimulation with concanavalin A (ConA) and PMA/ionomycin. Our analyses show that the highest number of differentially expressed genes was identified between naïve and terminally differentiated CD8+ T-cell subsets, underlining their difference in gene expression signature and respective differentiation stages. Moreover, genes related to early (IL7-R, CCR7, SELL, TCF7, LEF1, BACH2, SATB1, ZEB1 and BCL2) and late (KLRG1, TBX21, PRDM1, CX3CR1, ZEB2, ZNF683, BATF, EZH2 and ID2) stages of CD8+ T-cell differentiation were highly expressed in the naïve and terminally differentiated CD8+ T-cell subsets, respectively. Intermediate differentiated CD8+ T-cell subsets shared a more comparable gene expression profile associated with later stages of T-cell differentiation. Genes associated with cytolytic activity (GNLY, PRF1, GZMB, FASL, IFNG and TNF) were highly expressed in terminally and intermediate differentiated CD8+ T-cell subsets, while naïve CD8+ T cells lacked expression even after in vitro stimulation. Overall, PMA/ionomycin stimulation induced much stronger upregulation of genes compared to stimulation with ConA. Taken together, we provided comprehensive results showing transcriptional profiles of three differentiation stages of porcine CD8+ T-cell subsets. In addition, our study provides a powerful toolbox for the identification of candidate markers to characterize porcine immune cell subsets in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Lagumdzic
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clara Pernold
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marta Viano
- Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche "A. Marxer" RBM S.p.A., Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Olgiati
- Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche "A. Marxer" RBM S.p.A., Torino, Italy
| | - Michael W Schmitt
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Chemical & Preclinical Safety, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kerstin H Mair
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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4
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Meldgaard TS, Blengio F, Maffione D, Sammicheli C, Tavarini S, Nuti S, Kratzer R, Medini D, Siena E, Bertholet S. Single-Cell Analysis of Antigen-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Transcripts Reveals Profiles Specific to mRNA or Adjuvanted Protein Vaccines. Front Immunol 2021; 12:757151. [PMID: 34777370 PMCID: PMC8586650 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.757151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells play a key role in mediating protective immunity after immune challenges such as infection or vaccination. Several subsets of differentiated CD8+ T cells have been identified, however, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism that underlies T-cell differentiation is lacking. Conventional approaches to the study of immune responses are typically limited to the analysis of bulk groups of cells that mask the cells' heterogeneity (RNA-seq, microarray) and to the assessment of a relatively limited number of biomarkers that can be evaluated simultaneously at the population level (flow and mass cytometry). Single-cell analysis, on the other hand, represents a possible alternative that enables a deeper characterization of the underlying cellular heterogeneity. In this study, a murine model was used to characterize immunodominant hemagglutinin (HA533-541)-specific CD8+ T-cell responses to nucleic- and protein-based influenza vaccine candidates, using single-cell sorting followed by transcriptomic analysis. Investigation of single-cell gene expression profiles enabled the discovery of unique subsets of CD8+ T cells that co-expressed cytotoxic genes after vaccination. Moreover, this method enabled the characterization of antigen specific CD8+ T cells that were previously undetected. Single-cell transcriptome profiling has the potential to allow for qualitative discrimination of cells, which could lead to novel insights on biological pathways involved in cellular responses. This approach could be further validated and allow for more informed decision making in preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Sundebo Meldgaard
- Research & Development, GSK, Siena, Italy
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabiola Blengio
- Chemical & Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Denise Maffione
- Chemical & Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Sandra Nuti
- Research & Development, GSK, Siena, Italy
- Research & Development, GSK, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | | | | | - Sylvie Bertholet
- Research & Development, GSK, Siena, Italy
- Research & Development, GSK, Rockville, MD, United States
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5
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Xu T, Schutte A, Jimenez L, Gonçalves ANA, Keller A, Pipkin ME, Nakaya HI, Pereira RM, Martinez GJ. Kdm6b Regulates the Generation of Effector CD8 + T Cells by Inducing Chromatin Accessibility in Effector-Associated Genes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 206:2170-2183. [PMID: 33863789 PMCID: PMC11139061 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of CD8+ T cell differentiation is critical for balancing pathogen eradication and long-term immunity by effector and memory CTLs, respectively. In this study, we demonstrate that the lysine demethylase 6b (Kdm6b) is essential for the proper generation and function of effector CD8+ T cells during acute infection and tumor eradication. We found that cells lacking Kdm6b (by either T cell-specific knockout mice or knockdown using short hairpin RNA strategies) show an enhanced generation of memory precursor and early effector cells upon acute viral infection in a cell-intrinsic manner. We also demonstrate that Kdm6b is indispensable for proper effector functions and tumor protection, and that memory CD8+ T cells lacking Kdm6b displayed a defective recall response. Mechanistically, we identified that Kdm6b, through induction of chromatin accessibility in key effector-associated gene loci, allows for the proper generation of effector CTLs. Our results pinpoint the essential function of Kdm6b in allowing chromatin accessibility in effector-associated genes, and identify Kdm6b as a potential target for therapeutics in diseases with dysregulated effector responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Xu
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL
- Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL
| | - Alexander Schutte
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL
| | - Leandro Jimenez
- Department of Clinical Analyses and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andre N A Gonçalves
- Department of Clinical Analyses and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ashleigh Keller
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL
| | - Matthew E Pipkin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - Helder I Nakaya
- Department of Clinical Analyses and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata M Pereira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gustavo J Martinez
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL;
- Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL
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6
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Mika T, Ladigan-Badura S, Maghnouj A, Mustafa B, Klein-Scory S, Baraniskin A, Döhring S, Fuchs I, Ehl S, Hahn SA, Schroers R. Altered T-Lymphocyte Biology Following High-Dose Melphalan and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation With Implications for Adoptive T-Cell Therapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:568056. [PMID: 33363008 PMCID: PMC7759611 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.568056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM), adoptive cell therapies (ACT) including CAR-T-cells are under clinical investigation. However, relapse due to T-cell exhaustion or limited persistence is an obstacle. Before ACT are considered in MM, high-dose (HD) melphalan followed by autologous stem-cell transplantation (autoSCT) has been administered in most clinical situations. Yet, the impact of HD chemotherapy on T-cells in MM with respect to ACT is unclear. In this study, T-lymphocytes’ phenotypes, expansion properties, lentiviral transduction efficacy, and gene expression were examined with special respect to patients following HD melphalan. Significant impairment of T-cells’ expansion and transduction rates could be demonstrated. Expansion was diminished due to inherent disadvantages of the predominant T-cell phenotype but restored over time. The quantitative fraction of CD27−/CD28− T-cells before expansion was predictive of T-cell yield. Following autoSCT, the transduction efficacy was reduced by disturbed lentiviral genome integration. Moreover, an unfavorable T-cell phenotype after expansion was demonstrated. In initial analyses of CD107a degranulation impaired T-cell cytotoxicity was detected in one patient following melphalan and autoSCT. The findings of our study have potential implications regarding the time point of leukapheresis for CAR-T-cell manufacturing. Our results point to a preferred interval of more than 3 months until patients should undergo cell separation for CAR-T therapy in the specific situation post-HD melphalan/autoSCT. Monitoring of CD27−/CD28− T-cells, has the potential to influence clinical decision making before apheresis in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mika
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Molecular Gastrointestinal Oncology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Swetlana Ladigan-Badura
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Molecular Gastrointestinal Oncology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Abdelouahid Maghnouj
- Department of Molecular Gastrointestinal Oncology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Bakr Mustafa
- Department of Molecular Gastrointestinal Oncology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Susanne Klein-Scory
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Baraniskin
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sascha Döhring
- Department of Molecular Gastrointestinal Oncology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ilka Fuchs
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Stephan A Hahn
- Department of Molecular Gastrointestinal Oncology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Roland Schroers
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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7
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Vroman H, Uden D, Bergen IM, Hulst JAC, Lukkes M, Loo G, Clausen BE, Boon L, Lambrecht BN, Hammad H, Hendriks RW, Kool M. Tnfaip3 expression in pulmonary conventional type 1 Langerin-expressing dendritic cells regulates T helper 2-mediated airway inflammation in mice. Allergy 2020; 75:2587-2598. [PMID: 32329078 PMCID: PMC7687104 DOI: 10.1111/all.14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1s) control anti‐viral and anti‐tumor immunity by inducing antigen‐specific cytotoxic CD8+ T‐cell responses. Controversy exists whether cDC1s also control CD4+ T helper 2 (Th2) cell responses, since suppressive and activating roles have been reported. DC activation status, controlled by the transcription factor NF‐κB, might determine the precise outcome of Th‐cell differentiation upon encounter with cDC1s. To investigate the role of activated cDC1s in Th2‐driven immune responses, pulmonary cDC1s were activated by targeted deletion of A20/Tnfaip3, a negative regulator of NF‐κB signaling. Methods To target pulmonary cDC1s, Cd207 (Langerin)‐mediated excision of A20/Tnfaip3 was used, generating Tnfaip3fl/flxCd207+/cre (Tnfaip3Lg‐KO) mice. Mice were exposed to house dust mite (HDM) to provoke Th2‐mediated immune responses. Results Mice harboring Tnfaip3‐deficient cDC1s did not develop Th2‐driven eosinophilic airway inflammation upon HDM exposure, but rather showed elevated numbers of IFNγ‐expressing CD8+ T cells. In addition, Tnfaip3Lg‐KO mice harbored increased numbers of IL‐12–expressing cDC1s and elevated PD‐L1 expression in all pulmonary DC subsets. Blocking either IL‐12 or IFNγ in Tnfaip3Lg‐KO mice restored Th2 responses, whereas administration of recombinant IFNγ during HDM sensitization in C57Bl/6 mice blocked Th2 development. Conclusions These findings indicate that the activation status of cDC1s, shown by their specific expression of co‐inhibitory molecules and cytokines, critically contributes to the development of Th2 cell–mediated disorders, most likely by influencing IFNγ production in CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen Vroman
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research Ghent Belgium
| | - Denise Uden
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M. Bergen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Melanie Lukkes
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Geert Loo
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research Ghent Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Björn E. Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | | | - Bart N. Lambrecht
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research Ghent Belgium
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Hamida Hammad
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research Ghent Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Rudi W. Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Kool
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine Erasmus MC Rotterdam The Netherlands
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8
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Davenport B, Eberlein J, Nguyen TT, Victorino F, Jhun K, Abuirqeba H, van der Heide V, Heeger P, Homann D. Aging boosts antiviral CD8+T cell memory through improved engagement of diversified recall response determinants. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008144. [PMID: 31697793 PMCID: PMC6863560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The determinants of protective CD8+ memory T cell (CD8+TM) immunity remain incompletely defined and may in fact constitute an evolving agency as aging CD8+TM progressively acquire enhanced rather than impaired recall capacities. Here, we show that old as compared to young antiviral CD8+TM more effectively harness disparate molecular processes (cytokine signaling, trafficking, effector functions, and co-stimulation/inhibition) that in concert confer greater secondary reactivity. The relative reliance on these pathways is contingent on the nature of the secondary challenge (greater for chronic than acute viral infections) and over time, aging CD8+TM re-establish a dependence on the same accessory signals required for effective priming of naïve CD8+T cells in the first place. Thus, our findings reveal a temporal regulation of complementary recall response determinants that is consistent with the recently proposed "rebound model" according to which aging CD8+TM properties are gradually aligned with those of naïve CD8+T cells; our identification of a broadly diversified collection of immunomodulatory targets may further provide a foundation for the potential therapeutic "tuning" of CD8+TM immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett Davenport
- Department of Anesthesiology & Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jens Eberlein
- Department of Anesthesiology & Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tom T. Nguyen
- Department of Anesthesiology & Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Francisco Victorino
- Department of Anesthesiology & Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kevin Jhun
- Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Haedar Abuirqeba
- Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Verena van der Heide
- Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter Heeger
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dirk Homann
- Department of Anesthesiology & Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Abstract
BACKGROUND T cell-mediated graft rejection is mostly correlated with potent Th1 responses. However, because IFNγ mice reject their graft as efficiently as wild-type (WT) mice, the exact contribution of IFNγ and its transcription factor T-bet remains a matter of debate. Here, we address this question in the context of pancreatic islet allograft to better inform the molecular pathways that hampers islet survival in vivo. METHODS Pancreatic islets from BALB/c mice were transplanted in WT, IFNγ, or T-bet C57BL/6 mice. Graft survival and the induction of effector and cytotoxic T-cell responses were monitored. RESULTS Rejection of fully mismatched islet allografts correlated with high expression of both IFNγ and T-bet in WT recipients. However, allogeneic islets were permanently accepted in T-bet mice, in contrast to IFNγ hosts. Long-term survival correlated with decreased CD4 and CD8 T-cell infiltrates, drastically reduced donor-specific IFNγ and tumor necrosis factor tumor necrosis factor α responses and very low expression of the cytotoxic markers granzyme B, perforin, and FasLigand. In addition, in vitro and in vivo data pointed to an increased susceptibility of T-bet CD8 T cell to apoptosis. These observations were not reported in IFNγ mice, which have set up compensatory effector mechanisms comprising an increased expression of the transcription factor Eomes and cytolytic molecules as well as tumor necrosis factor α-mediated but not IL-4 nor IL-17-mediated allogeneic responses. CONCLUSIONS Anti-islet T-cell responses require T-bet but not IFNγ-dependent programs. Our results provide new clues on the mechanisms dictating islet rejection and may help refine the therapeutic/immunosuppressive regimens applied in diabetic patients receiving islets or pancreas allografts.
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10
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Zook EC, Li ZY, Xu Y, de Pooter RF, Verykokakis M, Beaulieu A, Lasorella A, Maienschein-Cline M, Sun JC, Sigvardsson M, Kee BL. Transcription factor ID2 prevents E proteins from enforcing a naïve T lymphocyte gene program during NK cell development. Sci Immunol 2019; 3:3/22/eaao2139. [PMID: 29703840 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aao2139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
All innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) require the small helix-loop-helix transcription factor ID2, but the functions of ID2 are not well understood in these cells. We show that mature natural killer (NK) cells, the prototypic ILCs, developed in mice lacking ID2 but remained as precursor CD27+CD11b- cells that failed to differentiate into CD27-CD11b+ cytotoxic effectors. We show that ID2 limited chromatin accessibility at E protein binding sites near naïve T lymphocyte-associated genes including multiple chemokine receptors, cytokine receptors, and signaling molecules and altered the NK cell response to inflammatory cytokines. In the absence of ID2, CD27+CD11b- NK cells expressed ID3, a helix-loop-helix protein associated with naïve T cells, and they transitioned from a CD8 memory precursor-like to a naïve-like chromatin accessibility state. We demonstrate that ID3 was required for the development of ID2-deficient NK cells, indicating that completely unfettered E protein function is incompatible with NK cell development. These data solidify the roles of ID2 and ID3 as mediators of effector and naïve gene programs, respectively, and revealed a critical role for ID2 in promoting a chromatin state and transcriptional program in CD27+CD11b- NK cells that supports cytotoxic effector differentiation and cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C Zook
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60657, USA
| | - Zhong-Yin Li
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60657, USA
| | - Yiying Xu
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60657, USA
| | - Renée F de Pooter
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60657, USA
| | - Mihalis Verykokakis
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60657, USA
| | - Aimee Beaulieu
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anna Lasorella
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mark Maienschein-Cline
- Core for Research Informatics, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Barbara L Kee
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60657, USA.
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11
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Batf3-Dependent Dendritic Cells Promote Optimal CD8 T Cell Responses against Respiratory Poxvirus Infection. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00495-18. [PMID: 29875235 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00495-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infection with vaccinia virus (VacV) elicits robust CD8+ T cell responses that play an important role in host resistance. In the lung, VacV encounters multiple tissue-resident antigen-presenting cell (APC) populations, but which cell plays a dominant role in priming of virus-specific CD8+ effector T cell responses remains poorly defined. We used Batf3-/- mice to investigate the impact of CD103+ and CD8α+ dendritic cell (DC) deficiency on anti-VacV CD8+ T cell responses. We found that Batf3-/- mice were more susceptible to VacV infection, exhibiting profound weight loss, which correlated with impaired accumulation of gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing CD8+ T cells in the lungs. This was largely due to defective priming since early in the response, antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in the draining lymph nodes of Batf3-/- mice expressed significantly reduced levels of Ki67, CD25, and T-bet. These results underscore a specific role for Batf3-dependent DCs in regulating priming and expansion of effector CD8+ T cells necessary for host resistance against acute respiratory VacV infection.IMPORTANCE During respiratory infection with vaccinia virus (VacV), a member of Poxviridae family, CD8+ T cells play important role in resolving the primary infection. Effector CD8+ T cells clear the virus by accumulating in the infected lungs in large numbers and secreting molecules such as IFN-γ that kill virally infected cells. However, precise cell types that regulate the generation of effector CD8+ T cells in the lungs are not well defined. Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous population of immune cells that are recognized as key initiators and regulators of T-cell-mediated immunity. In this study, we reveal that a specific subset of DCs that are dependent on the transcription factor Batf3 for their development regulate the magnitude of CD8+ T cell effector responses in the lungs, thereby providing protection during pulmonary VacV infection.
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12
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Desai P, Tahiliani V, Stanfield J, Abboud G, Salek-Ardakani S. Inflammatory monocytes contribute to the persistence of CXCR3 hi CX3CR1 lo circulating and lung-resident memory CD8 + T cells following respiratory virus infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:370-378. [PMID: 29363162 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypically diverse memory CD8+ T cells are present in the lungs that either re-circulate or reside within the tissue. Understanding the key cellular interactions that regulate the generation and then persistence of these different subsets is of great interest. Recently, DNGR-1+ dendritic cell (DC) mediated priming was reported to control the generation of lung-resident but not circulating memory cells following respiratory viral infection. Here, we report an important role for Ly6C+ inflammatory monocytes (IMs) in contributing to the persistence of memory CD8+ T cells but not their generation. Effector CD8+ T cells expanded and contracted normally in the absence of IMs, but the memory compartment declined significantly over time. Quite unexpectedly, this defect was confined to tissue resident and circulating CXCR3hi CX3CR1lo memory cells but not CXCR3hi CX3CR1int and CXCR3lo CX3CR1hi subsets. Thus, two developmentally distinct innate cells orchestrate the generation and persistence of memory T cell subsets following a respiratory virus infection. See also: News and Commentary by Lafouresse & Groom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritesh Desai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Vikas Tahiliani
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jessica Stanfield
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Georges Abboud
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shahram Salek-Ardakani
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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13
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Delpoux A, Michelini RH, Verma S, Lai CY, Omilusik KD, Utzschneider DT, Redwood AJ, Goldrath AW, Benedict CA, Hedrick SM. Continuous activity of Foxo1 is required to prevent anergy and maintain the memory state of CD8 + T cells. J Exp Med 2017; 215:575-594. [PMID: 29282254 PMCID: PMC5789410 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Delpoux et al. show, in a model of latent infection, how FOXO1 is required to prevent apoptosis, the acquisition of an anergy phenotype, and to be constantly expressed for maintaining the differentiation state of CD8+ T cells. Upon infection with an intracellular pathogen, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells develop diverse differentiation states characterized by function, localization, longevity, and the capacity for self-renewal. The program of differentiation is determined, in part, by FOXO1, a transcription factor known to integrate extrinsic input in order to specify survival, DNA repair, self-renewal, and proliferation. At issue is whether the state of T cell differentiation is specified by initial conditions of activation or is actively maintained. To study the spectrum of T cell differentiation, we have analyzed an infection with mouse cytomegalovirus, a persistent-latent virus that elicits different cytotoxic T cell responses characterized as acute resolving or inflationary. Our results show that FOXO1 is continuously required for all the phenotypic characteristics of memory-effector T cells such that with acute inactivation of the gene encoding FOXO1, T cells revert to a short-lived effector phenotype, exhibit reduced viability, and manifest characteristics of anergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Delpoux
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA.,Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Rodrigo Hess Michelini
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA.,Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Shilpi Verma
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Chen-Yen Lai
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA.,Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kyla D Omilusik
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA
| | - Daniel T Utzschneider
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA.,Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Alec J Redwood
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA
| | - Chris A Benedict
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephen M Hedrick
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA .,Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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14
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Desai P, Abboud G, Stanfield J, Thomas PG, Song J, Ware CF, Croft M, Salek-Ardakani S. HVEM Imprints Memory Potential on Effector CD8 T Cells Required for Protective Mucosal Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2968-2975. [PMID: 28864473 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal immunity to reinfection with a highly virulent virus requires the accumulation and persistence of memory CD8 T cells at the site of primary infection. These cells may derive from memory precursor effector cells (MPECs), which are distinct from short-lived effector cells that provide acute protection but are often destined to die. Using respiratory virus infection, we show that herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM; TNFRSF14), a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, provides key signals for MPEC persistence. HVEM-deficient CD8 T cells expanded normally but were skewed away from MPECs with resultant poor development of circulating and lung-resident memory cells. HVEM was selectively expressed on MPECs whereas MPECs deficient in HVEM failed to survive in adoptive transfer recipients. As a consequence, HVEM-deficient recipients failed to afford protection against respiratory reinfection with influenza virus. HVEM therefore represents a critical signal for MPECs and development of protective mucosal CD8 T cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritesh Desai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603
| | - Georges Abboud
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603
| | - Jessica Stanfield
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Carl F Ware
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Michael Croft
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Shahram Salek-Ardakani
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603;
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15
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Fearon DT. Immune-Suppressing Cellular Elements of the Tumor Microenvironment. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-050216-034359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas T. Fearon
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
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16
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Li R, Zhang N, Tian M, Ran Z, Zhu M, Zhu H, Han F, Yin J, Zhong J. Temporary CXCR3 and CCR5 antagonism following vaccination enhances memory CD8 T cell immune responses. Mol Med 2016; 22:497-507. [PMID: 27447731 PMCID: PMC5072403 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although current vaccination strategies have been successful at preventing a variety of human diseases, attempts at vaccinating against some pathogens such as AIDS and tuberculosis (TB) have been more problematic, largely in that abnormally high numbers of antigen specific CD8+ T cells are required for protection. This study assessed the effect of temporarily dampening the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and CCR5 after vaccination on host immune responses by the administration of TAK-779, a small molecule CXCR3 and CCR5 antagonists commonly used to inhibit HIV infection. Our results showed that the use of TAK-779 enhanced memory CD8+ T cell immune responses both qualitatively and quantitatively. Treatment with TAK-779 following vaccination of an influenza virus antigen resulted in enhanced memory generation with more CD8+CD127+ memory precursor and fewer terminally differentiated effector CD8+CD69+ T cells. These memory T cells were able to become IFN-γ-secreting effector cells when re-encountered the same antigen, which can further enhance the efficacy of vaccination. The mice vaccinated in the presence of TAK-779 were better protected upon influenza virus challenge than the control. These results showed that vaccination while temporarily inhibiting chemokine receptor CXCR3 and CCR5 by TAK-779 could be a promising strategy to generate large number of protective memory CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences
| | - Zihan Ran
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences
| | - Mingjun Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- Department of Biosynthesis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangting Han
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences
| | - Juan Yin
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences
| | - Jiang Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences
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17
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Dong H, Franklin NA, Ritchea SB, Yagita H, Glennie MJ, Bullock TNJ. CD70 and IFN-1 selectively induce eomesodermin or T-bet and synergize to promote CD8+ T-cell responses. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3289-301. [PMID: 26461455 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD70-mediated stimulation of CD27 is an important cofactor of CD4(+) T-cell licensed dendritic cells (DCs). However, it is unclear how CD70-mediated stimulation of T cells is integrated with signals that emanate from signal 3 pathways, such as type-1 interferon (IFN-1) and IL-12. We find that while stimulation of CD27 in isolation drives weak Eomesodermin(hi) T-bet(lo) CD8(+) T-cell responses to OVA immunization, profound synergistic expansion is achieved by cotargeting TLR. This cooperativity can substantially boost antiviral CD8(+) T-cell responses during acute infection. Concomitant stimulation of TLR significantly increases per cell IFN-γ production and the proportion of the population with characteristics of short-lived effector cells, yet also promotes the ability to form long-lived memory. Notably, while IFN-1 contributes to the expression of CD70 on DCs, the synergy between CD27 and TLR stimulation is dependent upon IFN-1's effect directly on CD8(+) T cells, and is associated with the increased expression of T-bet in T cells. Surprisingly, we find that IL-12 fails to synergize with CD27 stimulation to promote CD8(+) T-cell expansion, despite its capacity to drive effector CD8(+) T-cell differentiation. Together, these data identify complex interactions between signal 3 and costimulatory pathways, and identify opportunities to influence the differentiation of CD8(+) T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Dong
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Nathan A Franklin
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Shane B Ritchea
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Cancer Sciences Division, Southampton University School of Medicine, General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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18
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Dominguez CX, Amezquita RA, Guan T, Marshall HD, Joshi NS, Kleinstein SH, Kaech SM. The transcription factors ZEB2 and T-bet cooperate to program cytotoxic T cell terminal differentiation in response to LCMV viral infection. J Exp Med 2015; 212:2041-56. [PMID: 26503446 PMCID: PMC4647261 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor T-bet is critical for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) differentiation, but it is unclear how it operates in a graded manner in the formation of both terminal effector and memory precursor cells during viral infection. We find that, at high concentrations, T-bet induced expression of Zeb2 mRNA, which then triggered CTLs to adopt terminally differentiated states. ZEB2 and T-bet cooperate to switch on a terminal CTL differentiation program, while simultaneously repressing genes necessary for central memory CTL development. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing showed that a large proportion of these genes were bound by T-bet, and this binding was altered by ZEB2 deficiency. Furthermore, T-bet overexpression could not fully bypass ZEB2 function. Thus, the coordinated actions of T-bet and ZEB2 outline a novel genetic pathway that forces commitment of CTLs to terminal differentiation, thereby restricting their memory cell potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia X Dominguez
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Robert A Amezquita
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - Tianxia Guan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - Heather D Marshall
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Nikhil S Joshi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Susan M Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
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19
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Sarkar S, Hewison M, Studzinski GP, Li YC, Kalia V. Role of vitamin D in cytotoxic T lymphocyte immunity to pathogens and cancer. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2015; 53:132-45. [PMID: 26479950 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1094443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression in immune cells has opened up a new area of research into immunoregulation by vitamin D, a niche that is distinct from its classical role in skeletal health. Today, about three decades since this discovery, numerous cellular and molecular targets of vitamin D in the immune system have been delineated. Moreover, strong clinical associations between vitamin D status and the incidence/severity of many immune-regulated disorders (e.g. infectious diseases, cancers and autoimmunity) have prompted the idea of using vitamin D supplementation to manipulate disease outcome. While much is known about the effects of vitamin D on innate immune responses and helper T (T(H)) cell immunity, there has been relatively limited progress on the frontier of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immunity--an arm of host cellular adaptive immunity that is crucial for the control of such intracellular pathogens as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis (TB), malaria, and hepatitis C virus (HCV). In this review, we discuss the strong historical and clinical link between vitamin D and infectious diseases that involves cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immunity, present our current understanding as well as critical knowledge gaps in the realm of vitamin D regulation of host CTL responses, and highlight potential regulatory connections between vitamin D and effector and memory CD8 T cell differentiation events during infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surojit Sarkar
- a Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology , University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle , WA , USA .,b Seattle Children's Research Institute, Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Martin Hewison
- c Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), The University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - George P Studzinski
- d Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Rutgers New Jersey Medical School , Newark , NJ , USA , and
| | - Yan Chun Li
- e Department of Medicine, Division of Biological Sciences , The University of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Vandana Kalia
- a Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology , University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle , WA , USA .,b Seattle Children's Research Institute, Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research , Seattle , WA , USA
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20
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Khan SH, Martin MD, Starbeck-Miller GR, Xue HH, Harty JT, Badovinac VP. The Timing of Stimulation and IL-2 Signaling Regulate Secondary CD8 T Cell Responses. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005199. [PMID: 26431533 PMCID: PMC4592272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory CD8 T cells provide protection to immune hosts by eliminating pathogen-infected cells during re-infection. While parameters influencing the generation of primary (1°) CD8 T cells are well established, the factors controlling the development of secondary (2°) CD8 T cell responses remain largely unknown. Here, we address the mechanisms involved in the generation and development of 2° memory (M) CD8 T cells. We observed that the time at which 1° M CD8 T cells enter into immune response impacts their fate and differentiation into 2° M CD8 T cells. Late-entry of 1° M CD8 T cells into an immune response (relative to the onset of infection) not only facilitated the expression of transcription factors associated with memory formation in 2° effector CD8 T cells, but also influenced the ability of 2° M CD8 T cells to localize within the lymph nodes, produce IL-2, and undergo Ag-driven proliferation. The timing of stimulation of 1° M CD8 T cells also impacted the duration of expression of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor (CD25) on 2° effector CD8 T cells and their sensitivity to IL-2 signaling. Importantly, by blocking or enhancing IL-2 signaling in developing 2° CD8 T cells, we provide direct evidence for the role of IL-2 in controlling the differentiation of Ag-driven 2° CD8 T cell responses. Thus, our data suggest that the process of 1° M to 2° M CD8 T cell differentiation is not fixed and can be manipulated, a notion with relevance for the design of future prime-boost vaccination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaniya H. Khan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Martin
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Gabriel R. Starbeck-Miller
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - John T. Harty
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Vladimir P. Badovinac
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Greenough TC, Straubhaar JR, Kamga L, Weiss ER, Brody RM, McManus MM, Lambrecht LK, Somasundaran M, Luzuriaga KF. A Gene Expression Signature That Correlates with CD8+ T Cell Expansion in Acute EBV Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4185-97. [PMID: 26416268 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Virus-specific CD8(+) T cells expand dramatically during acute EBV infection, and their persistence is important for lifelong control of EBV-related disease. To better define the generation and maintenance of these effective CD8(+) T cell responses, we used microarrays to characterize gene expression in total and EBV-specific CD8(+) T cells isolated from the peripheral blood of 10 individuals followed from acute infectious mononucleosis (AIM) into convalescence (CONV). In total CD8(+) T cells, differential expression of genes in AIM and CONV was most pronounced among those encoding proteins important in T cell activation/differentiation, cell division/metabolism, chemokines/cytokines and receptors, signaling and transcription factors (TF), immune effector functions, and negative regulators. Within these categories, we identified 28 genes that correlated with CD8(+) T cell expansion in response to an acute EBV infection. In EBV-specific CD8(+) T cells, we identified 33 genes that were differentially expressed in AIM and CONV. Two important TF, T-bet and eomesodermin, were upregulated and maintained at similar levels in both AIM and CONV; in contrast, protein expression declined from AIM to CONV. Expression of these TF varied among cells with different epitope specificities. Collectively, gene and protein expression patterns suggest that a large proportion, if not a majority of CD8(+) T cells in AIM are virus specific, activated, dividing, and primed to exert effector activities. High expression of T-bet and eomesodermin may help to maintain effector mechanisms in activated cells and to enable proliferation and transition to earlier differentiation states in CONV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Greenough
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
| | - Juerg R Straubhaar
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Larisa Kamga
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Eric R Weiss
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Robin M Brody
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Margaret M McManus
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Linda K Lambrecht
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Mohan Somasundaran
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Katherine F Luzuriaga
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
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22
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Epigenetic control of interferon-gamma expression in CD8 T cells. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:849573. [PMID: 25973438 PMCID: PMC4418004 DOI: 10.1155/2015/849573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon- (IFN-) γ is an essential cytokine for immunity against intracellular pathogens and cancer. IFN-γ expression by CD4 T lymphocytes is observed only after T helper (Th) 1 differentiation and there are several studies about the molecular mechanisms that control Ifng expression in these cells. However, naïve CD8 T lymphocytes do not produce large amounts of IFN-γ, but after TCR stimulation there is a progressive acquisition of IFN-γ expression during differentiation into cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and memory cells, which are capable of producing high levels of this cytokine. Differential gene expression can be regulated from the selective action of transcriptional factors and also from epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA CpG methylation or posttranslational histone modifications. Recently it has been recognized that epigenetic modification is an integral part of CD8 lymphocyte differentiation. This review will focus on the chromatin status of Ifng promoter in CD8 T cells and possible influences of epigenetic modifications in Ifng gene and conserved noncoding sequences (CNSs) in regulation of IFN-γ production by CD8 T lymphocytes.
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23
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Lee N, You S, Shin MS, Lee WW, Kang KS, Kim SH, Kim WU, Homer RJ, Kang MJ, Montgomery RR, Dela Cruz CS, Shaw AC, Lee PJ, Chupp GL, Hwang D, Kang I. IL-6 receptor α defines effector memory CD8+ T cells producing Th2 cytokines and expanding in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 190:1383-94. [PMID: 25390970 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201403-0601oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Cytokine receptors can be markers defining different T-cell subsets and considered as therapeutic targets. The association of IL-6 and IL-6 receptor α (IL-6Rα) with asthma was reported, suggesting their involvement in asthma. OBJECTIVES To determine whether and how IL-6Rα defines a distinct effector memory (EM) CD8+ T-cell population in health and disease. METHODS EM CD8+ T cells expressing IL-6Rα (IL-6Rα(high)) were identified in human peripheral blood and analyzed for function, gene, and transcription factor expression. The relationship of these cells with asthma was determined using blood and sputum. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A unique population of IL-6Rα(high) EM CD8+ T cells was found in peripheral blood. These cells that potently proliferated, survived, and produced high levels of the Th2-type cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 had increased levels of GATA3 and decreased levels of T-bet and Blimp-1 in comparison with other EM CD8+ T cells. In fact, GATA3 was required for IL-6Rα expression. Patients with asthma had an increased frequency of IL-6Rα(high) EM CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood compared with healthy control subjects. Also, IL-6Rα(high) EM CD8+ T cells exclusively produced IL-5 and IL-13 in response to asthma-associated respiratory syncytial virus and bacterial superantigens. CONCLUSIONS Human IL-6Rα(high) EM CD8+ T cells is a unique cell subset that may serve as a reservoir for effector CD8+ T cells, particularly the ones producing Th2-type cytokines, and expand in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeun Lee
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine and
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24
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Blom K, Braun M, Pakalniene J, Dailidyte L, Béziat V, Lampen MH, Klingström J, Lagerqvist N, Kjerstadius T, Michaëlsson J, Lindquist L, Ljunggren HG, Sandberg JK, Mickiene A, Gredmark-Russ S. Specificity and dynamics of effector and memory CD8 T cell responses in human tick-borne encephalitis virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004622. [PMID: 25611738 PMCID: PMC4303297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is transferred to humans by ticks. The virus causes tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) with symptoms such as meningitis and meningoencephalitis. About one third of the patients suffer from long-lasting sequelae after clearance of the infection. Studies of the immune response during TBEV-infection are essential to the understanding of host responses to TBEV-infection and for the development of therapeutics. Here, we studied in detail the primary CD8 T cell response to TBEV in patients with acute TBE. Peripheral blood CD8 T cells mounted a considerable response to TBEV-infection as assessed by Ki67 and CD38 co-expression. These activated cells showed a CD45RA-CCR7-CD127- phenotype at day 7 after hospitalization, phenotypically defining them as effector cells. An immunodominant HLA-A2-restricted TBEV epitope was identified and utilized to study the characteristics and temporal dynamics of the antigen-specific response. The functional profile of TBEV-specific CD8 T cells was dominated by variants of mono-functional cells as the effector response matured. Antigen-specific CD8 T cells predominantly displayed a distinct Eomes+Ki67+T-bet+ effector phenotype at the peak of the response, which transitioned to an Eomes-Ki67-T-bet+ phenotype as the infection resolved and memory was established. These transcription factors thus characterize and discriminate stages of the antigen-specific T cell response during acute TBEV-infection. Altogether, CD8 T cells responded strongly to acute TBEV infection and passed through an effector phase, prior to gradual differentiation into memory cells with distinct transcription factor expression-patterns throughout the different phases. Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) belongs to the flavivirus family and causes tick-borne encephalitis. This is a severe meningoencephalitic disease with no available treatment. Detailed studies of the immune response during human TBEV infection are essential to understand host responses to TBE and for the development of therapeutics. Herein, we studied the primary T cell-mediated immune response in patients diagnosed with TBEV infection. We show that CD8 T cells mount a vigorous TBEV-specific response within one week of hospitalization. Moreover, TBEV-specific CD8 T cells displayed a distinctive phenotypic and functional profile, paired with a distinct transcription factor expression-pattern during the peak of activation. In summary, this is the first comprehensive study of the CD8 T cell response during acute human TBEV infection, and provides a framework for understanding of CD8 T cell-mediated immunity in this emerging viral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Blom
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Braun
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jolita Pakalniene
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Laura Dailidyte
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vivien Béziat
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Imagine Institute—INSERM U1163, Paris, France
| | - Margit H. Lampen
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nina Lagerqvist
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Kjerstadius
- Karolinska University Laboratory, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jakob Michaëlsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Lindquist
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan K. Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aukse Mickiene
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Unit of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Gredmark-Russ
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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25
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Stoycheva D, Deiser K, Stärck L, Nishanth G, Schlüter D, Uckert W, Schüler T. IFN-γ regulates CD8+ memory T cell differentiation and survival in response to weak, but not strong, TCR signals. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:553-9. [PMID: 25480562 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
In response to primary Ag contact, naive mouse CD8(+) T cells undergo clonal expansion and differentiate into effector T cells. After pathogen clearance, most effector T cells die, and only a small number of memory T cell precursors (TMPs) survive to form a pool of long-lived memory T cells (TMs). Although high- and low-affinity CD8(+) T cell clones are recruited into the primary response, the TM pool consists mainly of high-affinity clones. It remains unclear whether the more efficient expansion of high-affinity clones and/or cell-intrinsic processes exclude low-affinity T cells from the TM pool. In this article, we show that the lack of IFN-γR signaling in CD8(+) T cells promotes TM formation in response to weak, but not strong, TCR agonists. The IFN-γ-sensitive accumulation of TMs correlates with reduced mammalian target of rapamycin activation and the accumulation of long-lived CD62L(hi)Bcl-2(hi)Eomes(hi) TMPs. Reconstitution of mammalian target of rapamycin or IFN-γR signaling is sufficient to block this process. Hence, our data suggest that IFN-γR signaling actively blocks the formation of TMPs responding to weak TCR agonists, thereby promoting the accumulation of high-affinity T cells finally dominating the TM pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Stoycheva
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Immunology, Charité Berlin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Deiser
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Immunology, Charité Berlin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lilian Stärck
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gopala Nishanth
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Organ-Specific Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; and
| | - Dirk Schlüter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Organ-Specific Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; and
| | - Wolfgang Uckert
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schüler
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Immunology, Charité Berlin, 12200 Berlin, Germany;
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26
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IL-27 and the generation of CD8+ T-cell responses to peptide vaccines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:16639-40. [PMID: 25404318 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418297111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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27
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Early-onset Evans syndrome, immunodeficiency, and premature immunosenescence associated with tripeptidyl-peptidase II deficiency. Blood 2014; 125:753-61. [PMID: 25414442 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-593202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune cytopenia is a frequent manifestation of primary immunodeficiencies. Two siblings presented with Evans syndrome, viral infections, and progressive leukopenia. DNA available from one patient showed a homozygous frameshift mutation in tripeptidyl peptidase II (TPP2) abolishing protein expression. TPP2 is a serine exopeptidase involved in extralysosomal peptide degradation. Its deficiency in mice activates cell death programs and premature senescence. Similar to cells from naïve, uninfected TPP2-deficient mice, patient cells showed increased major histocompatibility complex I expression and most CD8(+) T-cells had a senescent CCR7-CD127(-)CD28(-)CD57(+) phenotype with poor proliferative responses and enhanced staurosporine-induced apoptosis. T-cells showed increased expression of the effector molecules perforin and interferon-γ with high expression of the transcription factor T-bet. Age-associated B-cells with a CD21(-) CD11c(+) phenotype expressing T-bet were increased in humans and mice, combined with antinuclear antibodies. Moreover, markers of senescence were also present in human and murine TPP2-deficient fibroblasts. Telomere lengths were normal in patient fibroblasts and granulocytes, and low normal in lymphocytes, which were compatible with activation of stress-induced rather than replicative senescence programs. TPP2 deficiency is the first primary immunodeficiency linking premature immunosenescence to severe autoimmunity. Determination of senescent lymphocytes should be part of the diagnostic evaluation of children with refractory multilineage cytopenias.
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28
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Crocetti J, Silva O, Humphries LA, Tibbs MD, Miceli MC. Selective phosphorylation of the Dlg1AB variant is critical for TCR-induced p38 activation and induction of proinflammatory cytokines in CD8+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2651-60. [PMID: 25098293 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells respond to TCR stimulation by producing proinflammatory cytokines, and destroying infected or malignant cells through the production and release of cytotoxic granules. Scaffold protein Discs large homolog 1 (Dlg1) specifies TCR-dependent functions by channeling proximal signals toward the activation of p38-dependent proinflammatory cytokine gene expression and/or p38-independent cytotoxic granule release. Two Dlg1 variants are expressed in CD8(+) T cells via alternative splicing, Dlg1AB and Dlg1B, which have differing abilities coordinate TCR-dependent functions. Although both variants facilitate p38-independent cytotoxicity, only Dlg1AB coordinates p38-dependent proinflammatory cytokine expression. In this study, we identify TCR-induced Dlg1 tyrosine phosphorylation as a key regulatory step required for Dlg1AB-mediated p38-dependent functions, including proinflammatory cytokine expression. We find that Dlg1AB but not Dlg1B is tyrosine phosphorylated by proximal tyrosine kinase Lck in response to TCR stimulation. Furthermore, we identify Dlg1 tyrosine 222 (Y222) as a major site of Dlg1 phosphorylation required for TCR-triggered p38 activation and NFAT-dependent expression of proinflammatory cytokines, but not for p38-independent cytotoxicity. Taken together, our data support a model where TCR-induced phosphorylation of Dlg1 Y222 is a key point of control that endows Dlg1AB with the ability to coordinate p38 activation and proinflammatory cytokine production. We propose blocking Dlg1AB phosphorylation as a novel therapeutic target to specifically block proinflammatory cytokine production but not cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Crocetti
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Oscar Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Lisa A Humphries
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320; and
| | - Michelle D Tibbs
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - M Carrie Miceli
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
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29
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Hu G, Chen J. A genome-wide regulatory network identifies key transcription factors for memory CD8⁺ T-cell development. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2830. [PMID: 24335726 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory CD8⁺ T-cell development is defined by the expression of a specific set of memory signature genes. Despite recent progress, many components of the transcriptional control of memory CD8⁺ T-cell development are still unknown. To identify transcription factors and their interactions in memory CD8⁺ T-cell development, we construct a genome-wide regulatory network and apply it to identify key transcription factors that regulate memory signature genes. Most of the known transcription factors having a role in memory CD8⁺ T-cell development are rediscovered and about a dozen new ones are also identified. Sox4, Bhlhe40, Bach2 and Runx2 are experimentally verified, and Bach2 is further shown to promote both development and recall proliferation of memory CD8⁺ T cells through Prdm1 and Id3. Gene perturbation study identifies the interactions between the transcription factors, with Sox4 positioned as a hub. The identified transcription factors and insights into their interactions should facilitate further dissection of molecular mechanisms underlying memory CD8⁺ T-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangan Hu
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jianzhu Chen
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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30
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Knox JJ, Cosma GL, Betts MR, McLane LM. Characterization of T-bet and eomes in peripheral human immune cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:217. [PMID: 24860576 PMCID: PMC4030168 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The T-box transcription factors T-bet and Eomesodermin (Eomes) have been well defined as key drivers of immune cell development and cytolytic function. While the majority of studies have defined the roles of these factors in the context of murine T-cells, recent results have revealed that T-bet, and possibly Eomes, are expressed in other immune cell subsets. To date, the expression patterns of these factors in subsets of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells beyond T-cells remain relatively uncharacterized. In this study, we used multiparametric flow cytometry to characterize T-bet and Eomes expression in major human blood cell subsets, including total CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells, γδ T-cells, invariant NKT cells, natural killer cells, B-cells, and dendritic cells. Our studies identified novel cell subsets that express T-bet and Eomes and raise implications for their possible functions in the context of other human immune cell subsets besides their well-known roles in T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Knox
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Gabriela L Cosma
- Department of Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Laura M McLane
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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31
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Kurachi M, Barnitz RA, Yosef N, Odorizzi PM, Dilorio MA, Lemieux ME, Yates K, Godec J, Klatt MG, Regev A, Wherry EJ, Haining WN. The transcription factor BATF operates as an essential differentiation checkpoint in early effector CD8+ T cells. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:373-83. [PMID: 24584090 PMCID: PMC4000237 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor BATF is required for the differentiation of interleukin 17 (IL-17)-producing helper T cells (TH17 cells) and follicular helper T cells (TFH cells). Here we identified a fundamental role for BATF in regulating the differentiation of effector of CD8(+) T cells. BATF-deficient CD8(+) T cells showed profound defects in effector population expansion and underwent proliferative and metabolic catastrophe early after encountering antigen. BATF, together with the transcription factors IRF4 and Jun proteins, bound to and promoted early expression of genes encoding lineage-specific transcription-factors (T-bet and Blimp-1) and cytokine receptors while paradoxically repressing genes encoding effector molecules (IFN-γ and granzyme B). Thus, BATF amplifies T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-dependent expression of transcription factors and augments the propagation of inflammatory signals but restrains the expression of genes encoding effector molecules. This checkpoint prevents irreversible commitment to an effector fate until a critical threshold of downstream transcriptional activity has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kurachi
- Department of Microbiology University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R. Anthony Barnitz
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nir Yosef
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pamela M. Odorizzi
- Department of Microbiology University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael A. Dilorio
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Kathleen Yates
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jernej Godec
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin G. Klatt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - E. John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - W. Nicholas Haining
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
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32
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Santos-Gomes GM, Rodrigues A, Teixeira F, Carreira J, Alexandre-Pires G, Carvalho S, Santos-Mateus D, Martins C, Vale-Gato I, Marques C, Tomás AM. Immunization with the Leishmania infantum recombinant cyclophilin protein 1 confers partial protection to subsequent parasite infection and generates specific memory T cells. Vaccine 2014; 32:1247-53. [PMID: 24486368 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniosis can be achieved using several available drugs. These drugs present high toxicity and require longer treatment regimens which complicate compliance to the treatment. Other control measures directed to the vector or the reservoirs are useful tools to restrain the spreading of this disease but the effects are transitory. A safe, affordable and efficient vaccine conferring long lasting immunity should be the most cost effective way of controlling zoonotic visceral leishmaniosis. The present study aims at characterizing a cyclophilin protein 1 of Leishmania infantum (LiCyP1) and investigating whether recombinant LiCyP1 (LirCyP1) is able to confer protection against infection by evaluating viable parasite load and the generation of specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) effector and central memory T cells in rodent model. LiCyP1 is present in the cytoplasm of L. infantum amastigotes and promastigotes. Immunization of BALB/c mice with LirCyP1 confers high protection to L. infantum infection, causing a marked reduction in parasite replication in the liver and spleen. Furthermore, helper and cytotoxic memory T cell subsets able to specifically recognize parasite antigens expanded in immunized and in challenged mice. CD4(+) T cell subpopulation of intermediate phenotype (CD62L(high)CD127(low)) of challenging mice also presented an accentuated expansion after the recall. This study demonstrated that LirCyP1 confers partial protection to L. infantum infection, promoting the generation of a desired long lasting immunity. LirCyP1 can be considered a potential candidate for the design of a vaccine against zoonotic visceral leishmaniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Santos-Gomes
- Unidade de Ensino e Investigação de Parasitologia Médica, Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - A Rodrigues
- Unidade de Ensino e Investigação de Parasitologia Médica, Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - F Teixeira
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - J Carreira
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - G Alexandre-Pires
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - S Carvalho
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - D Santos-Mateus
- Unidade de Ensino e Investigação de Parasitologia Médica, Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Martins
- Departamento de Imunologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires de Pátria, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - I Vale-Gato
- Unidade de Ensino e Investigação de Parasitologia Médica, Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Marques
- Unidade de Ensino e Investigação de Parasitologia Médica, Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A M Tomás
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
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33
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Mamonkin M, Puppi M, Lacorazza HD. Transcription factor ELF4 promotes development and function of memory CD8+T cells inListeria monocytogenesinfection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:715-27. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Mamonkin
- Department of Pathology & Immunology; Baylor College of Medicine; Texas Children's Hospital; Houston TX USA
| | - Monica Puppi
- Department of Pathology & Immunology; Baylor College of Medicine; Texas Children's Hospital; Houston TX USA
| | - H. Daniel Lacorazza
- Department of Pathology & Immunology; Baylor College of Medicine; Texas Children's Hospital; Houston TX USA
- Department of Pediatrics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston TX USA
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34
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Thiery J, Lieberman J. Perforin: a key pore-forming protein for immune control of viruses and cancer. Subcell Biochem 2014; 80:197-220. [PMID: 24798013 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-8881-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Perforin (PFN) is the key pore-forming molecule in the cytotoxic granules of immune killer cells. Expressed only in killer cells, PFN is the rate-limiting molecule for cytotoxic function, delivering the death-inducing granule serine proteases (granzymes) into target cells marked for immune elimination. In this chapter we describe our current understanding of how PFN accomplishes this task. We discuss where PFN is expressed and how its expression is regulated, the biogenesis and storage of PFN in killer cells and how they are protected from potential damage, how it is released, how it delivers Granzymes into target cells and the consequences of PFN deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Thiery
- INSERM U753, University Paris Sud and Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France,
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35
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Skon CN, Lee JY, Anderson KG, Masopust D, Hogquist KA, Jameson SC. Transcriptional downregulation of S1pr1 is required for the establishment of resident memory CD8+ T cells. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:1285-93. [PMID: 24162775 PMCID: PMC3844557 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity critically depends on lymphocyte localization at sites of infection. While some memory T cells recirculate, a distinct lineage (resident memory T cells; TRM) are embedded in non-lymphoid tissues (NLTs) and mediate potent protective immunity. However, the defining transcriptional basis for TRM establishment is unknown. We report that CD8+ TRM cells lacked expression of the transcription factor KLF2 and its target gene S1pr1 (encoding sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1). Forced S1PR1 expression prevented establishment of TRM. Cytokines inducing TRM phenotype (including TGF-β, IL-33 and TNF) provoked KLF2 downregulation in a phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K)–Akt-dependent pathway, suggesting environmental regulation. Hence KLF2 and S1PR1 regulation provides a switch, dictating whether CD8+ T cells commit to the recirculating or tissue resident memory populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara N Skon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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36
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Iyer SS, Latner DR, Zilliox MJ, McCausland M, Akondy RS, Penaloza-Macmaster P, Hale JS, Ye L, Mohammed AUR, Yamaguchi T, Sakaguchi S, Amara RR, Ahmed R. Identification of novel markers for mouse CD4(+) T follicular helper cells. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:3219-32. [PMID: 24030473 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T follicular helper (TFH) cells are central for generation of long-term B-cell immunity. A defining phenotypic attribute of TFH cells is the expression of the chemokine R CXCR5, and TFH cells are typically identified by co-expression of CXCR5 together with other markers such as PD-1, ICOS, and Bcl-6. Herein, we report high-level expression of the nutrient transporter folate R 4 (FR4) on TFH cells in acute viral infection. Distinct from the expression profile of conventional TFH markers, FR4 was highly expressed by naive CD4(+) T cells, was downregulated after activation and subsequently re-expressed on TFH cells. Furthermore, FR4 expression was maintained, albeit at lower levels, on memory TFH cells. Comparative gene expression profiling of FR4(hi) versus FR4(lo) Ag-specific CD4(+) effector T cells revealed a molecular signature consistent with TFH and TH1 subsets, respectively. Interestingly, genes involved in the purine metabolic pathway, including the ecto-enzyme CD73, were enriched in TFH cells compared with TH1 cells, and phenotypic analysis confirmed expression of CD73 on TFH cells. As there is now considerable interest in developing vaccines that would induce optimal TFH cell responses, the identification of two novel cell surface markers should be useful in characterization and identification of TFH cells following vaccination and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita S Iyer
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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37
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Knudson KM, Goplen NP, Cunningham CA, Daniels MA, Teixeiro E. Low-affinity T cells are programmed to maintain normal primary responses but are impaired in their recall to low-affinity ligands. Cell Rep 2013; 4:554-65. [PMID: 23933258 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell responses to low-affinity T cell receptor (TCR) ligands occur in the context of infection, tumors, and autoimmunity despite diminished TCR signal strength. The processes that enable such responses remain unclear. We show that distinct mechanisms drive effector/memory development in high- and low-affinity T cells. Low-affinity cells preferentially differentiate into memory precursors of a central memory phenotype that are interleukin (IL)-12R(lo), IL-7R(hi), and Eomes(hi). Strikingly, in contrast to naive cells, low-affinity memory cells were impaired in the response to low- but not high-affinity ligands, indicating that low-affinity cells are programmed to generate diverse immune responses while avoiding autoreactivity. Affinity and antigen dose directly correlated with IL-12R signal input and T-bet but not with Eomes expression because low- affinity signals were more potent inducers of Eomes at a high antigen dose. Our studies explain how weak antigenic signals induce complete primary immune responses and provide a framework for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M Knudson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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38
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Sun Z, Smyth K, Garcia K, Mattson E, Li L, Xiao Z. Nicotine inhibits memory CTL programming. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68183. [PMID: 23844169 PMCID: PMC3699522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine is the main tobacco component responsible for tobacco addiction and is used extensively in smoking and smoking cessation therapies. However, little is known about its effects on the immune system. We confirmed that multiple nicotinic receptors are expressed on mouse and human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and demonstrated that nicotinic receptors on mouse CTLs are regulated during activation. Acute nicotine presence during activation increases primary CTL expansion in vitro, but impairs in vivo expansion after transfer and subsequent memory CTL differentiation, which reduces protection against subsequent pathogen challenges. Furthermore, nicotine abolishes the regulatory effect of rapamycin on memory CTL programming, which can be attributed to the fact that rapamycin enhances expression of nicotinic receptors. Interestingly, naïve CTLs from chronic nicotine-treated mice have normal memory programming, which is impaired by nicotine during activation in vitro. In conclusion, simultaneous exposure to nicotine and antigen during CTL activation negatively affects memory development.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression/immunology
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory/drug effects
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/immunology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nicotine/immunology
- Nicotine/pharmacology
- Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics
- Receptors, Nicotinic/immunology
- Receptors, Nicotinic/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sirolimus/immunology
- Sirolimus/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Sun
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kendra Smyth
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karla Garcia
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elliot Mattson
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhengguo Xiao
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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39
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Tejera MM, Kim EH, Sullivan JA, Plisch EH, Suresh M. FoxO1 controls effector-to-memory transition and maintenance of functional CD8 T cell memory. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:187-99. [PMID: 23733882 PMCID: PMC3691324 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During a T cell response, naive CD8 T cells differentiate into effector cells. Subsequently, a subset of effector cells termed memory precursor effector cells further differentiates into functionally mature memory CD8 T cells. The transcriptional network underlying this carefully scripted process is not well understood. In this study, we report that the transcription factor FoxO1 plays an integral role in facilitating effector-to-memory transition and functional maturation of memory CD4 and CD8 T cells. We find that FoxO1 is not required for differentiation of effector cells, but in the absence of FoxO1, memory CD8 T cells displayed features of senescence and progressive attrition in polyfunctionality, which in turn led to impaired recall responses and poor protective immunity. These data suggest that FoxO1 is essential for maintenance of functional CD8 T cell memory and protective immunity. Under competing conditions in bone marrow chimeric mice, FoxO1 deficiency did not perturb clonal expansion or effector differentiation. Instead, FoxO1-deficient memory precursor effector cells failed to survive and form memory CD8 T cells. Mechanistically, FoxO1 deficiency perturbed the memory CD8 T cell transcriptome, characterized by pronounced alterations in the expression of genes that encode transcription factors (including Tcf7), effector molecules, cell cycle regulators, and proteins that regulate fatty acid, purine, and pyramidine metabolism and mitochondrial functions. We propose that FoxO1 is a key regulator that reprograms and steers the differentiation of effector cells to functionally competent memory cells. These findings have provided fundamental insights into the mechanisms that regulate the quality of CD8 T cell memory to intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melba Marie Tejera
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Eui Ho Kim
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Jeremy A. Sullivan
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Erin H. Plisch
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - M. Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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40
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Wensveen FM, Lenartic M, Jelencic V, Lemmermann NAW, ten Brinke A, Jonjic S, Polic B. NKG2D induces Mcl-1 expression and mediates survival of CD8 memory T cell precursors via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1307-15. [PMID: 23804716 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Memory formation of activated CD8 T cells is the result of a specific combination of signals that promote long-term survival and inhibit differentiation into effector cells. Much is known about initial cues that drive memory formation, but it is poorly understood which signals are essential during the intermediate stages before terminal differentiation. NKG2D is an activating coreceptor on Ag-experienced CD8 T cells that promotes effector cell functions. Its role in memory formation is currently unknown. In this study, we show that NKG2D controls formation of CD8 memory T cells by promoting survival of precursor cells. We demonstrate that NKG2D enhances IL-15-mediated PI3K signaling of activated CD8 T cells, in a specific phase of memory cell commitment, after activation but before terminal differentiation. This signal is essential for the induction of prosurvival protein Mcl-1 and precursor cell survival. In vivo, NKG2D deficiency results in reduced memory cell formation and impaired protection against reinfection. Our findings show a new role for PI3K and the NKG2D/IL-15 axis in an underappreciated stage of effector to memory cell transition that is essential for the generation of antiviral immunity. Moreover, we provide novel insights how these receptors control both effector and memory T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M Wensveen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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41
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Iborra S, Ramos M, Arana DM, Lázaro S, Aguilar F, Santos E, López D, Fernández-Malavé E, Del Val M. N-ras couples antigen receptor signaling to Eomesodermin and to functional CD8+ T cell memory but not to effector differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1463-79. [PMID: 23776078 PMCID: PMC3698526 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20112495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
N-ras−/− CD8+ T cells have an intrinsic defect in Eomes expression resulting in impaired generation of protective memory cells that can be rescued by enforced Eomes expression. Signals from the TCR that specifically contribute to effector versus memory CD8+ T cell differentiation are poorly understood. Using mice and adoptively transferred T lymphocytes lacking the small GTPase N-ras, we found that N-ras–deficient CD8+ T cells differentiate efficiently into antiviral primary effectors but have a severe defect in generating protective memory cells. This defect was rescued, although only partly, by rapamycin-mediated inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in vivo. The memory defect correlated with a marked impairment in vitro and in vivo of the antigen-mediated early induction of T-box transcription factor Eomesodermin (Eomes), whereas T-bet was unaffected. Besides N-ras, early Eomes induction in vitro required phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)–AKT but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, and it was largely insensitive to rapamycin. Consistent with N-ras coupling Eomes to T cell memory, retrovirally enforced expression of Eomes in N-ras–deficient CD8+ T cells effectively rescued their memory differentiation. Thus, our study identifies a critical role for N-ras as a TCR-proximal regulator of Eomes for early determination of the CD8+ T cell memory fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Iborra
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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42
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Effector-like CD8⁺ T cells in the memory population mediate potent protective immunity. Immunity 2013; 38:1250-60. [PMID: 23746652 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The CD8⁺ memory T cell population is heterogeneous, and it is unclear which subset(s) optimally mediate the central goal of the immune system-protection against infection. Here we investigate the protective capacities of CD8⁺ T cell subsets present at the memory stage of the immune response. We show that a population of CD8⁺ T cells bearing markers associated with effector cells (KLRG1(hi), CD27(lo), T-bet(hi), Eomes(lo)) persisted to the memory phase and provided optimal control of Listeria monocytogenes and vaccinia virus, despite weak recall proliferative responses. After antigen-specific boosting, this population formed the predominant secondary memory subset and maintained superior pathogen control. The effector-like memory subset displayed a distinct pattern of tissue distribution and localization within the spleen, and their enhanced capacity to eliminate Listeria involved specialized utilization of cytolysis. Together, these data suggest that long-lived effector CD8⁺ T cells are optimal for protective immunity against certain pathogens.
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43
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Thaventhiran JED, Fearon DT, Gattinoni L. Transcriptional regulation of effector and memory CD8+ T cell fates. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:321-8. [PMID: 23747000 PMCID: PMC3766771 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunity to intracellular pathogens and cancer relies on the generation of robust CD8(+) T cell effector responses as well as the establishment of immunological memory. During a primary immune response CD8(+) T cells experience diverse extracellular environmental cues and cell-cell interactions that trigger downstream transcriptional programs ultimately guiding a CD8(+) T cell to undertake either an effector or a memory cell fate. Here, we discuss our current understanding of the signaling pathways and transcriptional networks that regulate effector and memory commitment in CD8(+) T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E D Thaventhiran
- Centre for Lung Infection, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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44
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Hess Michelini R, Doedens AL, Goldrath AW, Hedrick SM. Differentiation of CD8 memory T cells depends on Foxo1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1189-200. [PMID: 23712431 PMCID: PMC3674697 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Foxo1 is required for the differentiation of memory CD8+ T cells, and its absence hinders clearance of secondary infections. The forkhead O transcription factors (FOXO) integrate a range of extracellular signals, including growth factor signaling, inflammation, oxidative stress, and nutrient availability, to substantially alter the program of gene expression and modulate cell survival, cell cycle progression, and many yet to be unraveled cell type–specific responses. Naive antigen-specific CD8+ T cells undergo a rapid expansion and arming of effector function within days of pathogen exposure. In addition, by the peak of expansion, they form precursors to memory T cells capable of self-renewal and indefinite survival. Using lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Armstrong to probe the response to infection, we found that Foxo1−/− CD8+ T cells expand normally with no defects in effector differentiation, but continue to exhibit characteristics of effector T cells long after antigen clearance. The KLRG1lo CD8+ T cells that are normally enriched for memory-precursor cells retain Granzyme B and CD69 expression, and fail to up-regulate TCF7, EOMES, and other memory signature genes. As a correlate, Foxo1−/− CD8+ T cells were virtually unable to expand upon secondary infection. Collectively, these results demonstrate an intrinsic role for FOXO1 in establishing the post-effector memory program that is essential to forming long-lived memory cells capable of immune reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Hess Michelini
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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45
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Jameson SC. T Cell Memory: without Prompting. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4443-4. [PMID: 23606720 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Jameson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
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46
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Curran MA, Geiger TL, Montalvo W, Kim M, Reiner SL, Al-Shamkhani A, Sun JC, Allison JP. Systemic 4-1BB activation induces a novel T cell phenotype driven by high expression of Eomesodermin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:743-55. [PMID: 23547098 PMCID: PMC3620352 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
4-1BB agonist antibody treatment induces a population of KLRG1(+) T cells that infiltrate melanoma tumors. We investigated the origin and function of these cells, as well as their place within established T cell paradigms. We find that these T cells, particularly the CD4 lineage, represent a novel phenotype characterized by enhanced, multipotent cytotoxicity. Distinct from described polarities, this T cell phenotype is driven by the T-box transcription factor Eomesodermin. Formation of this phenotype requires 4-1BB signaling on both T and antigen-presenting cells and the resulting production of the cytokines IL-27, IL-15, and IL-10. Furthermore, we find CD4(+) T cells bearing the signature features of this phenotype in the livers of mice infected with both bacterial and viral intracellular pathogens, suggesting a role for these cells in infectious immunity. These T cells constitute a novel phenotype that resolves multiple questions associated with 4-1BB activation, including how 4-1BB enhances tumor-specific cytotoxicity and how 4-1BB can promote tumor immunity while repressing autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Curran
- Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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47
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Liu B, Wang M, Wang X, Zhao D, Liu D, Liu J, Chen PJ, Yang D, He F, Tang L. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell lectin inhibits CTL-dependent virus clearance in mouse models of viral hepatitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4185-95. [PMID: 23487419 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell lectin (LSECtin) was recently reported to suppress intrahepatic T cell immunity and to limit immune-mediated liver injury. However, its role in the outcome and pathogenesis of viral infection has not yet been elucidated. Using a mouse model infected with a hepatotropic adenovirus, we found that the absence of LSECtin led to a higher frequency of intrahepatic effector CTLs. These cells produced higher levels of antiviral cytokines and cytotoxic factors and exhibited an increased expression of the transcription factors T-bet and Runx3. This phenotype observed in the LSECtin-knockout cells mediated a more efficient virus-specific cytotoxicity compared with that of wild-type cells. As a consequence, LSECtin deficiency significantly accelerated liver adenovirus clearance. In contrast, LSECtin upregulation in the liver delayed viral clearance; this delayed clearance was accompanied by the downregulation of the antiviral activity of CTLs. We further constructed an immunocompetent mouse model of acute hepatitis B viral infection to demonstrate that LSECtin significantly delayed the clearance of hepatitis B virus from blood and infected hepatocytes by limiting the frequency of hepatitis B virus-specific IFN-γ-producing cells. Consistent with this function, LSECtin was upregulated in the liver of mouse models of viral hepatitis. Taken together, our results suggest that LSECtin may facilitate the reduction of liver inflammation at the cost of delaying virus clearance and that this effect might be hijacked by the virus as an escape mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
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48
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Böttcher J, Schanz O, Wohlleber D, Abdullah Z, Debey-Pascher S, Staratschek-Jox A, Höchst B, Hegenbarth S, Grell J, Limmer A, Atreya I, Neurath M, Busch D, Schmitt E, van Endert P, Kolanus W, Kurts C, Schultze J, Diehl L, Knolle P. Liver-Primed Memory T Cells Generated under Noninflammatory Conditions Provide Anti-infectious Immunity. Cell Rep 2013; 3:779-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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49
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McLane LM, Banerjee PP, Cosma GL, Makedonas G, Wherry EJ, Orange JS, Betts MR. Differential localization of T-bet and Eomes in CD8 T cell memory populations. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3207-15. [PMID: 23455505 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In mice, two T-box transcription factors, T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet) and eomesodermin (Eomes), drive the differentiation of CD8 T cell lineages; however, little is known regarding their role in human CD8 T cell differentiation. In this study, we characterized T-bet and Eomes expression and localization within human CD8 memory T cell populations. We find that T-bet and Eomes are broadly expressed in human memory CD8 T cells, with increasing levels of T-bet and Eomes strongly correlating with differentiation from central memory to effector memory and effector subpopulations. In resting T cells, T-bet levels directly correlate to subcellular localization, with a higher propensity for nuclear expression of T-bet within T-bet(hi) cells and predominantly cytoplasmic expression in T-bet(lo) cells. In addition, Eomes is also localized to either the nucleus or the cytoplasm. Upon TCR stimulation, the percentage of T cells that express T-bet dramatically increases, whereas the percentage of cells expressing Eomes remains largely unchanged across all memory populations. Of interest, T-bet, but not Eomes, relocalizes to the nucleus in the majority of cells across all populations within 24 h post stimulation. These data indicate that T-bet and Eomes are likely regulated at the level of subcellular localization, potentially via different mechanisms. Together, these findings suggest a novel model for CD8 T cell differentiation in humans that is based on the localization of T-bet and Eomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M McLane
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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50
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Dolfi DV, Mansfield KD, Polley AM, Doyle SA, Freeman GJ, Pircher H, Schmader KE, Wherry EJ. Increased T-bet is associated with senescence of influenza virus-specific CD8 T cells in aged humans. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 93:825-36. [PMID: 23440501 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0912438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aged individuals have increased morbidity and mortality following influenza and other viral infections, despite previous exposure or vaccination. Mouse and human studies suggest increased senescence and/or exhaustion of influenza virus-specific CD8 T cells with advanced age. However, neither the relationship between senescence and exhaustion nor the underlying transcriptional pathways leading to decreased function of influenza virus-specific cellular immunity in elderly humans are well-defined. Here, we demonstrate that increased percentages of CD8 T cells from aged individuals express CD57 and KLRG1, along with PD-1 and other inhibitory receptors, markers of senescence, or exhaustion, respectively. Expression of T-box transcription factors, T-bet and Eomes, were also increased in CD8 T cells from aged subjects and correlated closely with expression of CD57 and KLRG1. Influenza virus-specific CD8 T cells from aged individuals exhibited decreased functionality with corresponding increases in CD57, KLRG1, and T-bet, a molecular regulator of terminal differentiation. However, in contrast to total CD8 T cells, influenza virus-specific CD8 T cells had altered expression of inhibitory receptors, including lower PD-1, in aged compared with young subjects. Thus, our data suggest a prominent role for senescence and/or terminal differentiation for influenza virus-specific CD8 T cells in elderly subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas V Dolfi
- Institute for Immunology, Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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