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Sztein MB, Booth JS. Controlled human infectious models, a path forward in uncovering immunological correlates of protection: Lessons from enteric fevers studies. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:983403. [PMID: 36204615 PMCID: PMC9530043 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.983403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric infectious diseases account for more than a billion disease episodes yearly worldwide resulting in approximately 2 million deaths, with children under 5 years old and the elderly being disproportionally affected. Enteric pathogens comprise viruses, parasites, and bacteria; the latter including pathogens such as Salmonella [typhoidal (TS) and non-typhoidal (nTS)], cholera, Shigella and multiple pathotypes of Escherichia coli (E. coli). In addition, multi-drug resistant and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains (e.g., S. Typhi H58 strain) of enteric bacteria are emerging; thus, renewed efforts to tackle enteric diseases are required. Many of these entero-pathogens could be controlled by oral or parenteral vaccines; however, development of new, effective vaccines has been hampered by lack of known immunological correlates of protection (CoP) and limited knowledge of the factors contributing to protective responses. To fully comprehend the human response to enteric infections, an invaluable tool that has recently re-emerged is the use of controlled human infection models (CHIMs) in which participants are challenged with virulent wild-type (wt) organisms. CHIMs have the potential to uncover immune mechanisms and identify CoP to enteric pathogens, as well as to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutics and vaccines in humans. CHIMs have been used to provide invaluable insights in the pathogenesis, host-pathogen interaction and evaluation of vaccines. Recently, several Oxford typhoid CHIM studies have been performed to assess the role of multiple cell types (B cells, CD8+ T, Tregs, MAIT, Monocytes and DC) during S. Typhi infection. One of the key messages that emerged from these studies is that baseline antigen-specific responses are important in that they can correlate with clinical outcomes. Additionally, volunteers who develop typhoid disease (TD) exhibit higher levels and more activated cell types (e.g., DC and monocytes) which are nevertheless defective in discrete signaling pathways. Future critical aspects of this research will involve the study of immune responses to enteric infections at the site of entry, i.e., the intestinal mucosa. This review will describe our current knowledge of immunity to enteric fevers caused byS. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A, with emphasis on the contributions of CHIMs to uncover the complex immunological responses to these organisms and provide insights into the determinants of protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo B. Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Marcelo B. Sztein,
| | - Jayaum S. Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Jayaum S. Booth,
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Zapico D, Espinosa J, Fernández M, Criado M, Arteche-Villasol N, Pérez V. Local assessment of the immunohistochemical expression of Foxp3 + regulatory T lymphocytes in the different pathological forms associated with bovine paratuberculosis. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:299. [PMID: 35927759 PMCID: PMC9351272 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03399-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infected animals show a variety of granulomatous lesions, from focal forms with well-demarcated granulomas restricted to the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), that are seen in the initial phases or latency stages, to a diffuse granulomatous enteritis, with abundant (multibacillary) or scant (paucibacillary) bacteria, seen in clinical stages. Factors that determine the response to the infection, responsible for the occurrence of the different types of lesion, are still not fully determined. It has been seen that regulatory T cells (Treg) play an important role in various diseases where they act on the limitation of the immunopathology associated with the immune response. In the case of paratuberculosis (PTB) the role of Treg lymphocytes in the immunity against Map is far away to be completely understood; therefore, several studies addressing this subject have appeared recently. The aim of this work was to assess, by immunohistochemical methods, the presence of Foxp3+ T lymphocytes in intestinal samples with different types of lesions seen in cows with PTB. Methods Intestinal samples of twenty cows showing the different pathological forms of PTB were evaluated: uninfected controls (n = 5), focal lesions (n = 5), diffuse paucibacillary (n = 5) and diffuse multibacillary (n = 5) forms. Foxp3+ lymphocyte distribution was assessed by differential cell count in intestinal lamina propria (LP), gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and mesenteric lymph node (MLN). Results A significant increase in the number of Foxp3+ T cells was observed in infected animals with respect to control group, regardless of the type of lesion. However, when the different categories of lesion were analyzed independently, all individuals with PTB lesions showed an increase in the amount of Foxp3+ T lymphocytes compared to the control group but this increase was only significant in cows with focal lesions and, to a lesser extent, in animals with diffuse paucibacillary forms. The former showed the highest numbers, significantly different from those found in cows with diffuse lesions, where no differences were noted between the two forms. No specific distribution pattern was observed within the granulomatous lesions in any of the groups. Conclusions The increase of Foxp3+ T cells in focal forms, that have been associated with latency or resistance to infection, suggest an anti-inflammatory action of these cells at these stages, helping to prevent exacerbation of the inflammatory response, as occurs in diffuse forms, responsible for the appearance of clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zapico
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Universidad de León, C/ Profesor Pedro Cármenes s/n, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - José Espinosa
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Universidad de León, C/ Profesor Pedro Cármenes s/n, E-24071, León, Spain.
| | - Miguel Fernández
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Universidad de León, C/ Profesor Pedro Cármenes s/n, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - Miguel Criado
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Universidad de León, C/ Profesor Pedro Cármenes s/n, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - Noive Arteche-Villasol
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Universidad de León, C/ Profesor Pedro Cármenes s/n, E-24071, León, Spain
| | - Valentín Pérez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Universidad de León, C/ Profesor Pedro Cármenes s/n, E-24071, León, Spain
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Schroeter CB, Huntemann N, Bock S, Nelke C, Kremer D, Pfeffer K, Meuth SG, Ruck T. Crosstalk of Microorganisms and Immune Responses in Autoimmune Neuroinflammation: A Focus on Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:747143. [PMID: 34691057 PMCID: PMC8529161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.747143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the major determinant of peripheral immune tolerance. Many Treg subsets have been described, however thymus-derived and peripherally induced Tregs remain the most important subpopulations. In multiple sclerosis, a prototypical autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system, Treg dysfunction is a pathogenic hallmark. In contrast, induction of Treg proliferation and enhancement of their function are central immune evasion mechanisms of infectious pathogens. In accordance, Treg expansion is compartmentalized to tissues with high viral replication and prolonged in chronic infections. In friend retrovirus infection, Treg expansion is mainly based on excessive interleukin-2 production by infected effector T cells. Moreover, pathogens seem also to enhance Treg functions as shown in human immunodeficiency virus infection, where Tregs express higher levels of effector molecules such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, CD39 and cAMP and show increased suppressive capacity. Thus, insights into the molecular mechanisms by which intracellular pathogens alter Treg functions might aid to find new therapeutic approaches to target central nervous system autoimmunity. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of pathogens for Treg function in the context of autoimmune neuroinflammation. We discuss the mechanistic implications for future therapies and provide an outlook for new research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina B Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Niklas Huntemann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bock
- Department of Neurology With Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christopher Nelke
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David Kremer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Pfeffer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Owyang SY, Zhang M, El-Zaatari M, Eaton KA, Bishu S, Hou G, Grasberger H, Kao JY. Dendritic cell-derived TGF-β mediates the induction of mucosal regulatory T-cell response to Helicobacter infection essential for maintenance of immune tolerance in mice. Helicobacter 2020; 25:e12763. [PMID: 33025641 PMCID: PMC7885176 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori infection leads to regulatory T-cell (Treg) induction in infected mice, which contributes to H. pylori immune escape. However, the mechanisms responsible for H. pylori induction of Treg and immune tolerance remain unclear. We hypothesized DC-produced TGF-β may be responsible for Treg induction and immune tolerance. MATERIALS AND METHODS To test this hypothesis, we generated TGF-β∆DC mice (CD11c+ DC-specific TGF-β deletion) and assessed the impact of DC-specific TGF-β deletion on DC function during Helicobacter infection in vitro and in vivo. To examine the T cell-independent DC function, we crossed TGF-β∆DC mice onto Rag1KO background to generate TGF-β∆DC xRag1KO mice. RESULTS When stimulated with H. pylori, TGF-β∆DC BMDC/splenocyte cocultures showed increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and decreased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines compared to control, indicating a proinflammatory DC phenotype. Following 6 months of H. felis infection, TGF-β∆DC mice developed more severe gastritis and a trend toward more metaplasia compared to TGF-βfl/fl with increased levels of inflammatory Th1 cytokine mRNA and lower gastric H. felis colonization compared to infected TGF-βfl/fl mice. In a T cell-deficient background using TGF-β∆DC xRag1KO mice, H. felis colonization was significantly lower when DC-derived TGF-β was absent, revealing a direct, innate function of DC in controlling H. felis infection independent of Treg induction. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that DC-derived TGF-β mediates Helicobacter-induced Treg response and attenuates the inflammatory Th1 response. We also demonstrated a previously unrecognized innate role of DC controlling Helicobacter colonization via a Treg-independent mechanism. DC TGF-β signaling may represent an important target in the management of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Y. Owyang
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 USA
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 USA
| | - Mohamad El-Zaatari
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 USA
| | - Kathryn A. Eaton
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 USA
| | - Shrinivas Bishu
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 USA
| | - Guoqing Hou
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 USA
| | - Helmut Grasberger
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 USA
| | - John Y. Kao
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 USA
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Algood HMS. T Cell Cytokines Impact Epithelial Cell Responses during Helicobacter pylori Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1421-1428. [PMID: 32152211 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this Brief Review is to highlight literature that demonstrates how cytokines made by T lymphocytes impact the gastric epithelium, especially during Helicobacter pylori infection. These cytokines effect many of the diverse functions of the epithelium and the epithelium's interactions with H. pylori The focal point of this Brief Review will be on how T cell cytokines impact antimicrobial function and barrier function and how T cell cytokines influence the development and progression of cancer. Furthermore, the modulation of epithelial-derived chemokines by H. pylori infection will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Scott Algood
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare Services, Nashville, TN 37212; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212; and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37212
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Walduck AK, Raghavan S. Immunity and Vaccine Development Against Helicobacter pylori. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1149:257-275. [PMID: 31016627 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a highly-adapted gastrointestinal pathogen of humans and the immunology of this chronic infection is extremely complex. Despite the availability of antibiotic therapy, the global incidence of H. pylori infection remains high, particularly in low to middle-income nations. Failure of therapy and the spread of antibiotic resistance among the bacteria are significant problems and provide impetus for the development of new therapies and vaccines to treat or prevent gastric ulcer, and gastric carcinoma. The expansion of knowledge on gastric conventional and regulatory T cell responses, and the role of TH17 in chronic gastritis from studies in mouse models and patients have provided valuable insights into how gastritis is initiated and maintained. The development of human challenge models for testing candidate vaccines has meant a unique opportunity to study acute infection, but the field of vaccine development has not progressed as rapidly as anticipated. One clear lesson learned from previous studies is that we need a better understanding of the immune suppressive mechanisms in vivo to be able to design vaccine strategies. There is still an urgent need to identify practical surrogate markers of protection that could be deployed in future field vaccine trials. Important developments in our understanding of the chronic inflammatory response, progress and problems arising from human studies, and an outlook for the future of clinical vaccine trials will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Walduck
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Sukanya Raghavan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Maleki Kakelar H, Barzegari A, Dehghani J, Hanifian S, Saeedi N, Barar J, Omidi Y. Pathogenicity of Helicobacter pylori in cancer development and impacts of vaccination. Gastric Cancer 2019; 22:23-36. [PMID: 30145749 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-018-0867-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori affect around 50% of the population worldwide. More importantly, the gastric infection induced by this bacterium is deemed to be associated with the progression of distal gastric carcinoma and gastric mucosal lymphoma in the human. H. pylori infection and its prevalent genotype significantly differ across various geographical regions. Based on numerous virulence factors, H. pylori can target different cellular proteins to modulate the variety of inflammatory responses and initiate numerous "hits" on the gastric mucosa. Such reactions lead to serious complications, including gastritis and peptic ulceration, gastric cancer and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid structure lymphoma. Therefore, H. pylori have been considered as the type I carcinogen by the Global Firm for Research on Cancer. During the two past decades, different reports revealed that H. pylori possess oncogenic potentials in the gastric mucosa through a complicated interplay between the bacterial factors, various facets, and the environmental factors. Accordingly, numerous signaling pathways could be triggered in the development of gastrointestinal diseases (e.g., gastric cancer). Therefore, the main strategy for the treatment of gastric cancer is controlling the disease far before its onset using preventive/curative vaccination. Increasing the efficiency of vaccines may be achieved by new trials of vaccine modalities, which is used to optimize the cellular immunity. Taken all, H. pylori infection may impose severe complications, for resolving of which extensive researches are essential in terms of immune responses to H. pylori. We envision that H. pylori-mediated diseases can be controlled by advanced vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Maleki Kakelar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Barzegari
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaber Dehghani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahram Hanifian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazli Saeedi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5165665811, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5165665811, Iran.
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Viladomiu M, Bassaganya-Riera J, Tubau-Juni N, Kronsteiner B, Leber A, Philipson CW, Zoccoli-Rodriguez V, Hontecillas R. Cooperation of Gastric Mononuclear Phagocytes with Helicobacter pylori during Colonization. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 198:3195-3204. [PMID: 28264969 PMCID: PMC5380565 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori, the dominant member of the human gastric microbiota, elicits immunoregulatory responses implicated in protective versus pathological outcomes. To evaluate the role of macrophages during infection, we employed a system with a shifted proinflammatory macrophage phenotype by deleting PPARγ in myeloid cells and found a 5- to 10-fold decrease in gastric bacterial loads. Higher levels of colonization in wild-type mice were associated with increased presence of mononuclear phagocytes and in particular with the accumulation of CD11b+F4/80hiCD64+CX3CR1+ macrophages in the gastric lamina propria. Depletion of phagocytic cells by clodronate liposomes in wild-type mice resulted in a reduction of gastric H. pylori colonization compared with nontreated mice. PPARγ-deficient and macrophage-depleted mice presented decreased IL-10-mediated myeloid and T cell regulatory responses soon after infection. IL-10 neutralization during H. pylori infection led to increased IL-17-mediated responses and increased neutrophil accumulation at the gastric mucosa. In conclusion, we report the induction of IL-10-driven regulatory responses mediated by CD11b+F4/80hiCD64+CX3CR1+ mononuclear phagocytes that contribute to maintaining high levels of H. pylori loads in the stomach by modulating effector T cell responses at the gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Viladomiu
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Josep Bassaganya-Riera
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Nuria Tubau-Juni
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Barbara Kronsteiner
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Andrew Leber
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Casandra W Philipson
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Victoria Zoccoli-Rodriguez
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Raquel Hontecillas
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
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Sun X, Zhang M, El-Zataari M, Huffnagle GB, Kao JY. CCR2 mediates Helicobacter pylori-induced immune tolerance and contributes to mucosal homeostasis. Helicobacter 2017; 22:10.1111/hel.12366. [PMID: 27933701 PMCID: PMC5352485 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that H. pylori infection leads to increased induction of regulatory T cells in local and systemic immune compartments. Here, we investigate the role of CCR2 in the tolerogenic programing of dendritic cells in a mouse model of H. pylori infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS CCR2 deficient (CCR2KO) mice and wild-type (Wt) mice infected with H. pylori SS1 strain were analyzed by qPCR and FACS analysis. In vitro, bone marrow-derived DC on day 6 from CCR2KO and Wt mice cocultured with or without H. pylori were examined to determine the impact of CCR2 signaling on dendritic cells function by qPCR, ELISA, and FACS analyses. RESULTS Acute H. pylori infection was associated with a threefold increase in CCR2 mRNA expression in the gastric mucosa. H. pylori-infected CCR2KO mice exhibited a higher degree of mucosal inflammation, that is, increased gastritis scores and pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels, but lower degree of H. pylori gastric colonization compared to infected Wt mice. Peripheral H. pylori-specific immune response measured in the CCR2KO spleen was characterized by a higher Th17 response and a lower Treg response. In vitro, CCR2KO bone marrow-derived DC was less mature and shown a lower Treg/Th17 ratio. Moreover, blockade of CCR2 signaling by MCP-1 neutralizing antibody inhibited H. pylori-stimulated bone marrow-derived DC maturation. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that CCR2 plays an essential role in H. pylori-induced immune tolerance and shed light on a novel mechanism of CCR2-dependent DC Treg induction, which appears to be important in maintaining mucosal homeostasis during H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, United States,Corresponding authors: John Y. Kao, M.D, 6520A MSRB I, SPC 5682, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, United States. Tel: (734) 647-2964, Fax: (734)-763-2535, ; Xia Sun, Ph.D., Room 8308, Building 8, School of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China. Tel: +86 (531) 88382605, Fax: +86 (531) 88382502,
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, United States
| | - Mohamad El-Zataari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, United States
| | - Gray B. Huffnagle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, United States
| | - John Y. Kao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, United States,Corresponding authors: John Y. Kao, M.D, 6520A MSRB I, SPC 5682, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, United States. Tel: (734) 647-2964, Fax: (734)-763-2535, ; Xia Sun, Ph.D., Room 8308, Building 8, School of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China. Tel: +86 (531) 88382605, Fax: +86 (531) 88382502,
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Park B, Park G, Kim J, Lim SA, Lee KM. Innate immunity against Legionella pneumophila during pulmonary infections in mice. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:131-145. [PMID: 28063015 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0859-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is an etiological agent of the severe pneumonia known as Legionnaires' disease (LD). This gram-negative bacterium is thought to replicate naturally in various freshwater amoebae, but also replicates in human alveolar macrophages. Inside host cells, legionella induce the production of non-endosomal replicative phagosomes by injecting effector proteins into the cytosol. Innate immune responses are first line defenses against legionella during early phases of infection, and distinguish between legionella and host cells using germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors , NOD-like receptors, and RIG-I-like receptors, which sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns that are absent in host cells. During pulmonary legionella infections, various inflammatory cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells, large mononuclear cells, B cells, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are recruited into infected lungs, and predominantly occupy interstitial areas to control legionella. During pulmonary legionella infections, the interplay between distinct cytokines and chemokines also modulates innate host responses to clear legionella from the lungs. Recognition by NK cell receptors triggers effector functions including secretion of cytokines and chemokines, and leads to lysis of target cells. Crosstalk between NK cells and dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages provides a major first-line defense against legionella infection, whereas activation of T and B cells resolves the infection and mounts legionella-specific memory in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonggoo Park
- Global Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1 Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
| | - Gayoung Park
- Global Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1 Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Korea.,Department of Biomicrosystem Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Global Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1 Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
| | - Seon Ah Lim
- Global Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1 Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
| | - Kyung-Mi Lee
- Global Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1 Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Korea.
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Roussey JA, Oliveira LJ, Langohr IM, Sledge DG, Coussens PM. Regulatory T cells and immune profiling in johne's disease lesions. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 181:39-50. [PMID: 27013348 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Johne's disease, caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), is a chronic wasting disease of ruminants. Hallmark symptoms of clinical Johne's disease include diarrhea, progressive weight loss, and premature death; symptoms due largely to chronic inflammation in the small intestine. MAP colonizes resident macrophages within the ileum of the small intestine, subsequently establishing a persistent infection in the host. It has been proposed that regulatory T cells may play a role in the progression of Johne's disease, either through promotion of tolerance to MAP or via a loss in homeostasis that subsequently allows widespread inflammation. In this report, we evaluated the presence of Tregs, as well as other immune parameters, in the ileum and draining lymph nodes of MAP associated lesions. A lesion classification scheme was developed to categorize severity of MAP-induced lesions within infected tissues and subsequently regulatory T cell presence and overall immune activity were assessed corresponding to lesions of varying severity, in comparison to tissues from healthy control animals. Our results revealed a relationship between animal health and overall lesion severity within the infected tissues, as well as a relationship between bacterial burden and severity of pathology. Regulatory T cell abundance was shown to decrease with increasing lesion severity. Within the ileum, the expression of many Th1, Th2, and Treg-associated genes increased in mild lesions and decreased in severe lesions, whereas in the lymph nodes the expression of these genes tended to increase with increasing lesion severity. Based on our results, we conclude that a local loss of T cell (including Treg) activity occurs within severe ileal lesions associated with MAP, resulting in a loss of homeostasis that ultimately leads to the progression of clinical Johne's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Roussey
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, 784 Wilson Rd, G-100 VMC, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
| | - Lilian J Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S. Shaw ln., East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Ingeborg M Langohr
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Rd., East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Dodd G Sledge
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Rd., East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Paul M Coussens
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S. Shaw ln., East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
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12
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Blanchard TG, Czinn SJ. Current Status and Prospects for a Helicobacter pylori Vaccine. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2015; 44:677-89. [PMID: 26314677 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection contributes to a variety of gastric diseases. H pylori-associated gastric cancer is diagnosed in advanced stages, and a vaccine against H pylori is desirable in parts of the world where gastric cancer remains a common form of cancer. Some of the strategies of vaccine development used in animals have been tested in several phase 3 clinical trials; these trials have been largely unsuccessful, although H pylori-specific immune responses have been induced. New insights into promoting immunity and overcoming the immunosuppressive nature of H pylori infection are required to improve the efficacy of an H pylori vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Blanchard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Steven J Czinn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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13
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Liu S, Luo J, Liu Y, Tang S, Chen C, Cai H, Yu M, Zhang Y. CD4+Foxp3+regulatory T-cell number increases in the gastric tissue of C57BL/6 mice infected withHelicobacter pylori. APMIS 2015; 123:571-9. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology; University of South China; Hengyang Hunan China
| | - Jingjing Luo
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology; University of South China; Hengyang Hunan China
| | - Yapu Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology; University of South China; Hengyang Hunan China
| | - Shuangyang Tang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology; University of South China; Hengyang Hunan China
| | - Chaoqun Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology; University of South China; Hengyang Hunan China
| | - Hengling Cai
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology; University of South China; Hengyang Hunan China
| | - Minjun Yu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology; University of South China; Hengyang Hunan China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology; University of South China; Hengyang Hunan China
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14
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Roussey JA, Steibel JP, Coussens PM. Regulatory T Cell Activity and Signs of T Cell Unresponsiveness in Bovine Paratuberculosis. Front Vet Sci 2014; 1:20. [PMID: 26664919 PMCID: PMC4668878 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2014.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease, caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), is a wasting disease of ruminants displaying a long subclinical stage of infection followed by clinical disease characterized by severe diarrhea, wasting, and premature death. Immunologically, subclinical disease is characterized by a Th1 response effective at controlling intracellular infections such as that caused by MAP. In late subclinical disease, the Th1 response subsides and a non-protective Th2 response becomes prominent. One hypothesis for this shift in immune paradigm is that a population of MAP-reactive regulatory T cells (Tregs) develops during subclinical infection, limiting Th1-type responses to MAP antigens. To investigate this, we sought to accomplish the following: (1) determine if CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells exposed to MAP-infected macrophages develop a Treg phenotype, (2) develop a method to expand the relative abundance of Tregs in bovine peripheral blood lymphocyte populations, and (3) identify functional activities of expanded Tregs when combined with autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and live MAP. We found that CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells exposed to MAP-infected macrophages from cows with Johne's disease do not show signs of a Treg phenotype and appear unresponsive to MAP antigens. A method for Treg expansion was successfully developed; however, based on results obtained in the subsequent functional studies it appears that these Tregs are not MAP-specific. Overall, it seems that T cell unresponsiveness, rather than Treg activity, is driving the Th1-to-Th2 immune shift observed during Johne's disease. Further, we have successfully developed a method to enrich non-specific bovine Tregs that exert suppressive effects against Th1 cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Roussey
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI , USA
| | - Juan P Steibel
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI , USA
| | - Paul M Coussens
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI , USA
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15
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Wei L, Wang J, Liu Y. Prior to Foxp3+regulatory T-cell induction, interleukin-10-producing B cells expand afterHelicobacter pyloriinfection. Pathog Dis 2014; 72:45-54. [PMID: 24753328 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lumin Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology; Peking University People's Hospital; Beijing China
| | - Jingtong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology; Peking University People's Hospital; Beijing China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology; Peking University People's Hospital; Beijing China
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16
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Ayala G, Escobedo-Hinojosa WI, Cruz-Herrera CFDL, Romero I. Exploring alternative treatments for Helicobacter pylori infection. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:1450-1469. [PMID: 24587621 PMCID: PMC3925854 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i6.1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a successful pathogen that can persist in the stomach of an infected person for their entire life. It provokes chronic gastric inflammation that leads to the development of serious gastric diseases such as peptic ulcers, gastric cancer and Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. It is known that these ailments can be avoided if the infection by the bacteria can be prevented or eradicated. Currently, numerous antibiotic-based therapies are available. However, these therapies have several inherent problems, including the appearance of resistance to the antibiotics used and associated adverse effects, the risk of re-infection and the high cost of antibiotic therapy. The delay in developing a vaccine to prevent or eradicate the infection has furthered research into new therapeutic approaches. This review summarises the most relevant recent studies on vaccine development and new treatments using natural resources such as plants, probiotics and nutraceuticals. In addition, novel alternatives based on microorganisms, peptides, polysaccharides, and intragastric violet light irradiation are presented. Alternative therapies have not been effective in eradicating the bacteria but have been shown to maintain low bacterial levels. Nevertheless, some of them are useful in preventing the adverse effects of antibiotics, modulating the immune response, gastroprotection, and the general promotion of health. Therefore, those agents can be used as adjuvants of allopathic anti-H. pylori eradication therapy.
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17
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Virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori vacA increase markedly gastric mucosal TGF-β1 mRNA expression in gastritis patients. Microb Pathog 2014; 67-68:1-7. [PMID: 24462401 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the main cause of gastric inflammation. Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) suppress the activation and proliferation of antigen-specific T cells and mediate immunologic tolerance. TGF-β1 was shown to be secreted in a subset of Treg cells known as 'Th3 cells'. These cells have not been sufficiently studied in context to H. pylori-induced inflammation in human gastric mucosa. In this study we therefore, aimed to investigate the expression of TGF-β1 in the context of H. pylori colonization in chronic gastritis, to examine the relationship between it and histopathologic findings and to compare it with virulence factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Total RNA was extracted from gastric biopsies of 48 H. pylori-infected patients and 38 H. pylori-negative patients with gastritis. Mucosal TGF-β1 mRNA expression in H. pylori-infected and uninfected gastric biopsies was determined by real-time PCR. Presence of vacA, cagA, iceA, babA2 and oipA virulence factors was evaluated using PCR. RESULTS TGF-β1 mRNA expression was significantly increased in biopsies of H. pylori-infected patients compared to H. pylori-uninfected patients. There was association between virulence factors and TGF-β1 mRNA expression. TGF-β1 mRNA expression in mucosa was significantly higher in patients with vacA s1 and s1m1. CONCLUSIONS TGF-β1 may play an important role in the inflammatory response and promote the chronic and persistent inflammatory changes in the gastric. This may ultimately influence the outcome of H. pylori-associated diseases that arise within the context of gastritis and vacA may suffice to induce expression of TGF-β1 mRNA.
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18
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Zawahir S, Czinn SJ, Nedrud JG, Blanchard TG. Vaccinating against Helicobacter pylori in the developing world. Gut Microbes 2013; 4:568-76. [PMID: 24253617 PMCID: PMC3928166 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.27093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infects more than half the world's population and in developing nations the incidence can be over 90%. The morbidity and mortality associated with H. pylori-associated diseases including ulcers and gastric cancer therefore, disproportionately impact the developing world. Mice have been used extensively to demonstrate the feasibility of developing a vaccine for H. pylori infection, and for testing antigens, routes of immunization, dose, and adjuvants. These successes however, have not translated well in clinical trials. Although there are examples where immune responses have been activated, there are few instances of achieving a reduced bacterial load. In vivo and in vitro analyses in both mice and humans demonstrates that the host responds to H. pylori infection through the activation of immunoregulatory mechanisms designed to suppress the anti-H. pylori response. Improved vaccine efficacy therefore, will require the inclusion of factors that over-ride or re-program these immunoregulatory rersponse mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamila Zawahir
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Steven J Czinn
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - John G Nedrud
- Department of Pathology; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Thomas G Blanchard
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA,Correspondence to: Thomas G Blanchard,
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19
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TLR2 mediates Helicobacter pylori-induced tolerogenic immune response in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74595. [PMID: 24058595 PMCID: PMC3772856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that Helicobacter pylori induces tolerogenic programming of dendritic cells and inhibits the host immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a class of transmembrane pattern recognition receptors essential for microbial recognition and control of the innate immune response. In this study, we examined the role of TLRs in mediating H. pylori tolerogenic programming of dendritic cells and their impact on anti-H. pylori immunity using C57BL/6 wild-type and TLR2-knockout (TLR2KO) mice. We analyzed the response of TLR2KO bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) to H. pylori SS1 stimulation and the outcome of chronic H. pylori infection in TLR2KO mice. We showed that H. pylori-stimulated BMDCs upregulated the expression of TLR2, but not TLR4, TLR5, or TLR9. H. pylori-stimulated BMDCs from TLRKO mice induced lower Treg and Th17 responses, but a higher IFN-γ response compared to H. pylori-stimulated BMDCs from wild-type mice. In vivo analyses following an H. pylori infection of 2 months duration showed a lower degree of gastric H. pylori colonization in TLR2KO mice and more severe gastric immunopathology compared to WT mice. The gastric mucosa of the infected TLR2KO mice showed a lower mRNA expression of Foxp3, IL-10, and IL-17A, but higher expression of IFN-γ compared to the gastric mRNA expression in infected wild-type mice. Moreover, the H. pylori-specific Th1 response was higher and the Treg and Th17 responses were lower in the spleens of infected TLR2KO mice compared to infected WT mice. Our data indicate that H. pylori mediates immune tolerance through TLR2-derived signals and inhibits Th1 immunity, thus evading host defense. TLR2 may be an important target in the modulation of the host response to H. pylori.
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20
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Helicobacter pylori Infection: Regulatory T Cells and Their Participation in the Immune Response. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.5183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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21
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IRAK-M expression limits dendritic cell activation and proinflammatory cytokine production in response to Helicobacter pylori. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66914. [PMID: 23776703 PMCID: PMC3679069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infects the gastric mucosa and persists for the life of the host. Bacterial persistence may be due to the induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) whichmay have protective effects against other diseases such as asthma. It has been shown that H. pylori modulates the T cell response through dendritic cell reprogramming but the molecular pathways involved are relatively unknown. The goal of this study was to identify critical elements of dendritic cell (DC) activation and evaluate potential influence on immune activation. Microarray analysis was used to demonstrate limited gene expression changes in H. pylori stimulated bone marrow derived DCs (BMDCs) compared to the BMDCs stimulated with E. coli. IRAK-M, a negative regulator of TLR signaling, was upregulated and we selectedit for investigation of its role in modulating the DC and T cell responses. IRAK-M−/− and wild type BMDC were compared for their response to H. pylori. Cells lacking IRAK-M produced significantly greater amounts of proinflammatory MIP-2 and reduced amounts of immunomodulatory IL-10 than wild type BMDC. IRAK-M−/− cells also demonstrated increased MHC II expression upon activation. However, IRAK-M−/− BMDCs were comparable to wild type BMDCs in inducing T-helper 17 (TH17) and Treg responses as demonstrated in vitro using BMDC CD4+ T cells co-culture assays,and in vivo though the adoptive transfer of CD4+ FoxP3-GFP T cells into H. pylori infected IRAK-M−/− mice. These results suggest that H. pylori infection leads to the upregulation of anti-inflammatory molecules like IRAK-M and that IRAK-M has a direct impact on innate functions in DCs such as cytokine and costimulation molecule upregulation but may not affect T cell skewing.
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22
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Horvath DJ, Radin JN, Cho SH, Washington MK, Algood HMS. The interleukin-17 receptor B subunit is essential for the Th2 response to Helicobacter pylori, but not for control of bacterial burden. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60363. [PMID: 23533678 PMCID: PMC3606319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection leads to an inflammatory response in 100% of infected individuals. The inflammatory cells which are recruited to the gastric mucosa during infection produce several pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines including several cytokines in the interleukin-17 family. The anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 25 (IL-25, also known as IL-17E), signals through a receptor, which is a heterotrimeric receptor comprised of two IL-17 receptor A subunits and an IL-17 receptor B subunit. Previous studies in our laboratory demonstrated that IL-17RA is required to control infection with Helicobacter pylori in the mouse model. Moreover, the absence of IL-17 receptor A leads to a significant B cell infiltrate and a remarkable increase in lymphoid follicle formation in response to infection compared to infection in wild-type mice. We hypothesized that IL-25, which requires both IL-17 receptor A and IL-17 receptor B for signaling, may play a role in control of inflammation in the mouse model of Helicobacter pylori infection. IL-17 receptor B deficient mice, IL-17 receptor A deficient mice and wild-type mice were infected with Helicobacter pylori (strains SS1 and PMSS1). At several time points H. pylori-infected mice were sacrificed to investigate their ability to control infection and inflammation. Moreover, the effects of IL-17 receptor B deficiency on T helper cytokine expression and H. pylori- specific serum antibody responses were measured. IL-17 receptor B-/- mice (unlike IL-17 receptor A-/- mice) exhibited similar or modest changes in gastric colonization, inflammation, and Th1 and Th17 helper cytokine responses to wild-type mice infected with Helicobacter pylori. However, H. pylori-infected IL-17 receptor B-/- mice have reduced expression of IL-4 and lower serum IgG1 and IgG2a levels compared to infected IL-17 receptor A-/- and wild-type mice. These data indicate that signaling through the IL-17 receptor B subunit is not necessary for control of Helicobacter pylori in our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J. Horvath
- Departments of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jana N. Radin
- Departments of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sung Hoon Cho
- Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - M. Kay Washington
- Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Holly M. Scott Algood
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Kuo SH, Cheng AL. Helicobacter pylori and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue: what's new. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2013; 2013:109-117. [PMID: 24319171 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2013.1.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Low-grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the stomach, gastric MALT lymphoma, is associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. The eradication of H pylori using antibiotics is successful in 60% to 80% of affected patients. In contrast to the previous paradigm, we and other investigators have shown that a certain proportion of patients with H pylori-positive early-stage diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) of the stomach with histological evidence of MALT lymphoma, including high-grade transformed gastric MALT lymphoma and gastric DLBCL(MALT), achieved long-term complete pathological remission (pCR) after first-line H pylori eradication therapy, indicating that the loss of H pylori dependence and high-grade transformation are separate events in the progression of gastric lymphoma. In addition, patients with H pylori-positive gastric DLBCL without histological evidence of MALT (gastric pure DLBCL) may also respond to H pylori eradication therapy. A long-term follow-up study showed that patients who achieved pCR remained lymphoma free. Gastric MALT lymphoma is indirectly influenced by H pylori infection through T-cell stimulation, and recent studies have shown that H pylori-triggering chemokines and their receptors, H pylori-associated epigenetic changes, H pylori-regulated miRNA expression, and tumor infiltration by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells contribute to lymphomagenesis of gastric MALT lymphoma. Recent studies have also demonstrated that the translocation of CagA into B lymphocytes inhibits apoptosis through p53 accumulation, BAD phosphorylation, and the up-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL expression. In gastric MALT lymphoma, CagA may stimulate lymphomagenesis directly, through the regulation of signal transduction, and intracellular CagA is associated with H pylori dependence. These findings represent a substantial paradigm shift compared with the classical theory of H pylori-reactive T cells contributing indirectly to the development of MALT lymphoma. In conclusion, a wide range of H pylori-related gastric lymphomas have been identified. The use of antibiotics as the sole first-line therapy for early-stage gastric pure DLBCL requires validation in a prospective study. The clinical and biological significance of the CagA oncoprotein in the lymphomagenesis of gastric MALT lymphoma warrants further study.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Epigenesis, Genetic/immunology
- Gastric Mucosa/immunology
- Gastric Mucosa/metabolism
- Gastric Mucosa/microbiology
- Helicobacter Infections/genetics
- Helicobacter Infections/immunology
- Helicobacter Infections/metabolism
- Helicobacter Infections/therapy
- Helicobacter pylori/genetics
- Helicobacter pylori/immunology
- Helicobacter pylori/metabolism
- Humans
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/metabolism
- Lymphoid Tissue/microbiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/microbiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/immunology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/microbiology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/therapy
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/immunology
- Stomach Neoplasms/microbiology
- Stomach Neoplasms/mortality
- Stomach Neoplasms/therapy
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/immunology
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- bcl-X Protein/genetics
- bcl-X Protein/immunology
- bcl-X Protein/metabolism
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24
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Walduck AK, Becher D. Leptin, CD4(+) T(reg) and the prospects for vaccination against H. pylori infection. Front Immunol 2012; 3:316. [PMID: 23087691 PMCID: PMC3470998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection induces chronic inflammation which is characterized not only by infiltrations of inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and CD4+ T cells, but also significant populations of regulatory T cells (Treg). These cells are important for disease pathogenesis because they are believed to contribute to the persistence of the infection. Despite encouraging results in animal models, the prospects for an effective H. pylori vaccine are currently poor because of generally disappointing results in preclinical and phase 1 trials. As a result, a current major focus of basic research on vaccination is to better understand the mechanisms regulating the inflammatory response with the view it can inform future vaccine design. Our studies in this area have focused on gastric CD4+ Treg in vaccinated mice, and raised the hypothesis that adipokines in particular leptin are involved the establishment of a protective gastric immune response. Here we discuss the hypothesis that vaccination deregulates Treg responses in the gastric mucosa, and that this process is mediated by leptin. We propose that reduced suppression permits a protective sub population of H. pylori-specific CD4+ T cells to exert protective effects, presumably via the gastric epithelium. Evidence from the literature and experimental approaches will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Walduck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
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25
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Nedrud JG, Czinn SJ, Ding H, Zagorski BM, Redline RW, Twaddell W, Blanchard TG. Lack of genetic influence on the innate inflammatory response to helicobacter infection of the gastric mucosa. Front Immunol 2012; 3:181. [PMID: 22783255 PMCID: PMC3389333 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterial pathogen that resides at the gastric mucosa and has a world-wide prevalence of over 50%. Infection usually lasts for the life of the host, and although all infected individuals will develop histologic gastritis only a subset will develop symptomatic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric MALT lymphoma, or gastric adenocarcinoma. The bacterial and host factors that determine clinical outcome and influence the development of widely varying diseases have not been elucidated. We compared disease in Helicobacter-infected severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice on different genetic backgrounds with their corresponding immunocompetent partners to determine if the genetics of the host significantly impacts the innate inflammatory outcome, independent of variations in bacterial virulence factors. BALB/c SCID and C57BL/6 SCID mice developed equivalent histologic gastritis by 8 weeks of infection. Immunocompetent BALB/c mice and C57BL/6 mice developed significantly lower or higher degrees of inflammation respectively. Innate inflammation in immunodeficient mice on the C57BL/6 background remained low even in the absence of the regulatory cytokine IL-10. These results demonstrate that adaptive immunity is not required for the generation of low level inflammation in response to Helicobacter infection and that the degree of inflammation is consistent among different genetic backgrounds. Additionally, this inflammation is limited even in the absence of regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Nedrud
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH, USA
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Schinnerling K, Moos V, Geelhaar A, Allers K, Loddenkemper C, Friebel J, Conrad K, Kühl AA, Erben U, Schneider T. Regulatory T cells in patients with Whipple's disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:4061-7. [PMID: 21918190 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Classical Whipple's disease (CWD) is caused by chronic infection with Tropheryma whipplei that seems to be associated with an underlying immune defect. The pathognomonic hallmark of CWD is a massive infiltration of the duodenal mucosa with T. whipplei-infected macrophages that disperse systemically to many other organ systems. An alleviated inflammatory reaction and the absence of T. whipplei-specific Th1 reactivity support persistence and systemic spread of the pathogen. In this article, we hypothesized that regulatory T cells (T(reg)) are involved in immunomodulation in CWD, and we asked for the distribution, activation, and regulatory capacity of T(reg) in CWD patients. Whereas in the lamina propria of CWD patients before treatment numbers of T(reg) were increased, percentages in the peripheral blood were similar in CWD patients and healthy controls. However, peripheral T(reg) of CWD patients were more activated than those of controls. Elevated secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β in the duodenal mucosa of CWD patients indicated locally enhanced T(reg) activity. Enhanced CD95 expression on peripheral memory CD4(+) T cells combined with reduced expression of IFN-γ and IL-17A upon polyclonal stimulation by CD4(+) cells from untreated CWD patients further hinted to T(reg) activity-related exhaustion of effector CD4(+) T cells. In conclusion, increased numbers of T(reg) can be detected within the duodenal mucosa in untreated CWD, where huge numbers of T. whipplei-infected macrophages are present. Thus, T(reg) might contribute to the chronic infection and systemic spread of T. whipplei in CWD but in contrast prevent mucosal barrier defect by reducing local inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katina Schinnerling
- Medizinische Klinik I, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
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Coinfection with Enterohepatic Helicobacter species can ameliorate or promote Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric pathology in C57BL/6 mice. Infect Immun 2011; 79:3861-71. [PMID: 21788386 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05357-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate how different enterohepatic Helicobacter species (EHS) influence Helicobacter pylori gastric pathology, C57BL/6 mice were infected with Helicobacter hepaticus or Helicobacter muridarum, followed by H. pylori infection 2 weeks later. Compared to H. pylori-infected mice, mice infected with H. muridarum and H. pylori (HmHp mice) developed significantly lower histopathologic activity index (HAI) scores (P < 0.0001) at 6 and 11 months postinoculation (MPI). However, mice infected with H. hepaticus and H. pylori (HhHp mice) developed more severe gastric pathology at 6 MPI (P = 0.01), with a HAI at 11 MPI (P = 0.8) similar to that of H. pylori-infected mice. H. muridarum-mediated attenuation of gastritis in coinfected mice was associated with significant downregulation of proinflammatory Th1 (interlukin-1beta [Il-1β], gamma interferon [Ifn-γ], and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [Tnf-α]) cytokines at both time points and Th17 (Il-17A) cytokine mRNA levels at 6 MPI in murine stomachs compared to those of H. pylori-infected mice (P < 0.01). Coinfection with H. hepaticus also suppressed H. pylori-induced elevation of gastric Th1 cytokines Ifn-γ and Tnf-α (P < 0.0001) but increased Th17 cytokine mRNA levels (P = 0.028) at 6 MPI. Furthermore, mRNA levels of Il-17A were positively correlated with the severity of helicobacter-induced gastric pathology (HhHp>H. pylori>HmHp) (at 6 MPI, r² = 0.92, P < 0.0001; at 11 MPI, r² = 0.82, P < 0.002). Despite disparate effects on gastritis, colonization levels of gastric H. pylori were increased in HhHp mice (at 6 MPI) and HmHp mice (at both time points) compared to those in mono-H. pylori-infected mice. These data suggest that despite consistent downregulation of Th1 responses, EHS coinfection either attenuated or promoted the severity of H. pylori-induced gastric pathology in C57BL/6 mice. This modulation was related to the variable effects of EHS on gastric interleukin 17 (IL-17) responses to H. pylori infection.
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Expression of CD25(high) regulatory T cells and PD-1 in gastric infiltrating CD4(+) T lymphocytes in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:1198-201. [PMID: 21562113 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00422-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We observed by flow cytometry that the frequency of both gastric infiltrating Tregs and PD-1-positive CD4 T cells is correlated with the density of Helicobacter pylori, suggesting that cellular immunity against this pathogen is inhibited.
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection of the gastric mucosa remains a cause of significant morbidity and mortality almost 30 years after its discovery. H. pylori infection can lead to several gastric maladies, including gastric cancer, and although antimicrobial therapies for the infection exist, the cost of treatment for gastric cancer and the prognosis of individuals who present with this disease make vaccine development a cost effective alternative to bacterial eradication. Experimental mucosal and systemic H. pylori vaccines in mice significantly reduce bacterial load and sometimes provide sterilizing immunity. Clinical trials of oral vaccines consisting of H. pylori proteins with bacterial exotoxin adjuvants or live attenuated bacterial vectors expressing H. pylori proteins induce adaptive immune mechanisms but fail to consistently reduce bacterial load. Clinical trials and murine studies demonstrate that where H. pylori is killed, either spontaneously or following vaccination, the host demonstrated cellular immunity. Improved efficacy of vaccines may be achieved in new trials of vaccine formulations that include multiple antigens and use methods to optimize cellular immunity. Unfortunately, the industrial sponsors that served as the primary engine for much of the previous animal and human research have withdrawn their support. A renewed or expanded commitment from the biotechnology or pharmaceutical industry that could exploit recent advances in our understanding of the host immune response to H. pylori is necessary for the advancement of an H. pylori vaccine.
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Becher D, Deutscher ME, Simpfendorfer KR, Wijburg OL, Pederson JS, Lew AM, Strugnell RA, Walduck AK. Local recall responses in the stomach involving reduced regulation and expanded help mediate vaccine-induced protection against Helicobacter pylori in mice. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:2778-90. [PMID: 21038469 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200940219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is recognised as the chief cause of chronic gastritis, ulcers and gastric cancer in humans. With increased incidence of treatment failure and antibiotic resistance, development of prophylactic or therapeutic vaccination is a desirable alternative. Although the results of vaccination studies in animal models have been promising, studies in human volunteers have revealed problems such as 'post-immunisation gastritis' and comparatively poor responses to vaccine antigens. The focus of this study was to compare the gastric and systemic cellular immune responses induced by recombinant attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium-based vaccination in the C57BL/6 model of H. pylori infection. Analysis of lymphocyte populations in the gastric mucosa, blood, spleen, paragastric LN and MLN revealed that the effects of vaccination were largely confined to the parenchymal stomach rather than lymphoid organs. Vaccine-induced protection was correlated with an augmented local recall response in the gastric mucosa, with increased proportions of CD4(+) T cells, neutrophils and reduced proportions of CD4(+) Treg. CD4(+) T cells isolated from the stomachs of vaccinated mice proliferated ex vivo in response to H. pylori antigen, and secreted Th1 cytokines, particularly IFN-γ. This detailed analysis of local gastric immune responses provides insight into the mechanism of vaccine-induced protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Becher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Allison CC, Ferrero RL. Role of virulence factors and host cell signaling in the recognition of Helicobacter pylori and the generation of immune responses. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:1233-55. [PMID: 20722601 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonizes a large proportion of the world's population, with infection invariably leading to chronic, lifelong gastritis. While the infection often persists undiagnosed and without causing severe pathology, there are a number of host, bacterial and environmental factors that can influence whether infection provokes a mild inflammatory response or results in significant morbidity. Intriguingly, the most virulent H. pylori strains appear to deliberately induce the epithelial signaling cascades responsible for activating the innate immune system. While the reason for this remains unclear, the resulting adaptive immune responses are largely ineffective in clearing the bacterium once infection has become established and, as a result, inflammation likely causes more damage to the host itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody C Allison
- Centre for Innate Immunity & Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia.
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Cytotoxic T cells in H. pylori-related gastric autoimmunity and gastric lymphoma. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:104918. [PMID: 20617132 PMCID: PMC2896618 DOI: 10.1155/2010/104918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is the major cause of gastroduodenal pathologies, but only a minority of infected patients develop gastric B-cell lymphoma, gastric autoimmunity, or other life threatening diseases, as gastric cancer or peptic ulcer. The type of host immune response against H. pylori, particularly the cytolytic effector functions of T cells, is crucial for the outcome of the infection. T cells are potentially able to kill a target via different mechanisms, such as perforins or Fas-Fas ligand interaction. In H. pylori-infected patients with gastric autoimmunity cytolytic T cells, that cross-recognize different epitopes of H. pylori proteins and H(+)K(+)-ATPase autoantigen, infiltrate the gastric mucosa and lead to gastric atrophy via long-lasting activation of Fas ligand-mediated appotosis and perforin-induced cytotoxicity. On the other hand, gastric T cells from MALT lymphoma exhibit defective perforin- and Fas-Fas ligand-mediated killing of B cells, with consequent abnormal help for B-cell proliferation, suggesting that deregulated and exhaustive H. pylori-induced T cell-dependent B-cell activation can support both the onset and the promotion of low-grade B-cell lymphoma.
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Nan XP, Zhang Y, Yu HT, Li Y, Sun RL, Wang JP, Bai XF. Circulating CD4+CD25high regulatory T cells and expression of PD-1 and BTLA on CD4+ T cells in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Viral Immunol 2010; 23:63-70. [PMID: 20121403 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2009.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and PD-1 in hepatitis B have not been clearly described. Also, the role of B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), which serves as a negative regulator of T-cell activation, is still unknown in hepatitis B. In this study, we analyzed the frequency of circulating CD4(+)CD25(high) Tregs in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and subsequently investigated expression of PD-1 and BTLA on CD4(+) T cells, as well as their relationships with the clinical index of CHB patients. A total of 39 CHB patients and 19 healthy persons as controls were enrolled in the study. We found that the frequency of CD4(+)CD25(high) Tregs and PD-1 expression on CD4(+) T cells was significantly increased in CHB patients compared with normal controls. However, BTLA expression on CD4(+) T cells showed no significant difference between the two groups. The frequency of Tregs was significantly higher in patients with HBV DNA titers >or=10(8) than in those with HBV DNA titers <10(8). Circulating CD4(+)CD25(high) Treg frequency and PD-1 expression on CD4(+) T cells correlated positively with serum HBV DNA load in CHB patients. Our findings suggest that the increased frequency of CD4(+)CD25(high) Tregs and PD-1 expression on CD4(+) T lymphocytes may inhibit the cellular immune response against HBV and affect viral clearance, leading to the persistence of chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ping Nan
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Kao JY, Zhang M, Miller MJ, Mills JC, Wang B, Liu M, Eaton KA, Zou W, Berndt BE, Cole TS, Takeuchi T, Owyang SY, Luther J. Helicobacter pylori immune escape is mediated by dendritic cell-induced Treg skewing and Th17 suppression in mice. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:1046-54. [PMID: 19931266 PMCID: PMC2831148 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Helicobacter pylori infection increases gastric regulatory T cell (Treg) response, which may contribute to H pylori immune escape. We hypothesize that H pylori directs Treg skewing by way of dendritic cells (DCs) and thus inhibits interleukin-17(+) helper T cells (Th17) immunity. METHODS Two-photon microscopy was used to locate DCs in gastric lamina propria of mice. The induction of Th17 and Treg responses by bacteria-pulsed murine bone marrow-derived DCs was analyzed by cytokine production and stimulation of T-cell proliferation. The effect of VacA, CagA, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and IL-10 on Th17/Treg balance was assessed. The in vivo significance of Tregs on the H pylori-specific Th17 response and H pylori density was determined by using anti-CD25 neutralizing antibodies to deplete Tregs in mice. RESULTS We showed that mucosal CD11c(+) DCs are located near the surface of normal gastric epithelium, and their number increased after H pylori infection. Study of the direct interaction of DCs with H pylori showed a Treg-skewed response. The Treg skewing was independent of H pylori VacA and CagA and dependent on TGF-beta and IL-10. In vivo Treg skewing by adoptive transfer of H pylori-pulsed DCs reduces the ratio of gastric IL-17/Foxp3 mRNA expressions. The depletion of CD25(+) Tregs results in early reduction of H pylori density, which is correlated with enhanced peripheral H pylori-specific Th17, but not Th1, response. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our study indicates that H pylori alters the DC-polarized Th17/Treg balance toward a Treg-biased response, which suppresses the effective induction of H pylori-specific Th17 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Y. Kao
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Mark J. Miller
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Jason C. Mills
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Baomei Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Maochang Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Kathyn A. Eaton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Bradford E. Berndt
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Tyler S. Cole
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Tomomi Takeuchi
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Stephanie Y. Owyang
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jay Luther
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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O'Connor RA, Taams LS, Anderton SM. Translational mini-review series on Th17 cells: CD4 T helper cells: functional plasticity and differential sensitivity to regulatory T cell-mediated regulation. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 159:137-47. [PMID: 19912249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells display considerable flexibility in their effector functions, allowing them to tackle most effectively the range of pathogenic infections with which we are challenged. The classical T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 subsets have been joined recently by the Th17 lineage. If not controlled, the potent effector functions (chiefly cytokine production) of which these different cells are capable can lead to (sometimes fatal) autoimmune and allergic inflammation. The primary cell population tasked with providing this control appears to be CD4(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells expressing the forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) transcription factor. Here we consider the comparative capacity of FoxP3(+) T(regs) to influence the polarization, expansion and effector function of Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells in vitro and in vivo as well as in relation to human disease. This remains a particularly challenging series of interactions to understand, especially given our evolving understanding of T(reg) and T effector interrelationships, as well as recent insights into functional plasticity that cast doubt upon the wisdom of a strict categorization of T effector cells based on cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A O'Connor
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research and Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK.
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Jang TJ. The number of Foxp3-positive regulatory T cells is increased in Helicobacter pylori gastritis and gastric cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2009; 206:34-8. [PMID: 19819643 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2009.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) colonization induces vigorous innate and specific immune responses; however, the infection is not removed, a state of chronic active gastritis persists for life if untreated. Recent studies have shown that CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3-positive regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress the immune response to H. pylori. Persistent H. pylori-associated gastritis is closely associated with gastric carcinogenesis. We investigated the number of Tregs in the context of H. pylori colonization in chronic gastritis, examined the relationship between it and histopathological findings and compared it with that of gastric dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. This study was based on the analysis of gastric biopsy specimens from 126 cases of H. pylori-associated gastritis, 16 cases of H. pylori-negative gastritis, 17 cases of gastric dysplasia, and 25 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma. The number of Tregs was elevated in H. pylori-associated gastritis, where it was positively correlated with the grade of chronic inflammation and the number of lymphoid follicles. It was significantly elevated in adenocarcinomas compared to chronic gastritis and gastric dysplasia. In summary, the number of Tregs is increased in H. pylori-associated gastritis and gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jung Jang
- Department of Pathology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Sukjang-dong 707, Kyongju, Kyongbuk 780-714, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Each microenvironment requires a specific set of regulatory elements that are finely and constantly tuned to maintain local homeostasis. Various populations of regulatory T cells contribute to the maintenance of this equilibrium and establishment of controlled immune responses. In particular, regulatory T cells limit the magnitude of effector responses, which may result in failure to adequately control infection. However, regulatory T cells also help limit collateral tissue damage caused by vigorous antimicrobial immune responses against pathogenic microbes as well as commensals. In this review, we describe various situations in which the balance between regulatory T cells and effector immune functions influence the outcome of host-microorganism coexistence and discuss current hypotheses and points of polemic associated with the origin, target, and antigen specificity of both endogenous and induced regulatory T cells during these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Stuller KA, Ding H, Redline RW, Czinn SJ, Blanchard TG. CD25+ T cells induce Helicobacter pylori-specific CD25- T-cell anergy but are not required to maintain persistent hyporesponsiveness. Eur J Immunol 2009. [PMID: 19003932 DOI: 10.1002/eji.00838428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori infects over half the world's population. The lifelong infection induces gastric inflammation but the host fails to generate protective immunity. To study the lack of protective H. pylori immunity, CD4(+)CD25(+) T(reg) cells were investigated for their ability to down-regulate H. pylori-specific CD4(+)CD25(-) cells in a murine model. CD25(-) lymphocytes from infected mice were hyporesponsive to antigenic stimulation in vitro even in the absence of CD25(+) T(reg) cells unless treated with high-dose IL-2. Transfer of CD45RB(hi) naïve CD25(-) cells from infected mice into rag1(-/-) mice challenged with H. pylori resulted in severe gastritis and reduced bacterial loads, whereas transfer of CD45RB(lo) memory CD25(-) cells from H. pylori-infected mice resulted in only mild gastritis and persistent infection. CD25(-) cells stimulated in the absence of CD25(+) cells in rag1(-/-) mice promoted bacterial clearance, but lost this ability when subsequently transferred to WT mice harboring CD25(+) cells. These results demonstrate that CD25(+) cells induce anergy in CD25(-) cells in response to H. pylori infection but are not required to maintain hyporesponsiveness. In addition, CD25(+) cells are able to suppress previously activated CD25(-) cells when responding to H. pylori challenge in vivo.
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Milojevic D, Nguyen KD, Wara D, Mellins ED. Regulatory T cells and their role in rheumatic diseases: a potential target for novel therapeutic development. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2008; 6:20. [PMID: 19046457 PMCID: PMC2633304 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-6-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells have an important role in limiting immune reactions and are essential regulators of self-tolerance. Among them, CD4+CD25high regulatory T cells are the best-described subset. In this article, we summarize current knowledge on the phenotype, function, and development of CD4+CD25high regulatory T cells. We also review the literature on the role of these T cells in rheumatic diseases and discuss the potential for their use in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Milojevic
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Khoa D Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Diane Wara
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Stuller KA, Ding H, Redline RW, Czinn SJ, Blanchard TG. CD25+ T cells induce Helicobacter pylori-specific CD25- T-cell anergy but are not required to maintain persistent hyporesponsiveness. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:3426-35. [PMID: 19003932 PMCID: PMC2753502 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori infects over half the world's population. The lifelong infection induces gastric inflammation but the host fails to generate protective immunity. To study the lack of protective H. pylori immunity, CD4(+)CD25(+) T(reg) cells were investigated for their ability to down-regulate H. pylori-specific CD4(+)CD25(-) cells in a murine model. CD25(-) lymphocytes from infected mice were hyporesponsive to antigenic stimulation in vitro even in the absence of CD25(+) T(reg) cells unless treated with high-dose IL-2. Transfer of CD45RB(hi) naïve CD25(-) cells from infected mice into rag1(-/-) mice challenged with H. pylori resulted in severe gastritis and reduced bacterial loads, whereas transfer of CD45RB(lo) memory CD25(-) cells from H. pylori-infected mice resulted in only mild gastritis and persistent infection. CD25(-) cells stimulated in the absence of CD25(+) cells in rag1(-/-) mice promoted bacterial clearance, but lost this ability when subsequently transferred to WT mice harboring CD25(+) cells. These results demonstrate that CD25(+) cells induce anergy in CD25(-) cells in response to H. pylori infection but are not required to maintain hyporesponsiveness. In addition, CD25(+) cells are able to suppress previously activated CD25(-) cells when responding to H. pylori challenge in vivo.
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41
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Ding H, Czinn SJ, Blanchard TG. Recent advances that favor development of a vaccine for Helicobacter pylori infection. PEDIATRIC HEALTH 2008; 2:539. [PMID: 20151035 PMCID: PMC2819429 DOI: 10.2217/17455111.2.5.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ding
- Tel.: +1 410 706 8778
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Bressler Research Building, 13-043, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA, Tel.: +1 410 706 1772; Fax: +1 410 328 1072
| | - Steven J Czinn
- Department of Pediatrics, 22 South Greene Street, Room N5E17, Baltimore, MD 21201-1595, USA, Tel.: +1 410 328 6777; Fax: +1 410 328 8742
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Bressler Research Building, 13-043, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA, Tel.: +1 410 706 1772; Fax: +1 410 328 1072
| | - Thomas G Blanchard
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Bressler Research Building, 13-043, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA, Tel.: +1 410 706 1772; Fax: +1 410 328 1072
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The influence of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells on the immune response to rotavirus infection. Vaccine 2008; 26:5601-11. [PMID: 18725261 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 06/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) infection of the intestine is the major cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea in infants around the world. Although protective immunity against RV, especially acquired B and T-cell responses, has been extensively studied, our understanding of RV immunity remains incomplete. In addition, the interaction between various protective immune mechanisms in the gut and specific enteric immune suppressor systems that normally exert a regulatory function on mucosal immunity has not been extensively investigated. Among the candidate suppressor systems, we hypothesized that CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells may play a role in modulating RV immunity since such cells are naturally present in large numbers in the intestine and function nonspecifically. Here we demonstrate that neonatal murine RV (EC) infection induces an expansion of the Treg cell population and the magnitude of the T cell mediated immune response is modulated by Treg cells. Accordingly, when natural Treg cells in neonatal mice were depleted before virus infection, both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses to RV, such as proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion, were enhanced in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and the spleen. Interestingly, increased proliferation of CD19+ B cells from Treg cell depleted animals was also observed. Finally, we analyzed the in vivo effect of the Treg cell depletion on diarrheal disease, virus shedding and IgA RV-specific response. Treg cell depletion did not affect these functions. Our studies of immune modulatory Treg cells in the RV infection model may promote a better understanding of the basis for RV immunity as well as providing valuable clues for the development of more immunogenic RV vaccines.
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Kandulski A, Wex T, Kuester D, Peitz U, Gebert I, Roessner A, Malfertheiner P. Naturally occurring regulatory T cells (CD4+, CD25high, FOXP3+) in the antrum and cardia are associated with higher H. pylori colonization and increased gene expression of TGF-beta1. Helicobacter 2008; 13:295-303. [PMID: 18665940 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2008.00612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori causes gastric inflammation. Despite the induction of H. pylori-specific B- and T cells, the immune response is not sufficient to clear the infection. Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) suppress the activation and proliferation of antigen-specific T cells and mediate immunologic tolerance. FOXP3 was shown to be expressed in a subset of Treg cells known as 'naturally occurring Treg cells'. These cells have not been sufficiently studied in context to H. pylori-induced inflammation in human gastric mucosa. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 76 patients stratified according to the presence of H. pylori. Gene expression levels of FOXP3, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, and interleukin-10 were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in biopsies from gastric antrum, corpus, and cardia. FOXP3 expression was also analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Differences in expression levels were analyzed by comprehensive statistical analyses and correlated with clinical and histomorphologic parameters. RESULTS H. pylori-positive patients revealed a 19- to 25-fold induction of FOXP3 transcript levels in antrum and cardia (p < .02). FOXP3 transcript levels correlated positively with inflammation (p < .04) and TGF-beta1 transcript levels (p < .001). Furthermore, a positive correlation between FOXP3(+) Treg cells and H. pylori colonization was demonstrated. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that H. pylori-induced gastritis is associated with a recruitment of naturally occurring FOXP3(+) Treg cells that correlates with the degree of bacterial colonization and mucosal TGF-beta1 expression. Together, these data support the hypothesis that naturally FOXP3(+) Treg cells play a role in the lifelong persistence of H. pylori infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Kandulski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120, Germany
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Sakaki M, Hiroishi K, Baba T, Ito T, Hirayama Y, Saito K, Tonoike T, Kushima M, Imawari M. Intrahepatic status of regulatory T cells in autoimmune liver diseases and chronic viral hepatitis. Hepatol Res 2008; 38:354-61. [PMID: 18021223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2007.00284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM Regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain immunological tolerance and suppress autoreactive immune responses. We evaluated the intrahepatic status of Tregs in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), chronic hepatitis C (CH-C), or chronic hepatitis B (CH-B). METHODS We analyzed 85 patients (20 AIH, 22 PBC, 27 CH-C, and 16 CH-B) and 14 controls. Using liver tissue samples obtained by needle biopsy or from marginal parts of resected metastatic liver tumors in the controls, immunohistochemical analyses of forkhead box P3(+), which is a specific marker for Tregs, CD4(+), and CD8(+) cells were performed. RESULTS Intrahepatic Tregs were significantly more infiltrated in patients with liver diseases than in the controls. There were significantly fewer intrahepatic Tregs in the AIH patients than in the PBC patients (P = 0.037). Patients with alow frequency of intrahepatic Tregs were detected significantly more in the AIH and CH-B groups than in the PBC and CH-C groups (P < 0.05). In addition, the frequency of Tregs decreased in the liver of PBC patients as the pathological stage of the disease advanced. We found significantly less infiltration of CD4(+) T cells in AIH than in other diseases (P < 0.05). Liver-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells were detected more frequently in the CH-B group than in other groups (P < 0.003). CONCLUSION Intrahepatic Tregs were increased in both patients with autoimmune liver diseases and those with viral hepatitis. In autoimmune liver diseases, intrahepatic Tregs were fewer in the AIH patients than in the PBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Sakaki
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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CD8+ T cells are associated with severe gastritis in Helicobacter pylori-infected mice in the absence of CD4+ T cells. Infect Immun 2007; 76:1289-97. [PMID: 18025102 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00779-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection results in the development of chronic gastritis, and CD4+ T cells are a major component of the gastric cellular infiltrate. To examine whether CD4+ T cells are important in initiating and maintaining H. pylori-induced gastritis, mice deficient in CD4+ T cells (B6.BM1.GK 1.5 mice [GK 1.5 mice]) were infected with H. pylori. We found that as in normal mice, H. pylori-specific antibodies, mostly of the immunoglobulin M isotype, developed in GK 1.5 mice but were unable to cure H. pylori infection. Further, while the stomachs of H. pylori-infected GK 1.5 mice were more heavily infiltrated with CD8+ T cells and B cells, mice deficient in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells developed mild inflammation comparable to the level observed for C57BL/6 mice. These observations suggest that CD4+ T cells may play an important role in regulating or suppressing gastric CD8+ T cells which, in the absence of CD4+ T cells, may mediate more-severe disease. These studies have revealed a potentially important role for CD8+ T cells in the gastric disease resulting from H. pylori infection.
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Jonsson R. Prizes for the best papers published in Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 2003-06. Scand J Immunol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.02002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fukui T, Nishio A, Okazaki K, Kasahara K, Saga K, Tanaka J, Uza N, Ueno S, Kido M, Ohashi S, Asada M, Nakase H, Watanabe N, Chiba T. Cross-primed CD8+ cytotoxic T cells induce severe Helicobacter-associated gastritis in the absence of CD4+ T cells. Helicobacter 2007; 12:486-97. [PMID: 17760716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2007.00536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although previous studies have reported important roles of CD4(+) type 1-helper T cells and regulatory T cells in Helicobacter-associated gastritis, the significance of CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells remains unknown. To study the roles of CD8(+) T cells, we examined the immune response in the gastric mucosa of Helicobacter felis-infected major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-deficient (II(-/-)) mice, which lack CD4(+) T cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Stomachs from H. felis-infected wild-type and infected MHC II(-/-) mice were examined histologically and immunohistochemically. Gastric acidity and serum levels of anti-H. felis antibodies were measured. The expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine, Fas-ligand, perforin, and Foxp3 genes in the gastric mucosa was investigated. RESULTS H. felis-infected MHC II(-/-) mice developed severe gastritis, accompanied by marked infiltration of CD8(+) cells. At 1 and 2 months after inoculation, mucosal inflammation and atrophy were more severe in MHC II(-/-) mice, although gastritis had reached similar advanced stages at 3 months after inoculation. There was little infiltration of CD4(+) cells, and no Foxp3-positive cells were detected in the gastric mucosa of the infected MHC II(-/-) mice. The expression of the interleukin-1beta and Fas-ligand genes was up regulated, but that of Foxp3 was down regulated in the infected MHC II(-/-) mice. Serum levels of anti-H. felis antibodies were lower in the infected MHC II(-/-) mice, despite severe gastritis. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that cross-primed CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells can induce severe H.-associated gastritis in the absence of CD4(+) helper T cells and that Foxp3-positive cells may have an important role in the control of gastric inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Fukui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Scott-Browne JP, Shafiani S, Tucker-Heard G, Ishida-Tsubota K, Fontenot JD, Rudensky AY, Bevan MJ, Urdahl KB. Expansion and function of Foxp3-expressing T regulatory cells during tuberculosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:2159-69. [PMID: 17709423 PMCID: PMC2118702 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20062105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) frequently establishes persistent infections that may be facilitated by mechanisms that dampen immunity. T regulatory (T reg) cells, a subset of CD4(+) T cells that are essential for preventing autoimmunity, can also suppress antimicrobial immune responses. We use Foxp3-GFP mice to track the activity of T reg cells after aerosol infection with Mtb. We report that during tuberculosis, T reg cells proliferate in the pulmonary lymph nodes (pLNs), change their cell surface phenotype, and accumulate in the pLNs and lung at a rate parallel to the accumulation of effector T cells. In the Mtb-infected lung, T reg cells accumulate in high numbers in all sites where CD4(+) T cells are found, including perivascular/peribronchiolar regions and within lymphoid aggregates of granulomas. To determine the role of T reg cells in the immune response to tuberculosis, we generated mixed bone marrow chimeric mice in which all cells capable of expressing Foxp3 expressed Thy1.1. When T reg cells were depleted by administration of anti-Thy1.1 before aerosol infection with Mtb, we observed approximately 1 log less of colony-forming units of Mtb in the lungs. Thus, after aerosol infection, T reg cells proliferate and accumulate at sites of infection, and have the capacity to suppress immune responses that contribute to the control of Mtb.
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Wilson KT, Crabtree JE. Immunology of Helicobacter pylori: insights into the failure of the immune response and perspectives on vaccine studies. Gastroenterology 2007; 133:288-308. [PMID: 17631150 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infects the stomach of half of the human population worldwide and causes chronic active gastritis, which can lead to peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. The host immune response to the infection is ineffective, because the bacterium persists and the inflammation continues for decades. Bacterial activation of epithelial cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils leads to a T helper cell 1 type of adaptive response, but this remains inadequate. The host inflammatory response has a key functional role in disrupting acid homeostasis, which impacts directly on the colonization patterns of H pylori and thus the extent of gastritis. Many potential mechanisms for the failure of the host response have been postulated, and these include apoptosis of epithelial cells and macrophages, inadequate effector functions of macrophages and dendritic cells, VacA inhibition of T-cell function, and suppressive effects of regulatory T cells. Because of the extent of the disease burden, many strategies for prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines have been investigated. The goal of enhancing the host's ability to generate protective immunity has met with some success in animal models, but the efficacy of potential vaccines in humans remains to be demonstrated. Aspects of H pylori immunopathogenesis are reviewed and perspectives on the failure of the host immune response are discussed. Understanding the mechanisms of immune evasion could lead to new opportunities for enhancing eradication and prevention of infection and associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith T Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0252, USA
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Robinson K, Argent RH, Atherton JC. The inflammatory and immune response to Helicobacter pylori infection. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2007; 21:237-59. [PMID: 17382275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lifelong Helicobacter pylori infection and its associated gastric inflammation underlie peptic ulceration and gastric carcinogenesis. The immune and inflammatory responses to H. pylori are doubly responsible: gastric inflammation is the main mediator of pathology, and the immune and inflammatory response is ineffective, allowing lifelong bacterial persistence. However, despite inducing gastric inflammation, most infections do not cause disease, and bacterial, host and environmental factors determine individual disease risk. Although H. pylori avoids many innate immune receptors, specific virulence factors (including those encoded on the cag pathogenicity island) stimulate innate immunity to increase gastric inflammation and increase disease risk. An acquired T helper 1 response upregulates local immune effectors. The extent to which environmental factors (including parasite infection), host factors and H. pylori itself influence T-helper differentiation and regulatory T-cell responses remains controversial. Finally, effective vaccines have still not been developed: a better understanding of the immune response to H. pylori may help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Robinson
- Wolfson Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham, C Floor, South Block, Queen's Medical Centre Campus, Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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