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Friant S, Young DK, Goldberg TL. Typical intracranial myiasis in Nigerian red river hogs ( Potamochoerus porcus) caused by an unknown bot fly (Diptera: Oestridae). Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 17:14-19. [PMID: 34934619 PMCID: PMC8660700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report an unknown taxon of bot fly (Diptera: Oestridae: Oestrinae) in red river hogs (Potamochoerus porcus Linnaeus, 1758) in Cross River State, Nigeria. From direct observation and interviews with local hunters, we document that, remarkably, the parasite typically occurs within the intracranial supra-meningeal space - i.e., between the inner wall of the skull and the brain - but without causing visible inflammation or clinical signs. The parasite is most similar (up to 87.9%) to Rhinoestrus usbekistanicus based on cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 DNA sequencing but is sufficiently divergent phylogenetically to represent a new or previously un-sequenced taxon. Morphologically, the parasite shares some, but not all, features with R. nivarleti. Local cultural belief systems attribute aspects of red river hog behavior (e.g. intelligence, elusiveness) to the parasite, suggesting a prolonged presence in the red river hog population. The parasite's unusual anatomic location may be aberrant, or it may be a protective adaptation to life in red river hogs, which forage vigorously with their snouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagan Friant
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Daniel K. Young
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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2
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Colwell DD, Otranto D. Oestrid myiasis at a cross-road. Acta Trop 2021; 224:106131. [PMID: 34509455 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The oestrids are a genuinely unique group of Diptera that represent many species whose larvae parasitize mammals, feeding on live tissues of a wide range of hosts, from mice to elephants, causing obligatory myiases. Those have had greatest impact on the activities of humans and their use of animals (e.g., as food, recreation, in the conduct of wars). To a large extent their impact has been controlled through the use of therapeutic application of synthetic chemical treatments. While in some limited cases eradication has been achieved, it is unlikely to become the norm as these parasites seem well adapted to survive at low population densities and small smoldering foci are likely to present a challenge in the future. Should organic production eschew the use of parasiticides, other than for rescue of seriously ill animals, the foci of infection by these parasites will remain. In this article, we explore current scientific information on this group of parasites that may have become an anachronism in modern livestock parasitology, identify gaps in our knowledge as well as the suggestions for the management of these parasites in the era of genomics and proteomics.
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3
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de la Fuente AM, Caparrós N, Mora-Rodríguez JM, Molina M, Aleix-Mata G, Velarde R, Fidalgo LE, López-Beceiro AM, Lorite P, Boos M, Faure E, Pérez JM, Sánchez A. Characterization of New Molecular Markers of Three Botflies Parasitizing Cervid Hosts. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1463-1469. [PMID: 33537768 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Specific identification of oestrid larvae is usually problematic not only when using morphobiometric features, but also when applying molecular criteria, since very few molecular markers have been described for this group of flies. New molecular markers for oestrid are needed for more reliable species identification, diagnostic purposes, and epidemiological surveys; moreover, they can help in phylogenetic reconstruction. Here, we report the characterization of COI, 28S rDNA, ITS1, and ITS2 in Cephenemyia stimulator from roe deer and in Cephenemyia auribarbis and Pharyngomyia picta from red deer. The COI and 28S rDNA are very uniform in length, while the ITSs sequences are highly variable at both intraspecific and interspecific levels. The described ITSs sequences were longer than those described for other dipteran species by the presence of simple repeats and tandem repeat sequences. In C. auribarbis both ITS1 and ITS2 appeared as two variants, one short and the other long. In general, the analyzed markers present low intraspecific genetic variation and high interspecific variation. ITSs showed the greatest amount of intraspecific and interspecific variation. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the characterized sequences differentiate the species and genera of Oestridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M de la Fuente
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n., Jaén, Spain
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H)
| | - Noelia Caparrós
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n., Jaén, Spain
| | - José M Mora-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n., Jaén, Spain
| | - María Molina
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n., Jaén, Spain
| | - Gaël Aleix-Mata
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n., Jaén, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n., Jaén, Spain
| | - Roser Velarde
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H)
- Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis E Fidalgo
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ana M López-Beceiro
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Pedro Lorite
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n., Jaén, Spain
| | - Mathieu Boos
- Research Agency in Applied Ecology, Naturaconsta, Wilshausen, France
- Pôle Scientifique, Fédération Nationale des Chasseurs, 13 rue du Général Leclerc, Issy-Les-Moulineaux, Cedex, France
| | - Eva Faure
- Pôle Scientifique, Fédération Nationale des Chasseurs, 13 rue du Général Leclerc, Issy-Les-Moulineaux, Cedex, France
- Commission Sanitaire, Fédération Nationale des Chasseurs, 13 rue du Général Leclerc, Issy-les-Moulineaux, Cedex, France
| | - Jesús M Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n., Jaén, Spain
- Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n., Jaén, Spain
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4
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Metwally DM, Albasyouni SA, Barakat IA, Al-Turaiki IM, Almuhanna AM, Bashir MA, Baghdadi HB, El-Khadragy MF, Alajmi RA. Prevalence Rate and Molecular Characteristics of Oestrus ovis L. (Diptera, Oestridae) in Sheep and Goats from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:689. [PMID: 33806608 PMCID: PMC7999880 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Heads of sheep (n = 600) and goats (n = 800) slaughtered at Al-Aziziah Abattoir in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, were inspected for the presence of O. ovis larvae (L). Heads were split along the longitudinal axes, and larvae (L1, L2, and L3) were gathered. The infestation rate was significantly higher in goats (44.5%; 356/800) than that in sheep (22.3%; 134/600). Out of the 151 collected larvae from sheep, 0% were L1, 1.3% were L2, and 98.7% were L3. Out of the total of 468 larvae from goats, 0% were L1, 1.2% were L2, and 98.8% were L3. The infestation rate was significantly higher in males than that in females. Myiasis-causing larvae collected from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, were authenticated as O. ovis, according to morphological characteristics. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a partial fragment (600 bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene further confirmed the species. Phylogenetic analysis based on the partial mtCOI gene sequence demonstrated that 23 unique sequences showed high similarity based on nucleotide pairs of O. ovis accessions retrieved from GenBank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina M. Metwally
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.); (I.A.H.B.); (A.M.A.); (R.A.A.)
- Parasitology Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Shurug A. Albasyouni
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.); (I.A.H.B.); (A.M.A.); (R.A.A.)
| | - Ibrahim A.H. Barakat
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.); (I.A.H.B.); (A.M.A.); (R.A.A.)
- Cell Biology Department, National Research Center, 33 Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Isra M. Al-Turaiki
- Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amal M. Almuhanna
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.); (I.A.H.B.); (A.M.A.); (R.A.A.)
| | - Muhammad A. Bashir
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan;
| | - Hanadi B. Baghdadi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam City 31441, Saudi Arabia;
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam City 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal F. El-Khadragy
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdelrahman University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Reem A. Alajmi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.); (I.A.H.B.); (A.M.A.); (R.A.A.)
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5
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Yan L, Zhang M, Tang L, Ente M, Ma X, Chu H, Li K, Hu D, Zhang D. First reports of nasal and traumatic myiasis infection in endangered Przewalski's horses ( Equus ferus przewalskii). Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2019; 9:21-24. [PMID: 30976513 PMCID: PMC6441744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Myiasis has great economic and medical importance. However, myiasis in wildlife that is caused by oestroid flies is relatively rarely recorded compared with that in humans and domestic animals. Recently, during our research on the conservation of Przewalski's horse (PH), we observed two new records of oestroid flies parasitizing wildlife in China. The first is the horse nasal bot fly, Rhinoestrus sp. (Diptera: Oestridae), found in a dead PH from Kalamaili Nature Reserve. One morphotype (R. purpureus-like) was identified. The second is the Wohlfahrt's wound myiasis fly, Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner, 1862) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), which was collected from an open wound of a PH in the Wild Horse Breeding Research Centre. These observations extend the records of known hosts of these two oestroid myiasis agents. To the knowledge of the authors, infestation by Rhinoestrus and Wohlfahrtia larvae causing myiasis in wildlife has not been reported in China previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Yan
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Tang
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Make Ente
- Xinjiang Research Centre for Breeding Przewalski's Horse, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xinping Ma
- Xinjiang Research Centre for Breeding Przewalski's Horse, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hongjun Chu
- Wildlife Conservation Office of Altay Prefecture, Altay, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kai Li
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Defu Hu
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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6
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Dong J, Bao H, Mang L. Ultramorphological and molecular characteristics of the larval stages of the horse nasal-myiasis fly, Rhinoestrus sp. (Diptera: Oestridae) from Mongolian horse in China. Microsc Res Tech 2017; 81:198-206. [PMID: 29115038 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rhinoestrus sp. (Diptera: Oestridae) is an economically important parasite that can cause severe nasal myiasis in equids and can also affect humans. The ultrastructure of all Rhinoestrus sp. larval instars from Mongolian horse was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy to characterize the features of Rhinoestrus. The structure of the anterior region, posterior region, and the spines of the third segment was analyzed for 10 specimens in each larval stage. Additionally, 34 third-instar (L3) larvae of Rhinoestrus sp. from Mongolian horse were subjected to molecular characterization by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Partial sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COXI) was performed. Phylogenetic relationships for Rhinoestrus sp. from Mongolian horse were reconstructed based on COXI sequences and COXI homologs from 12 oestrid species available in GenBank, and inter- and intraspecies variations in nucleotide sequences were analyzed. The cephalopharyngeal skeleton of Rhinoestrus sp. from Mongolian horse at immature stages was composed of "H"-shaped hypopharyngeal sclerites and "Y"-shaped pharyngeal sclerites. Pairs of papillary sensillae in the cephalic region maintained the same number and location in all three instars, but the third instar additionally included two pairs of verruciform sensillae. COXI sequences of Rhinoestrus sp. larvae collected from Mongolian horses were separated from those of Cephenemyia sp. and other species of Rhinoestrus (R. phacochoeri and R. usbekistanicus). Our sequence analyses demonstrate that all samples greatly resembled Rhinoestrus purpureus but were not R. purpureus. Further studies will be needed to confirm the existence of a new species. The pairs of papillary sensilla in the cephalic region retained the same number and location in all three instars, but included two pairs of verruciform sensilla in the third-instar larvae collected from Mongolian horses were more closely related to those of Oestrus ovis and Pharyngomyia picta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbin Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Haiquan Bao
- College of Food Science Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lai Mang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
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7
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Sánchez A, Caparrós N, Ostrowski S, Sarasa M, Pérez JM. Oestrosis in Asiatic ibex ( Capra sibirica ): a case report and molecular characterization of larvae. Vet Parasitol 2017; 236:55-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hilali MA, Mahdy OA, Attia MM. Monthly variations of Rhinoestrus spp. (Diptera: Oestridae) larvae infesting donkeys in Egypt: Morphological and molecular identification of third stage larvae. J Adv Res 2015; 6:1015-21. [PMID: 26644940 PMCID: PMC4642159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and monthly intensity of Rhinoestrus (R) spp. among donkeys slaughtered at Giza Zoo abattoir, Egypt. A total of 144 donkeys were examined at postmortem through two visits per month from January 2010 to December 2010. All donkeys were infested with one or more larval stages during all months of the examination period (100%). The 1st and 2nd stage larvae (L1 and L2) were mostly observed in the turbinate bones and seldom in the nasal passages, whereas the 3rd stage larvae (L3) were observed mostly in ethmoid and lamina cribrosa and rarely in nasal passages and pharynx. The highest monthly intensity of infestation with the total number of larval stages was recorded in January and August, while the lowest occurred in September. L1 was observed during all months with two peaks in January and June. L2 occurred from February to April, July, and August. L3 was present from March to May, August, and September. The ranked size of infestation with the total number of the 3 larval stages of Rhinoestrus spp. showed that a total of 107 donkeys had 1-10 larvae; 34 had 11-30 larvae; and 3 harbored 31-50 larvae. The morphology and molecular characterization of the third stage larvae of Rhinoestrus spp. were investigated. Morphologically, two morphotypes (1 and 2) of Rhinoestrus spp. (R. usbekistanicus like and the other R. purpureus like) were reported. Whereas molecular sequencing of mitochondrial cytochrome-oxidase subunit I showed 99% homology with those of R. usbekistanicus. In conclusion, Rhinoestrus spp. present in Egypt is mainly R. usbekistanicus, which includes two morphotypes, R. usbekistanicus like and R. purpureus like.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosaad A. Hilali
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
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9
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Moreno V, Romero-Fernández I, Marchal JA, Beltrán M, Granados JE, Habela MA, Tamadon A, Rakhshandehroo E, Sarasa M, Pérez JM, Sánchez A. Molecular characterization of bot flies, Oestrus spp., (Diptera, Oestridae), from domestic and wild Bovidae hosts. Vet Parasitol 2015; 212:473-7. [PMID: 26298510 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The identification of Oestrus spp. larvae from Bovidae hosts is a difficult task due to the great morphological similarity between species. The lack of unambiguous identification criteria could have also serious epidemiological implications since domestic and wild hosts are sympatric in many natural areas. In order to accurately identify the Oestrus parasitizing hosts, we characterized two different genetic markers, 28S (rRNA) and COI, in larvae collected from domestic sheep and goats, European mouflon and Iberian ibex. Our sequence analyses demonstrate that all samples, except those from Iberian ibex, greatly resembles O. ovis and so we conclude that the species parasitizing this ibex is not O. ovis. Further studies will be needed to confirm whether it is in fact O. caucasicus, as previously suggested, or even a new species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Moreno
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n., E-23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Ismael Romero-Fernández
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n., E-23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Juan A Marchal
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n., E-23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Manuel Beltrán
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n., E-23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - José E Granados
- Espacio Natural Sierra Nevada, Carretera Antigua de Sierra Nevada, Km 7, E-18071 Pinos Genil, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel A Habela
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Extremadura, E-10071 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Amin Tamadon
- Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University, P.O Box 71348-74478 Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Rakhshandehroo
- Division of Animal Health Management, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, P.O. Box: 71345-1731 Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mathieu Sarasa
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n., E-23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Jesús M Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n., E-23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Antonio Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n., E-23071 Jaén, Spain
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10
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Li XY, Liu XH, Ge YQ, Zhang D. Scanning electron microscopy of antennal sensory organs of the cattle grub, Hypoderma lineatum (Diptera: Oestridae). Parasitol Res 2015; 114:3865-71. [PMID: 26193822 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4617-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypoderma lineatum (Villers, 1789) (Diptera: Oestridae) is a hypodermosis fly that has resulted in great economic losses worldwide. The antennae of cattle grub males and females were examined through stereoscopic microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to reveal the general morphology, combined with distribution, type, size, and ultrastructure of the antennal sensilla. All of the three antennal segments (antennal scape, pedicel, and funiculus) possess microtrichiae on their surface. Mechanoreceptors only exist on the antennal scape and pedicel. The antennal funiculus presents four types of antennal sensilla: trichoid, basiconic, coeloconic, and clavate sensilla. Three distinctive characters of H. lineatum are obvious: (1) the relatively slender, flexible, and equal-height mechanoreceptors; (2) the enlarged antennal pedicel, and numerous antennal sensory pits and pit sensilla on the antennal funiculus; and (3) all types of antennal sensilla clustered in sensory pits, respectively. Additionally, the enlarged antennal pedicel and abundant sensory pits and pit sensilla might facilitate odor detection, enhance olfactory sensitivity and accuracy, and also protect the fragile antennal sensilla from mechanical irritation or damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Li
- Key Laboratory of Non-Invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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11
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Liu XH, Li XY, Li K, Zhang D. Ultrastructure of antennal sensory organs of horse nasal-myiasis fly, Rhinoestrus purpureus (Diptera: Oestridae). Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2527-33. [PMID: 25859927 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rhinoestrus purpureus (Brauer, 1858) (Diptera: Oestridae) is an economically important parasite that can cause severe nasal myiasis in equids or even attacking humans. The antennae of R. purpureus were examined using stereoscopic microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The general morphology was provided detailedly, together with distribution, type, size, and ultrastructure of antennal sensilla. All the three antennal segments, antennal scape, pedicel, and funiculus, are interspersed by microtrichiae. Only mechanoreceptors are detected on antennal scape and pedicel. On antennal funiculus, three types of sensilla were observed, including basiconic sensilla, coeloconic sensilla and clavate sensilla. Two features are characterized of this host-specific bot fly: (1) numerous sensory pits with branched basiconic sensilla on antennal funiculus and (2) the absence of trichoid sensilla. The function of these distinctive traits are discussed in association with the life history. We suggest that more sensory pits with branched sensilla could increase the sensitivity of olfactory system for host orientation, while the capability of pheromone identification might be reduced due to the absence of trichoid sensilla. Besides, we support both thermo- and chemo-functions of coeloconic sensilla.
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Affiliation(s)
- X H Liu
- Key Laboratory of Non-Invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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12
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Mula P, Pilo C, Solinas C, Pipia AP, Varcasia A, Francisco I, Arias MS, Paz Silva A, Sánchez-Andrade R, Morrondo P, Díez-Baños P, Scala A. Epidemiology, chronobiology and taxonomic updates of Rhinoestrus spp. infestation in horses of Sardinia Isle, Western Mediterranean (Italy). Vet Parasitol 2012. [PMID: 23182302 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
From January to December 2008, 265 horses slaughtered in Sardinia (Italy) were examined for the presence of Rhinoestrus spp. (Diptera: Oestridae) through the examination of the nasal cavities and pharynges. Larvae were detected in 49% of the horses, with a mean intensity of infestation of 16.09 and abundance of 7.95. A total of 2108 larvae were collected, 66% of which were classified in first instar (L1), 22% in second instar (L2) and 12% in third instar (L3). The most frequent localization of larvae was the ethmoid, while the less one the larynx. According to the dynamics of Rhinoestrus larval stages, three periods in the chronobiology can be considered, the diapause (September-February) characterized by an absolute prevalence of first larval stage; the active phase of the endogenous phase (February-September) with an increase in the percentages of L2 and L3, and the exit phase (May-September), pointed by a further increase of L1. Morphological examination of L3 larvae revealed the presence of the Rhinoestrus purpureus features in 8% of the examined larvae, of 8% of the Rhinoestrus usbekistanicus features, while in 84% of the larvae were evidenced intermediate features. Contrastingly biomolecular analysis of the COI gene of the larvae evidenced uniformity at genetic level, confirming the presence of a unique species in the Mediterranean area. The results of the present paper, reveal the wide diffusion of rhinoestrosis among Sardinian horses, and suggest the need for applying appropriate control measures. Chemotherapy should be very useful if administered during the diapause period, for reducing the presence of L1 stages and interrupting thus the life cycle of this myiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mula
- Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
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Milillo P, Traversa D, Elia G, Otranto D. Analysis of somatic and salivary gland antigens of third stage larvae of Rhinoestrus spp. (Diptera, Oestridae). Exp Parasitol 2010; 124:361-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Biotechnological advances in the diagnosis of little-known parasitoses of pets. Parasitol Res 2008; 104:209-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1290-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Traversa D, Otranto D. A new approach for the diagnosis of myiasis of animals: the example of horse nasal myiasis. Vet Parasitol 2006; 141:186-90. [PMID: 16759808 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2005] [Revised: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The myiasis caused by larvae of Rhinoestrus purpureus and Rhinoestrus usbekistanicus (Diptera, Oestridae) are of importance in the horse medicine since it causes severe respiratory diseases. Therefore an accurate diagnosis of rhinoestrosis is central to its epidemiology and control. This paper describes concisely a molecular diagnostic tool that overcomes the current inherent diagnostic constraints and, therefore, is of importance to understand the actual incidence and epidemiology of this myiasis in live horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Traversa
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piazza Aldo Moro 45, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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Otranto D, Stevens JR, Brianti E, Dorchies P. Human and livestock migrations: a history of bot fly biodiversity in the Mediterranean region. Trends Parasitol 2006; 22:209-13. [PMID: 16563866 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Revised: 02/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The bot fly (oestrid) is responsible for myiasis in domestic animals. The presence in some regions of southern Europe of an unusually large number of different species of bot fly suggests a high degree of oestrid biodiversity in this area. The many factors that can influence parasitic species composition (e.g. host and parasite genetics, relationships with their hosts and environment, and animal management) include the movement of domestic animals in association with migrating human populations in southern Europe over thousands of years. From its geographical position, which was strategically important in controlling commercial trade routes in early Western civilization, the Mediterranean sea has for more than 3000 years constituted the hub of many different cultures, populations, genes and agricultural practices. The movement of animals and their associated parasites in this region can help to explain the evolution of parasitic biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Otranto
- Department of Animal Health and Welfare of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, PO Box 7, 70010 Valenzano (Bari), Italy.
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