1
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Das R. T Cell Receptor-Engaging Monoclonal Antibodies Mobilize the Anti-Tumor Functions of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells. Crit Rev Oncog 2024; 29:69-81. [PMID: 38421715 PMCID: PMC11062185 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2023049947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKTs) are innate-type T lymphocytes that directly kill tumor cells or tumor-growth promoting immunosuppressive cells such astumor-associated macrophages. Additionally, iNKTs robustly transactivate the antitumor functions of T, B, natural killer, and dendritic cells as well as reinvigorate exhausted immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. As such, iNKTs make excellent candidates for inclusion in anti-cancer cellular therapies. However, to capitalize on the potential benefits of iNKT cell-based approaches, it is imperative that we develop new and clinically viable strategies to enhance their antitumor function. To that end, two novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that selectively bind to the human (NKTT320) or murine (NKT14m) invariant T cell receptor have been recently developed and characterized. Studies using purified human iNKTs (in vitro) and a model of non-human primate (in vivo) reveal that NKTT320 promotes swift, vigorous and sustained iNKT cell activation that is accompanied by robust production of inflammatory mediators and bystander immune cell activation. Furthermore, NKTT320 augments expression of cytotoxic markers and human iNKT cell degranulation. Similarly, NKT14m prompts dramatic murine iNKT cell activation and functional response both in vitro and in vivo. However, antitumor efficacy of a single dose of NKT14m injection in tumor-bearing mice is limited and tumor-model dependent. In contrast, combination treatment of NKT14m with either low dose interleukin (IL)-12 or the chemotherapeutic agent, cyclophosphamide results in a superior antitumor response in vivo. This is evident by activation of both iNKTs and other immune cells, prolonged survival of the tumor-challenged mice, and long-lasting immunity. Collectively, these recent studies justify further development of anti-iTCR mAbs that can be used alone or in conjunction with immunomodulatory agents to enhance iNKT cell antitumor immunity against various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Das
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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2
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers represent a complex array of cancers that affect the digestive system. This includes liver, pancreatic, colon, rectal, anal, gastric, esophageal, intestinal and gallbladder cancer. Patients diagnosed with certain GI cancers typically have low survival rates, so new therapeutic approaches are needed. A potential approach is to harness the potent immunoregulatory properties of natural killer T (NKT) cells which are true T cells, not natural killer (NK) cells, that recognize lipid instead of peptide antigens presented by the non-classical major histocompatibility (MHC) molecule CD1d. The NKT cell subpopulation is known to play a vital role in tumor immunity by bridging innate and adaptive immune responses. In GI cancers, NKT cells can contribute to either antitumor or protumor immunity depending on the cytokine profile expressed and type of cancer. This review discusses the complexities of the role of NKT cells in liver, colon, pancreatic and gastric cancers with an emphasis on type I NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Burks
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,CONTACT Julian Burks National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Building 41/Room D702, 41 Medlars Drive, Bethesda, Maryland20892, USA
| | - Purevdorj B. Olkhanud
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jay A. Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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3
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Zhu T, Wang R, Miller H, Westerberg LS, Yang L, Guan F, Lee P, Gong Q, Chen Y, Liu C. The interaction between iNKT cells and B cells. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:711-723. [PMID: 34312907 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.6ru0221-095rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKTs) bridge the innate immunity with the adaptive immunity and their interaction with B cells has been extensively studied. Here, we give a complete overview of these two cells, from their mechanism of interaction to clinical prospects and existing problems. In our introduction, we describe the relationship between iNKTs and B cells and explore the current research hotspots and future directions. We begin with how B cells interact and benefit from the innate and adaptive help of iNKTs. Next, we describe the multiple roles of these cells in infections, autoimmunity, and cancers. Lastly, we look into the potential immunotherapies that can be based on iNKTs and the possible treatments for infectious, autoimmune, and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rongli Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Guan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pamela Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Quan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The Second Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, GuiZhou Province, Zunyi, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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4
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Morandi F, Sabatini F, Podestà M, Airoldi I. Immunotherapeutic Strategies for Neuroblastoma: Present, Past and Future. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:43. [PMID: 33450862 PMCID: PMC7828327 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial pediatric solid tumor with a heterogeneous clinical course, ranging from spontaneous regression to metastatic disease and death, irrespective of intensive chemotherapeutic regimen. On the basis of several parameters, children affected by neuroblastoma are stratified into low, intermediate and high risk. At present, more than 50% of high-risk patients with metastatic spread display an overall poor long-term outcome also complicated by devastating long-term morbidities. Thus, novel and more effective therapies are desperately needed to improve lifespan of high-risk patients. In this regard, adoptive cell therapy holds great promise and several clinical trials are ongoing, demonstrating safety and tolerability, with no toxicities. Starting from the immunological and clinical features of neuroblastoma, we here discuss the immunotherapeutic approaches currently adopted for high-risk patients and different innovative therapeutic strategies currently under investigation. The latter are based on the infusion of natural killer (NK) cells, as support of consolidation therapy in addition to standard treatments, or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells directed against neuroblastoma associated antigens (e.g., disialoganglioside GD2). Finally, future perspectives of adoptive cell therapies represented by γδ T lymphocyes and CAR NK cells are envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Irma Airoldi
- Laboratorio Cellule Staminali Post-Natali e Terapie Cellulari, Istituto Giannina Gaslini (Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico—IRCCS), Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy; (F.M.); (F.S.); (M.P.)
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5
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Guan P, Schaub R, Nichols KE, Das R. Combination of NKT14m and Low Dose IL-12 Promotes Invariant Natural Killer T Cell IFN-γ Production and Tumor Control. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145085. [PMID: 32708464 PMCID: PMC7404385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes characterized by the expression of an invariant T cell receptor (iTCR) that recognizes glycolipid antigens presented by the MHC I-like CD1d molecule. Following antigenic stimulation, iNKT cells rapidly produce large amounts of cytokines that can trans-activate dendritic cells (DC) and promote the anti-tumor functions of cytotoxic lymphocytes, such as natural killer (NK) and CD8 T cells. Additionally, iNKT cells can mediate robust and direct cytotoxicity against CD1d+ tumor targets. However, many tumors down-regulate CD1d and evade iNKT cell attack. To circumvent this critical barrier to iNKT cell anti-tumor activity, a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb), NKT14 has been recently developed. This agonistic antibody binds directly and specifically to the iTCR of murine iNKT cells. In the current study, we demonstrate that NKT14m mediates robust activation, cytokine production and degranulation of murine iNKT cells, in vitro. Consistently, NKT14m also promoted iNKT cell activation and immunomodulatory functions, in vivo. Finally, administration of NKT14m with low dose interleukin (IL)-12 further augmented iNKT cell IFN-γ production in vivo, and this combination conferred superior suppression of tumor cell growth compared to NKT14m or IL-12 alone. Together, these data demonstrate that a combination treatment consisting of low dose IL-12 and iTCR-specific mAb may be an attractive alternative to activate iNKT cell anti-tumor functions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD1d/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Drug Synergism
- Drug Therapy, Combination/methods
- Immunomodulation/drug effects
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Lymphoma/drug therapy
- Lymphoma/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Natural Killer T-Cells/drug effects
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Guan
- Division of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Robert Schaub
- RGS Consulting, 118 Jeremy Hill Road Pelham, Pelham, NH 03076, USA;
| | - Kim E. Nichols
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
| | - Rupali Das
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-517-884-5049; Fax: +1-517-355-5125
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6
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Cancer Immunotherapeutic Potential of NKTT320, a Novel, Invariant, Natural Killer T Cell-Activating, Humanized Monoclonal Antibody. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124317. [PMID: 32560408 PMCID: PMC7352964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKTs) directly kill tumor cells and trans-activate the anti-tumor functions of dendritic cells (DC), natural killer (NK) cells, and T and B cells. As such, iNKTs serve as a powerful tool for use in cell-based cancer immunotherapy. iNKT cell activation commonly requires engagement of the invariant T cell receptor (iTCR) by CD1d presenting glycolipid antigens. However, transformed cells often down-regulate CD1d expression, which results in a reduction of iNKT cell anti-tumor functions. One approach to circumvent this critical barrier to iNKT cell activation is to develop an agonistic antibody that binds directly to the iTCR without the requirement for CD1d-mediated antigen presentation. To this end, we have characterized the iNKT cell stimulatory properties of NKTT320, a novel, recombinant, humanized, monoclonal antibody that binds selectively and with high affinity to human iTCRs. Strikingly, immobilized NKTT320 mediated robust iNKT cell activation (upregulation of CD25 and CD69) and proliferation (carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) dilution), as well as Th1 and Th2 cytokine production. Additionally, iNKTs stimulated by plate-bound NKTT320 exhibited increased intracellular levels of granzyme B and degranulation (exposure of CD107 on the cell surface). Furthermore, both soluble and immobilized NKTT320 induced iNKT cell-mediated activation of bystander immune cells, suggesting that this novel anti-iTCR antibody facilitates both direct and indirect iNKT cell cytotoxicity. These studies are significant, as they provide a framework by which iNKT cell anti-cancer functions could be enhanced for therapeutic purposes.
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7
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SLAM-SAP-Fyn: Old Players with New Roles in iNKT Cell Development and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194797. [PMID: 31569599 PMCID: PMC6801923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a unique T cell lineage that develop in the thymus and emerge with a memory-like phenotype. Accordingly, following antigenic stimulation, they can rapidly produce copious amounts of Th1 and Th2 cytokines and mediate activation of several immune cells. Thus, it is not surprising that iNKT cells play diverse roles in a broad range of diseases. Given their pivotal roles in host immunity, it is crucial that we understand the mechanisms that govern iNKT cell development and effector functions. Over the last two decades, several studies have contributed to the current knowledge of iNKT cell biology and activity. Collectively, these studies reveal that the thymic development of iNKT cells, their lineage expansion, and functional properties are tightly regulated by a complex network of transcription factors and signaling molecules. While prior studies have clearly established the importance of the SLAM-SAP-Fyn signaling axis in iNKT cell ontogenesis, recent studies provide exciting mechanistic insights into the role of this signaling cascade in iNKT cell development, lineage fate decisions, and functions. Here we summarize the previous literature and discuss the more recent studies that guide our understanding of iNKT cell development and functional responses.
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8
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Trittel S, Vashist N, Ebensen T, Chambers BJ, Guzmán CA, Riese P. Invariant NKT Cell-Mediated Modulation of ILC1s as a Tool for Mucosal Immune Intervention. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1849. [PMID: 31440243 PMCID: PMC6692890 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-NK group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s), mainly investigated in the mucosal areas of the intestine, are well-known to contribute to anti-parasitic and anti-bacterial immune responses. Recently, our group revealed that lung ILC1s become activated during murine influenza infection, thereby contributing to viral clearance. In this context, worldwide seasonal influenza infections often result in severe disease outbreaks leading to high morbidity and mortality. Therefore, new immune interventions are urgently needed. In contrast to NK cells, the potential of non-NK ILC1s to become functionally tailored by immune modulators to contribute to the combat against mucosal-transmitted viral pathogens has not yet been addressed. The present study aimed at assessing the potential of ILC1s to become modulated by iNKT cells activated through the CD1d agonist αGalCerMPEG. Our results demonstrate an improved functional responsiveness of murine lung and splenic ILC1s following iNKT cell stimulation by the mucosal route, as demonstrated by enhanced surface expression of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), CD49a and CD28, and increased secretion of IFNγ. Interestingly, iNKT cell stimulation also induced the expression of the immune checkpoint molecules GITR and CTLA-4, which represent crucial points of action for immune regulation. An in vivo influenza infection model revealed that intranasal activation of ILC1s by αGalCerMPEG contributed to increased viral clearance as shown by reduced viral loads in the lungs. The findings that ILC1s can become modulated by mucosally activated iNKT cells in a beneficial manner emphasize their up to now underestimated potential and renders them to be considered as targets for novel immune interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Trittel
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Neha Vashist
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Ebensen
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Benedict J Chambers
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlos A Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peggy Riese
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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9
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Invariant natural killer T cells in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: killer choice for natural suppression. Bone Marrow Transplant 2016; 51:629-37. [DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2015.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Sag D, Cekic C, Wu R, Linden J, Hedrick CC. The cholesterol transporter ABCG1 links cholesterol homeostasis and tumour immunity. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6354. [PMID: 25724068 PMCID: PMC4347884 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding Cassette Transporter G1 (ABCG1) promotes cholesterol efflux from cells and regulates intracellular cholesterol homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate a role of ABCG1 as a mediator of tumor immunity. Abcg1−/− mice have dramatically suppressed subcutaneous MB49-bladder carcinoma and B16-melanoma growth and prolonged survival. We show that reduced tumor growth in Abcg1−/− mice is myeloid cell-intrinsic and is associated with a phenotypic shift of the macrophages from a tumor-promoting M2 to a tumor-fighting M1 within the tumor. Abcg1−/− macrophages exhibit an intrinsic bias toward M1 polarization with increased NF-κB activation and direct cytotoxicity for tumor cells in vitro. Overall, our study demonstrates that absence of ABCG1 inhibits tumor growth through modulation of macrophage function within the tumor and illustrates a link between cholesterol homeostasis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Sag
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Caglar Cekic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Runpei Wu
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Joel Linden
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Catherine C Hedrick
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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11
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Lynch L, Michelet X, Zhang S, Brennan PJ, Moseman A, Lester C, Besra G, Vomhof-Dekrey EE, Tighe M, Koay HF, Godfrey DI, Leadbetter EA, Sant’Angelo DB, von Andrian U, Brenner MB. Regulatory iNKT cells lack expression of the transcription factor PLZF and control the homeostasis of T(reg) cells and macrophages in adipose tissue. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:85-95. [PMID: 25436972 PMCID: PMC4343194 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) are lipid-sensing innate T cells that are restricted by the antigen-presenting molecule CD1d and express the transcription factor PLZF. iNKT cells accumulate in adipose tissue, where they are anti-inflammatory, but the factors that contribute to their anti-inflammatory nature, as well as their targets in adipose tissue, are unknown. Here we found that iNKT cells in adipose tissue had a unique transcriptional program and produced interleukin 2 (IL-2) and IL-10. Unlike other iNKT cells, they lacked PLZF but expressed the transcription factor E4BP4, which controlled their IL-10 production. The adipose iNKT cells were a tissue-resident population that induced an anti-inflammatory phenotype in macrophages and, through the production of IL-2, controlled the number, proliferation and suppressor function of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) in adipose tissue. Thus, iNKT cells in adipose tissue are unique regulators of immunological homeostasis in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Lynch
- Deptartment of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Xavier Michelet
- Deptartment of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Sai Zhang
- Deptartment of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Deptartment of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Patrick J. Brennan
- Deptartment of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Ashley Moseman
- Deptartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Chantel Lester
- Deptartment of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Gurdyal Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mike Tighe
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Derek B. Sant’Angelo
- Deptartment of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Deptartment of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Ulrich von Andrian
- Deptartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Michael B. Brenner
- Deptartment of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
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12
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Abstract
Despite the growing number of preclinical and clinical trials focused on immunotherapy for the treatment of malignant gliomas, the prognosis for this disease remains grim. Cancer immunotherapy seeks to recruit an effective immune response to eliminate tumor cells. To date, cancer vaccines have shown only limited effectiveness because of our incomplete understanding of the necessary effector cells and mechanisms that yield efficient tumor clearance. CD8+ T cell cytotoxic activity has long been proposed as the primary effector function necessary for tumor regression. However, there is increasing evidence that indicates that components of the immune system other than CD8+ T cells play important roles in tumor eradication and control. The following review should provide an understanding of the mechanisms involved in an effective antitumor response to guide future therapeutic designs. The information provided suggests an alternate means of effective tumor clearance in malignant glioma to the canonical CD8+ cytotoxic T cell mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Elizabeth Pluhar
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. 55108
| | - Christopher A. Pennell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. 55445
| | - Michael R. Olin
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. 55445
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13
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Lynch L. Adipose invariant natural killer T cells. Immunology 2014; 142:337-46. [PMID: 24673647 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a dynamic organ that makes up a substantial proportion of the body; in severe obesity it can account for 50% of body mass. Details of the unique immune system resident in human and murine adipose tissue are only recently emerging, and so it has remained a largely unexplored and unappreciated immune site until now. Adipose tissue harbours a unique collection of immune cells, which often display unusual functions compared with their counterparts elsewhere in the body. These resident immune cells are key to maintaining tissue and immune homeostasis, yet in obesity their chronic aberrant stimulation can contribute to the inflammation and pathogenesis associated with obesity. Anti-inflammatory adipose-resident lymphocytes are often depleted in obesity, whereas pro-inflammatory immune cells accumulate, leading to an overall inflammatory state, which is a key step in the development of obesity-induced metabolic disease. A good example is invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, which make up a large proportion of lymphocytes in human and murine adipose tissue. Here, they are unusually poised to produce anti-inflammatory or regulatory cytokines, however in obesity, iNKT cells are greatly reduced. As iNKT cells are potent transactivaors of other immune cells, and can act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, their loss in obesity represents the loss of a major regulatory population. Restoring iNKT cells, or activating them in obese mice leads to improved glucose handling, insulin sensitivity, and even weight loss, and hence represents an exciting therapeutic avenue to be explored for restoring homeostasis in obese adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Lynch
- Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Subrahmanyam PB, Carey GB, Webb TJ. Bcl-xL regulates CD1d-mediated antigen presentation to NKT cells by altering CD1d trafficking through the endocytic pathway. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:2096-105. [PMID: 25070854 PMCID: PMC4169674 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NKT cells are a unique subset of T cells that recognize glycolipid Ags presented in the context of CD1d molecules. NKT cells mount strong antitumor responses and are a major focus in developing effective cancer immunotherapy. It is known that CD1d molecules are constantly internalized from the cell surface, recycled through the endocytic compartments, and re-expressed on the cell surface. However, little is known about the regulation of CD1d-mediated Ag processing and presentation in B cell lymphoma. Prosurvival factors of the Bcl-2 family, such as Bcl-xL, are often upregulated in B cell lymphomas and are intimately linked to sphingolipid metabolism, as well as the endocytic compartments. We hypothesized that Bcl-xL can regulate CD1d-mediated Ag presentation to NKT cells. We found that overexpression or induction of Bcl-xL led to increased Ag presentation to NKT cells. Conversely, the inhibition or knockdown of Bcl-xL led to decreased NKT cell activation. Furthermore, knockdown of Bcl-xL resulted in the loss of CD1d trafficking to lysosome-associated membrane protein 1(+) compartments. Rab7, a late endosomal protein, was upregulated and CD1d molecules accumulated in the Rab7(+) late endosomal compartment. These results demonstrate that Bcl-xL regulates CD1d-mediated Ag processing and presentation to NKT cells by altering the late endosomal compartment and changing the intracellular localization of CD1d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka B Subrahmanyam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and the Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Gregory B Carey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and the Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Tonya J Webb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and the Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
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15
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Teo WY, Elghetany MT, Shen J, Man TK, Li X, Chintagumpala M, Su JMF, Dauser R, Whitehead W, Adesina AM, Lau CC. Therapeutic implications of CD1d expression and tumor-infiltrating macrophages in pediatric medulloblastomas. J Neurooncol 2014; 120:293-301. [PMID: 25115738 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1572-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunobiology of medulloblastoma (MB), the most common malignant brain tumor in children, is poorly understood. Although tumor cells in some MBs were recently shown to express CD1d and be susceptible to Vα24-invariant natural killer T (NKT)-cell cytotoxicity, the clinical relevance of CD1d expression in MB patients remains unknown. We investigated the expression of CD1d in pediatric MBs and correlated with molecular and clinical characteristics. Specifically, we explored if NKT cell therapy can be targeted at a subset of pediatric MBs with poorer prognosis. Particularly, infantile MBs have a worse outcome because radiotherapy is delayed to avoid neurocognitive sequelae. Immunohistochemistry for CD1d was performed on a screening set of 38 primary pediatric MBs. Gene expression of the membrane form of M2 macrophage marker, CD163, was studied in an expanded cohort of 60 tumors. Outcome data was collected prospectively. Thirteen of 38 MBs (34.2 %) expressed CD1d on immunohistochemistry. CD1d was expressed mainly on MB tumor cells, and on some tumor-associated macrophages. Majority (18/22, 82 %) of non sonic-hedgehog/Wingless-activated MBs (group 3 and 4) were CD1d-negative (p = 0.05). A subset of infantile MBs (4/9, 44.4 %) expressed CD1d. Macrophages infiltrating MB expressed CD163 apart from CD1d. Molecular subtypes demonstrated statistical differences in CD163 expression, SHH-tumors were the most enriched (p = 0.006). Molecular and clinical subtypes of pediatric MB exhibit distinct differences in CD1d expression, which have important therapeutic implications. High CD1d expression in infantile MBs offers potential new immunotherapeutic treatment with NKT cell therapy in infants, where treatment is suboptimal due delayed radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yee Teo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, 1102 Bates street, 1030.11, Feigin Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA,
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16
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Ljujic B, Milovanovic M, Volarevic V, Murray B, Bugarski D, Przyborski S, Arsenijevic N, Lukic ML, Stojkovic M. Human mesenchymal stem cells creating an immunosuppressive environment and promote breast cancer in mice. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2298. [PMID: 23892388 PMCID: PMC3725512 DOI: 10.1038/srep02298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) can home to tumor sites and promote tumor growth. The effects of hMSC on tumor growth are controversial and involvement of hMSC in tumor immunology has not been adequately addressed. Therefore, we investigated whether injection of hMSC affects tumor appearance, growth and metastasis, and anti-tumor immunity in an experimental animal model of metastatic breast cancer. Injection of hMSC in BALB/c mice bearing mammary carcinoma promoted tumor growth and metastasis, which was accompanied by lower cytotoxic activity of splenocytes, NK cells and CD8+ T cells in vitro. Tumor-bearing mice that received hMSC had significantly lower percentages of CD3+NKp46+ NKT-like, higher percentages of CD4+Foxp3+ T cells, increased serum levels of Th2 and decreased serum levels of Th1 cytokines, and significantly higher number of CD4+ cells expressing IL-10. These results demonstrate that immunosuppressive environment created by hMSC promoted breast tumor growth and metastasis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Ljujic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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17
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Hong S, Lee H, Jung K, Lee SM, Lee SJ, Jun HJ, Kim Y, Song H, Bogen B, Choi I. Tumor cells loaded with α-galactosylceramide promote therapeutic NKT-dependent anti-tumor immunity in multiple myeloma. Immunol Lett 2013; 156:132-9. [PMID: 24148970 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells have been used as the tumor antigen sources for developing cancer vaccines. Due to their low immunogenicity, tumor antigens are combined with various adjuvants to enhance immunogenicity of cancer vaccines. Among them, a natural killer T cell (NKT)-ligand, α-galactosylceramide (αGC) has been reported as a powerful adjuvant showing therapeutic effects in solid tumors as well as hematological malignancies including lymphoma. In this study, we applied αGC-based tumor cell vaccine in mouse multiple myeloma model. The αGC-loaded MOPC315BM myeloma cell vaccine efficiently retarded tumor growth, induced regression of established tumors, and protected surviving mice from tumor rechallenge. Therapeutic responses were associated with induction of strong humoral immune responses, including myeloma-specific antibodies, and cellular immune responses, including myeloma-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes and memory T cells. In addition, regulatory T cells were significantly decreased in mice that received the αGC-loaded myeloma cell vaccine. Thus, our results demonstrated that αGC-loaded myeloma vaccine efficiently promoted NKT-dependent anti-tumor immunity in a mouse model. These findings are informative for improving the efficacy of tumor-cell-based immunotherapy for patients with MM and other CD1d-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungyoul Hong
- Advanced Research Center for Multiple Myeloma, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
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18
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Schiavoni G, Gabriele L, Mattei F. The tumor microenvironment: a pitch for multiple players. Front Oncol 2013; 3:90. [PMID: 23616948 PMCID: PMC3628362 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer microenvironment may be conceptually regarded as a pitch where the main players are resident and non-resident cellular components, each covering a defined role and interconnected by a complex network of soluble mediators. The crosstalk between these cells and the tumor cells within this environment crucially determines the fate of tumor progression. Immune cells that infiltrate the tumor bed are transported there by blood circulation and exert a variety of effects, either counteracting or favoring tumor outgrowth. Here, we review and discuss the multiple populations composing the tumor bed, with special focus on immune cells subsets that positively or negatively dictate neoplastic progression. In this scenario, the contribution of cancer stem cells within the tumor microenvironment will also be discussed. Finally, we illustrate recent advances on new integrated approaches to investigate the tumor microenvironment in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Schiavoni
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
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19
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Liu D, Song L, Wei J, Courtney AN, Gao X, Marinova E, Guo L, Heczey A, Asgharzadeh S, Kim E, Dotti G, Metelitsa LS. IL-15 protects NKT cells from inhibition by tumor-associated macrophages and enhances antimetastatic activity. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2221-33. [PMID: 22565311 DOI: 10.1172/jci59535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vα24-invariant NKT cells inhibit tumor growth by targeting tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Tumor progression therefore requires that TAMs evade NKT cell activity through yet-unknown mechanisms. Here we report that a subset of cells in neuroblastoma (NB) cell lines and primary tumors expresses membrane-bound TNF-α (mbTNF-α). These proinflammatory tumor cells induced production of the chemokine CCL20 from TAMs via activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, an effect that was amplified in hypoxia. Flow cytometry analyses of human primary NB tumors revealed selective accumulation of CCL20 in TAMs. Neutralization of the chemokine inhibited in vitro migration of NKT cells toward tumor-conditioned hypoxic monocytes and localization of NKT cells to NB grafts in mice. We also found that hypoxia impaired NKT cell viability and function. Thus, CCL20-producing TAMs served as a hypoxic trap for tumor-infiltrating NKT cells. IL-15 protected antigen-activated NKT cells from hypoxia, and transgenic expression of IL-15 in adoptively transferred NKT cells dramatically enhanced their antimetastatic activity in mice. Thus, tumor-induced chemokine production in hypoxic TAMs and consequent chemoattraction and inhibition of NKT cells represents a mechanism of immune escape that can be reversed by adoptive immunotherapy with IL-15-transduced NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daofeng Liu
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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20
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López-Sagaseta J, Sibener LV, Kung JE, Gumperz J, Adams EJ. Lysophospholipid presentation by CD1d and recognition by a human Natural Killer T-cell receptor. EMBO J 2012; 31:2047-59. [PMID: 22395072 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells use highly restricted αβ T cell receptors (TCRs) to probe the repertoire of lipids presented by CD1d molecules. Here, we describe our studies of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) presentation by human CD1d and its recognition by a native, LPC-specific iNKT TCR. Human CD1d presenting LPC adopts an altered conformation from that of CD1d presenting glycolipid antigens, with a shifted α1 helix resulting in an open A' pocket. Binding of the iNKT TCR requires a 7-Å displacement of the LPC headgroup but stabilizes the CD1d-LPC complex in a closed conformation. The iNKT TCR CDR loop footprint on CD1d-LPC is anchored by the conserved positioning of the CDR3α loop, whereas the remaining CDR loops are shifted, due in part to amino-acid differences in the CDR3β and Jβ segment used by this iNKT TCR. These findings provide insight into how lysophospholipids are presented by human CD1d molecules and how this complex is recognized by some, but not all, human iNKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinto López-Sagaseta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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21
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Kanamori M, Tasumi Y, Iyoda T, Ushida M, Inaba K. Sulfatide inhibits α-galactosylceramide presentation by dendritic cells. Int Immunol 2012; 24:129-36. [PMID: 22247226 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxr108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfatide-reactive type II NKT cells, the so-called non-invariant NKT (non-iNKT) cells, have been shown to counteract invariant NKT (iNKT) cell activity. However, the effects of sulfatide on activation of iNKT cells by α-galactocylceramide (αGC) in the context of CD1d have not been studied in detail. Therefore, we studied the blocking effect of sulfatide on αGC-induced iNKT cell activation by dendritic cells (DCs). Even in the absence of non-iNKT cells, sulfatide inhibited αGC-mediated iNKT cell activation by reducing αGC/CD1d complex formations in a dose-dependent manner. This was also confirmed in a cell-free setting using immobilized CD1d-Ig. Moreover, simultaneous injection of αGC with sulfatide decreased αGC/CD1d complex formations on DCs, accompanied by the reduced CD40L-up-regulation and IFN-γ production by iNKT cells and IL-12p70 production by DCs. However, sulfatide by itself did not interfere with the presentation of MHC class II-mediated antigen presentation to specific T cells. These results demonstrate that sulfatide competes with αGC to be loaded onto CD1d along the endocytic pathway in DCs, thereby inhibiting the iNKT cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Kanamori
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Division of Systemic Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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22
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Golmoghaddam H, Pezeshki AM, Ghaderi A, Doroudchi M. CD1a and CD1d genes polymorphisms in breast, colorectal and lung cancers. Pathol Oncol Res 2011; 17:669-75. [PMID: 21258883 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-011-9367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
CD1 molecules might contribute to anti-tumor immune response by presentation of tumor-derived lipid and glycolipid antigens to T cells and NKT cells. Polymorphisms in CD1 genes have been suggested to modify ligand binding of CD1 molecules and thereby change the antigen presenting ability of these molecules. The aim of this study was to investigate the exon 2 polymorphisms of CD1a and CD1d in several high incident cancers in Iran. For this purpose, 201 female breast cancer patients and 207 healthy women, 64 lung cancer patients and 95 healthy individuals and 109 patients with colorectal cancer and 109 healthy controls were recruited to this study. Using PCR-SSP method, no significant correlation was found in genotype and allele frequencies of CD1a between all three studied groups and their control counterparts. Moreover, a dominant frequency of CD1d 01 (A) allele was observed in the majority of studied individuals. No significant association between the CD1 polymorphisms and prognostic factors in breast, lung and colorectal cancers was detected. Our results highlight the conserved nature of CD1 genes and may point to the immuoregulatory functions of CD1 molecules in cancer that can be exerted through fine tuning of NK, T and NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Golmoghaddam
- Department of Immunology, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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23
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Metelitsa LS. Anti-tumor potential of type-I NKT cells against CD1d-positive and CD1d-negative tumors in humans. Clin Immunol 2010; 140:119-29. [PMID: 21095162 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vα24-invariant natural killer T cells (NKTs) are strictly CD1d-restricted, and CD1d expression has been found in several types of leukemia and lymphoma as well as in brain tumors suggesting that these malignancies could be targeted for direct NKT-cell cytotoxicity. Several studies have revealed strong positive associations between the numbers of tumor-infiltrating or circulating NKTs with improved disease outcome in patients with diverse types of CD1d-negative solid tumors. The mechanism by which NKTs mediate anti-tumor activity against CD1d-negative tumors has long remained enigmatic. Recent evidence indicates that NKTs can suppress tumor growth indirectly by targeting CD1d-positive elements of tumor-supportive stroma such as tumor-associated macrophages. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the mechanisms that regulate NKT-cell localization to the tumor site and their interaction with the tumor microenvironment. The discussed strategies for pharmacologic modulation and genetic engineering of NKTs may lead to development of effective and broadly applicable immunotherapies of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid S Metelitsa
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Center for Cell & Gene Therapy, Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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24
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Lin JC, Shih YL, Chien PJ, Liu CL, Lee JJ, Liu TP, Ko WC, Shih CM. Increased percentage of B cells in patients with more advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:58-62. [PMID: 19819282 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To compare immunologic phenotypes between (1) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients and a healthy population and (2) more advanced and early stage HCC patients, we studied 45 HCC patients and 46 healthy controls from January 2006 to January 2008. Using fluorescent activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis, HCC patients were demonstrated to exhibit stronger phagocytosis of granulocytes and monocytes and more peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the G2/M phase compared with healthy volunteers. By contrast, lower percentages of B and T(h) lymphocytes were also found in the peripheral blood of HCC patients than in the healthy population. Most importantly, a higher percentage of B cells was found in patients with advanced HCC than in those with early HCC in terms of TNM stage (II and III vs I, p = 0.004), the Japanese Integrated Scoring system (2-3 vs 0-1, p = 0.0235), and tumor numbers (> or =2 vs 1, p = 0.005). In conclusion, our findings suggested that HCC patients might exhibit enhanced innate immunity and reduced adaptive immunity compared with healthy volunteers. A higher percentage of B cells was found in patients with more advanced HCC compared with patients with early stage HCC, which might serve as an indicator of the severity of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiunn-Chang Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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25
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Chan AC, Neeson P, Leeansyah E, Tainton K, Quach H, Prince HM, Godfrey DI, Ritchie D, Berzins SP. Testing the NKT cell hypothesis in lenalidomide-treated myelodysplastic syndrome patients. Leukemia 2010; 24:592-600. [PMID: 20072154 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) comprises a group of clonal bone marrow disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and increased predisposition to acute myeloid leukemia. The causes of MDS remain poorly defined, but several studies have reported the NKT cell compartment of patients with MDS is deficient in number and functionally defective. In support of a central role for NKT cells, a pilot clinical study reported that lenalidomide (an approved treatment for MDS) increased NKT cell numbers in patients with MDS, and several in vitro studies showed lenalidomide specifically promoted NKT cell proliferation and cytokine production. We tested this in a much larger study and confirm a moderate in vitro augmentation of some NKT cell functions by lenalidomide, but find no impact on the NKT cell compartment of patients treated with lenalidomide, despite a consistently positive clinical response. We further show that the frequency and cytokine production of NKT cells is normal in patients with MDS before treatment and remains stable throughout 10 months of lenalidomide therapy. Collectively, our data challenge the concept that NKT cell defects contribute to the development of MDS, and show that a clinical response to lenalidomide is not dependent on modulation of NKT cell frequency or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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26
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Bellone M, Ceccon M, Grioni M, Jachetti E, Calcinotto A, Napolitano A, Freschi M, Casorati G, Dellabona P. iNKT cells control mouse spontaneous carcinoma independently of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8646. [PMID: 20072624 PMCID: PMC2800182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD1d-restricted invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are a subset of T lymphocytes endowed with innate effector functions that aid in the establishment of adaptive T and B cell immune responses. iNKT cells have been shown to play a spontaneous protective role against experimental tumors. Yet, the interplay between iNKT and tumor-specific T cells in cancer immune surveillance/editing has never been addressed. The transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) is a realistic model of spontaneous oncogenesis, in which the tumor-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response undergoes full tolerance upon disease progression. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We report here that lack of iNKT cells in TRAMP mice resulted in the appearance of more precocious and aggressive tumors that significantly reduced animal survival. TRAMP mice bearing or lacking iNKT cells responded similarly to a tumor-specific vaccination and developed tolerance to a tumor-associated antigen at comparable rate. CONCLUSIONS Hence, our data argue for a critical role of iNKT cells in the immune surveillance of carcinoma that is independent of tumor-specific CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bellone
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Ceccon
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Grioni
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Jachetti
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Calcinotto
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Napolitano
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Freschi
- Unità Operativa Anatomia Patologica, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Casorati
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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27
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Taniguchi M, Tashiro T, Dashtsoodol N, Hongo N, Watarai H. The specialized iNKT cell system recognizes glycolipid antigens and bridges the innate and acquired immune systems with potential applications for cancer therapy. Int Immunol 2009; 22:1-6. [PMID: 19858073 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxp104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells bridge innate and acquired immunity and play an important role in both protective and regulatory responses. The nature of the response is dictated by the initial cytokine environment: interaction with IL-10-producing cells induces negative regulatory T(h)2/regulatory T cell-type iNKT cells, while that with IL-12-producing cells results in pro-inflammatory T(h)1-type responses. Particularly, in the anti-tumor response, iNKT cells mediate adjuvant activity by their production of IFN-gamma, which in turn activates both innate and acquired immune systems. Thus, upon activation of iNKT cells, both MHC(-) and MHC(+) tumor cells can be efficiently eliminated. On the basis of these mechanisms, iNKT cell-targeted adjuvant cell therapies have been developed and have shown great promise in initial clinical trials on cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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28
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Neparidze N, Dhodapkar MV. Harnessing CD1d-restricted T cells toward antitumor immunity in humans. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1174:61-7. [PMID: 19769737 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a distinct subset of T cells that recognize lipid antigens in the context of CD1d molecules. There is a considerable body of evidence implicating a role for NKT cells in regulating antitumor immunity in mice. alpha-Galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) is a potent agonist ligand for type I NKT cells. We and others have shown that injection of alpha-GalCer-loaded dendritic cells leads to clear expansion of NKT cells in vivo in cancer patients. Preclinical studies suggest the capacity of thalidomide analogues to enhance ligand-dependent NKT activation and provide the rationale for combination approaches that are now being designed. Recently, we demonstrated the presence of CD1d-restricted T cells specific for an inflammation-associated lipid, lysophosphatidylcholine, in patients with advanced myeloma. These studies suggest that type II NKT cells may play a role in sensing and regulating inflammation. Harnessing CD1d-restricted T cells in cancer may depend on regulating the balance between type I and II NKT cells and holds promise as a broad strategy for immune therapy of several cancers.
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29
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Song L, Asgharzadeh S, Salo J, Engell K, Wu HW, Sposto R, Ara T, Silverman AM, DeClerck YA, Seeger RC, Metelitsa LS. Valpha24-invariant NKT cells mediate antitumor activity via killing of tumor-associated macrophages. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:1524-36. [PMID: 19411762 DOI: 10.1172/jci37869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor infiltration with Valpha24-invariant NKT cells (NKTs) associates with favorable outcome in neuroblastoma and other cancers. Although NKTs can be directly cytotoxic against CD1d+ cells, the majority of human tumors are CD1d-. Therefore, the role of NKTs in cancer remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that CD68+ tumor-associated monocytes/macrophages (TAMs) represented the majority of CD1d-expressing cells in primary human neuroblastomas. TAMs stimulated neuroblastoma growth in human cell lines and their xenografts in NOD/SCID mice via IL-6 production. Indeed, TAMs produced IL-6 in primary tumors and in the BM of patients with metastatic neuroblastoma. Gene expression analysis using TaqMan low-density arrays of 129 primary human neuroblastomas without MYCN amplification revealed that high-level expression of TAM-specific genes (CD14, CD16, IL6, IL6R, and TGFB1) was associated with poor 5-year event-free survival. While NKTs were not cytotoxic against neuroblastoma cells, they effectively killed monocytes pulsed with tumor cell lysate. The killing of monocytes was CD1d restricted because it was inhibited by a CD1d-specific mAb. Cotransfer of human monocytes and NKTs to tumor-bearing NOD/SCID mice decreased monocyte number at the tumor site and suppressed tumor growth compared with mice transferred with monocytes alone. Thus, killing of TAMs reveals what we believe to be a novel mechanism of NKT antitumor activity that relates to the disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Song
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, and The Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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30
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Bricard G, Cesson V, Devevre E, Bouzourene H, Barbey C, Rufer N, Im JS, Alves PM, Martinet O, Halkic N, Cerottini JC, Romero P, Porcelli SA, Macdonald HR, Speiser DE. Enrichment of human CD4+ V(alpha)24/Vbeta11 invariant NKT cells in intrahepatic malignant tumors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:5140-51. [PMID: 19342695 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0711086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT cells (iNKT cells) recognize glycolipid Ags via an invariant TCR alpha-chain and play a central role in various immune responses. Although human CD4(+) and CD4(-) iNKT cell subsets both produce Th1 cytokines, the CD4(+) subset displays an enhanced ability to secrete Th2 cytokines and shows regulatory activity. We performed an ex vivo analysis of blood, liver, and tumor iNKT cells from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and metastases from uveal melanoma or colon carcinoma. Frequencies of Valpha24/Vbeta11 iNKT cells were increased in tumors, especially in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The proportions of CD4(+), double negative, and CD8alpha(+) iNKT cell subsets in the blood of patients were similar to those of healthy donors. However, we consistently found that the proportion of CD4(+) iNKT cells increased gradually from blood to liver to tumor. Furthermore, CD4(+) iNKT cell clones generated from healthy donors were functionally distinct from their CD4(-) counterparts, exhibiting higher Th2 cytokine production and lower cytolytic activity. Thus, in the tumor microenvironment the iNKT cell repertoire is modified by the enrichment of CD4(+) iNKT cells, a subset able to generate Th2 cytokines that can inhibit the expansion of tumor Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells. Because CD4(+) iNKT cells appear inefficient in tumor defense and may even favor tumor growth and recurrence, novel iNKT-targeted therapies should restore CD4(-) iNKT cells at the tumor site and specifically induce Th1 cytokine production from all iNKT cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Bricard
- Division of Clinical Onco-Immunology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, Switzerland
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31
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Raffaghello L, Cocco C, Corrias MV, Airoldi I, Pistoia V. Chemokines in neuroectodermal tumour progression and metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 19:97-102. [PMID: 19013246 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors have emerged as pivotal regulators of tumour growth, progression, and metastasis. Here we review the current knowledge on chemokines and receptors likely involved in the development of metastasis of neuroectodermal tumours, with emphasis on neuroblastoma. In this respect, we discuss the controversial role of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in bone marrow localization of neuroblastoma cells. In addition, we focus on the ability of neuroblastoma-derived chemokines such as CCL2 and CX3CL1 to attract lymphoid cells to the tumour site. Finally, chemokine receptor and function in other neuroectodermal tumours of adulthood (i.e. melanoma and small cell lung cancer) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizzia Raffaghello
- Laboratory of Oncology, G. Gaslini Institute, Largo Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
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Zhang W, Zheng X, Xia C, Perali RS, Yao Q, Liu Y, Zheng P, Wang PG. Alpha-lactosylceramide as a novel "sugar-capped" CD1d ligand for natural killer T cells: biased cytokine profile and therapeutic activities. Chembiochem 2008; 9:1423-30. [PMID: 18478523 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT) cells have emerged as an important regulator of immunity to infection, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. They can be activated by glycolipids that bind to CD1d. The most effective iNKT ligand reported to date is alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer), which stimulates iNKT cells to secrete both Th-1 and Th-2 cytokines. Indiscriminate induction of both types of cytokines could limit the therapeutic potential of iNKT ligands, as Th-1 and Th-2 cytokines play different roles under physiological and pathological conditions. Therefore, a ligand with a biased cytokine-release profile would be highly desirable. Here, we report the synthesis and biological activity of alpha-lactosylceramide (alpha-LacCer). Our data demonstrate that alpha-LacCer can stimulate iNKT cells to proliferate and release cytokines, both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, while alpha-LacCer is approximately 1000-times less efficient than alpha-GalCer in inducing Th-1 cytokines, it is as potent as alpha-GalCer in the induction of Th-2 cytokines; therefore, alpha-LacCer is a novel compound that induces a biased cytokine release. Processing by beta-glycosidase was critical for alpha-LacCer activity. Moreover, in vivo experiments suggest that alpha-LacCer is at least as potent as alpha-GalCer in the treatment of tumors and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 876 Biological Sciences Building, 484 W12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Modulation of NKT cell development by B7-CD28 interaction: an expanding horizon for costimulation. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2703. [PMID: 18628995 PMCID: PMC2442875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the development of NKT cells requires CD1d. The contribution of costimulatory molecules in this process has not been studied. Here we show that in mice with targeted mutations of B7-1/2 and CD28, the TCRbeta(+)alpha-Galcer/CD1d(+) (iValpha14 NKT) subset is significantly reduced in the thymus, spleen and liver. This is mainly due to decreased cell proliferation; although increased cell death in the thymi of CD28-deficient mice was also observed. Moreover, in the B7-1/2- and CD28-deficient mice, we found a decreased percentage of the CD4(-)NK1.1(+) subset and a correspondingly increased portion of the CD4(+)NK1.1(-) subset. In addition, the mice with a targeted mutation of either B7 or CD28 had a reduced susceptibility to Con A induced hepatitis, which is known to be mediated by NKT cells. Our results demonstrate that the development, maturation and function of NKT cell are modulated by the costimulatory pathway and thus expand the horizon of costimulation into NKT, which is widely viewed as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. As such, costimulation may modulate all major branches of cell-mediated immunity, including T cells, NK cells and NKT cells.
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Natural killer cell cytotoxicity is enhanced by very low doses of rIL-2 and rIFN-α in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Med Oncol 2008; 26:38-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-008-9078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Biburger M, Tiegs G. Activation-induced NKT cell hyporesponsiveness protects from alpha-galactosylceramide hepatitis and is independent of active transregulatory factors. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:264-79. [PMID: 18407967 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0607352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
NK T (NKT) cells, unique lymphocytes expressing features of NK and T lymphocytes, can specifically be activated with the glycolipid antigen alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer). In humans and mice, this activation provokes pronounced cytokine responses. In C57BL/6 mice, alpha-GalCer injection additionally induces NKT-mediated liver injury, representing a model for immune-mediated hepatitis in humans. However, a single alpha-GalCer pretreatment of mice prevented NKT-mediated liver injury, cytokine responses (systemically and locally in the liver), and up-regulation of hepatocellular Fas upon alpha-GalCer rechallenge. As alpha-GalCer is used as a NKT cell-activating agent in clinical trials, an investigation of tolerance induction appears crucial. We demonstrate that alpha-GalCer tolerance does not depend on Kupffer cells, IL-10, Caspase-3-mediated apoptosis, or CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells (Tregs), which are crucial in other models of immunological tolerance. Amending relevant, earlier approaches of others, we cocultivated highly purified, nontolerized and tolerized liver NKT cells ex vivo and could convincingly exclude the relevance of transdominant NKT Tregs. These results strongly suggest alpha-GalCer-induced tolerance to be exclusively caused by NKT cell intrinsic hyporesponsiveness. Tolerized mice showed specific diminishment of the intrahepatic CD4+ NKT cell subpopulation, with the CD4(-) population largely unaffected, and revealed down-modulation of alpha-GalCer-specific TCR and the NKT costimulator glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein on liver NKT cells, whereas inhibitory Ly49I was increased. In conclusion, alpha-GalCer tolerance could serve as a model for the frequently observed NKT cell hyporesponsiveness in tumor patients and might help to develop strategies for their reactivation. Conversely, approaches to render NKT cells hyporesponsive may constitute new therapeutic strategies for diseases, where aberrant NKT cell activation is causally involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Biburger
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology and Immunotherapy, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical Department III, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
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36
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Non-classical major histocompatibility complex proteins as determinants of tumour immunosurveillance. EMBO Rep 2008; 8:1024-30. [PMID: 17972902 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7401090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumours develop in vertebrate organisms endowed with immune systems that are potentially able to eradicate them. Nevertheless, our ever-increasing understanding of the complex interactions between lymphocytes and tumour cells fuels the long-standing hope of developing efficient immunotherapies against cancer. This review focuses on a versatile family of proteins, the major histocompatibility complex class Ib, which has been recently implicated in both the establishment of anti-tumour immune responses and in tumour immune response evasion. We focus on a subset of class Ib proteins, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G, Qa-2, CD1d and NKG2D ligands, which bind to either stimulatory or inhibitory receptors expressed on T, natural killer (NK) and NKT lymphocytes, and thereby modulate their anti-tumour activity.
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Song L, Ara T, Wu HW, Woo CW, Reynolds CP, Seeger RC, DeClerck YA, Thiele CJ, Sposto R, Metelitsa LS. Oncogene MYCN regulates localization of NKT cells to the site of disease in neuroblastoma. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:2702-12. [PMID: 17710228 PMCID: PMC1940236 DOI: 10.1172/jci30751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Valpha24-invariant natural killer T (NKT) cells are potentially important for antitumor immunity. We and others have previously demonstrated positive associations between NKT cell presence in primary tumors and long-term survival in distinct human cancers. However, the mechanism by which aggressive tumors avoid infiltration with NKT and other T cells remains poorly understood. Here, we report that the v-myc myelocytomatosis viral related oncogene, neuroblastoma derived (MYCN), the hallmark of aggressive neuroblastoma, repressed expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/CC chemokine ligand 2 (MCP-1/CCL2), a chemokine required for NKT cell chemoattraction. MYCN knockdown in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cell lines restored CCL2 production and NKT cell chemoattraction. Unlike other oncogenes, MYCN repressed chemokine expression in a STAT3-independent manner, requiring an E-box element in the CCL2 promoter to mediate transcriptional repression. MYCN overexpression in neuroblastoma xenografts in NOD/SCID mice severely inhibited their ability to attract human NKT cells, T cells, and monocytes. Patients with MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma metastatic to bone marrow had 4-fold fewer NKT cells in their bone marrow than did their nonamplified counterparts, indicating that the MYCN-mediated immune escape mechanism, which we believe to be novel, is operative in metastatic cancer and should be considered in tumor immunobiology and for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Song
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Children’s Oncology Group, Arcadia, California, USA.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tasnim Ara
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Children’s Oncology Group, Arcadia, California, USA.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hong-Wei Wu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Children’s Oncology Group, Arcadia, California, USA.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chan-Wook Woo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Children’s Oncology Group, Arcadia, California, USA.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - C. Patrick Reynolds
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Children’s Oncology Group, Arcadia, California, USA.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert C. Seeger
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Children’s Oncology Group, Arcadia, California, USA.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yves A. DeClerck
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Children’s Oncology Group, Arcadia, California, USA.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carol J. Thiele
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Children’s Oncology Group, Arcadia, California, USA.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Richard Sposto
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Children’s Oncology Group, Arcadia, California, USA.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Leonid S. Metelitsa
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Children’s Oncology Group, Arcadia, California, USA.
Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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38
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Bessette K, Lang ML, Fava RA, Grundy M, Heinen J, Horne L, Spolski R, Al-Shami A, Morse HC, Leonard WJ, Kelly JA. A Stat5b transgene is capable of inducing CD8+ lymphoblastic lymphoma in the absence of normal TCR/MHC signaling. Blood 2007; 111:344-50. [PMID: 17890450 PMCID: PMC2200817 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-04-084707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stat5 proteins are critical signaling molecules activated by many cytokines. Within the immune system, Stat5 plays important roles related to the development of thymocytes and proliferation of T cells. Stat5 has been implicated in malignant transformation, and moreover, the activated tyrosine phosphorylated form of Stat5 is frequently observed in human lymphomas. We previously demonstrated the oncogenic potential of Stat5, with thymic lymphoblastic lymphomas developing in a significant proportion of transgenic (TG) mice overexpressing Stat5a or Stat5b in lymphocytes. In addition, immunization or expression of a T-cell receptor (TCR) transgene augmented the rate of tumor formation. Here, we investigate the mechanism of Stat5-mediated lymphomagenesis by exploring the contributions of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/TCR and pre-TCR signals. We present data demonstrating that Stat5b TG mice unexpectedly develop CD8(+) lymphoma even in the absence of either pre-TCR signaling or normal thymic selection. Indeed, acceleration of Stat5b transgene-mediated lymphoma occurred on TCRalpha(-/-) and pre-TCRalpha(-/-) backgrounds. In light of these data, we propose a model in which alterations in T-cell development at the double-negative/double-positive (DN/DP) stages cooperate with cytokine-mediated pathways in immature thymocytes to give rise to lymphoblastic T-cell lymphomas in Stat5b TG mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Killer Cells, Natural/physiology
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/metabolism
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Transgenes/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Bessette
- White River Junction Veteran's Association, White River Junction, VT, USA
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39
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Chung Y, Qin H, Kang CY, Kim S, Kwak LW, Dong C. An NKT-mediated autologous vaccine generates CD4 T-cell dependent potent antilymphoma immunity. Blood 2007; 110:2013-9. [PMID: 17581919 PMCID: PMC1976361 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-12-061309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapses occurring in most patients with lymphoma after antibody or chemotherapy highlight a need for effective vaccination approaches. Autologous tumors are ideal sources of patient-specific tumor antigens for vaccines; however, their poor immunogenicity has been a major obstacle in practice. Natural killer T (NKT) cells have recently emerged as crucial regulators of autoimmunity and tumor immunosurveillance. Here, we show that an autologous lymphoma vaccine that activates NKT cells generated tumor-specific protective immunity in experimental mice. Single vaccination with alpha-galactosylceramide (alphaGC)-loaded A20 lymphoma cells elicited effective antitumor immunity against tumor challenge. This vaccination strategy also induced significant tumor regression in A20-bearing mice. Importantly, the survivors from primary tumor inoculation were all resistant to tumor rechallenge, indicative of established adaptive memory immunity. Depletion as well as adoptive transfer studies revealed an exclusive role of conventional CD4(+) but not CD8(+) T cells in mediating antitumor immunity. In addition, we found normal hematopoietic compartments in the vaccinated mice. Therefore, NKT ligand-loaded lymphoma elicits long-lasting and effective antitumor immunity, which can be further developed as patient- and tumor-specific immunotherapy against human lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonseok Chung
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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40
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Haraguchi K, Takahashi T, Nakahara F, Matsumoto A, Kurokawa M, Ogawa S, Oda H, Hirai H, Chiba S. CD1d expression level in tumor cells is an important determinant for anti-tumor immunity by natural killer T cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2007; 47:2218-23. [PMID: 17071498 DOI: 10.1080/10428190600682688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are thought to regulate anti-tumor immunity. Human iNKT (i.e. Valpha24+ NKT) cells have been reported to recognize CD1d on target cells and show cytotoxicity directly on the target cells in vitro. However, the anti-tumor effect of mouse iNKT (i.e. Valpha14+ NKT) cells has been repeatedly reported to be dependent on the activity of natural killer (NK) cells via interferon-gamma, with no evidence of direct cytotoxicity. In the present study, we report that in vitro cytolysis of EL-4 mouse lymphoblastic lymphoma cells by Valpha24+ NKT cells and in vivo eradication of these cells are both dependent on the level of CD1d expression on the tumor cell surface. These observations possibly suggest that direct cytotoxicity of tumor cells by iNKT cells is common to both humans and mice, and that the high expression level of CD1d may be a predictor whether the tumor is a good target of iNKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Haraguchi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine and Hospital, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan
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41
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Altin JG, Parish CR. Liposomal vaccines--targeting the delivery of antigen. Methods 2007; 40:39-52. [PMID: 16997712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines that can prime the adaptive immune system for a quick and effective response against a pathogen or tumor cells, require the generation of antigen (Ag)-specific memory T and B cells. The unique ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to activate naïve T cells, implies a key role for DCs in this process. The generation of tumor-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) is dependent on both T cell stimulation with Ag (peptide-MHC-complexes) and costimulation. Interestingly, tumor cells that lack expression of T cell costimulatory molecules become highly immunogenic when transfected to express such molecules on their surface. Adoptive immunotherapy with Ag-pulsed DCs also is a strategy showing promise as a treatment for cancer. The use of such cell-based vaccines, however, is cumbersome and expensive to use clinically, and/or may carry risks due to genetic manipulations. Liposomes are particulate vesicular lipid structures that can incorporate Ag, immunomodulatory factors and targeting molecules, and hence can serve as potent vaccines. Similarly, Ag-containing plasma membrane vesicles (PMV) derived from tumor cells can be modified to incorporate a T cell costimulatory molecule to provide both TCR stimulation, and costimulation. PMVs also can be modified to contain IFN-gamma and molecules for targeting DCs, permitting delivery of both Ag and a DC maturation signal for initiating an effective immune response. Our results show that use of such agents as vaccines can induce potent anti-tumor immune responses and immunotherapeutic effects in tumor models, and provide a strategy for the development of effective vaccines and immunotherapies for cancer and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Altin
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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42
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Abstract
Allergic diseases and asthma are caused by exaggerated T-helper 2 (Th2)-biased immune responses in genetically susceptible individuals. Tolerance to allergens is a mechanism that normally prevents such responses, but the specific immunological events that mediate tolerance in this setting are poorly understood. A number of recent studies indicate that regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in controlling such Th2-biased responses. Tregs involved in regulating allergy and asthma consist of a family of related types of T cells, including natural CD25+ Tregs as well as inducible forms of antigen-specific adaptive Tregs. Impaired expansion of natural and/or adaptive Tregs is hypothesized to lead to the development of allergy and asthma, and treatment to induce allergen-specific Tregs could provide curative therapies for these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale T Umetsu
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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43
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Nowak AK, Lake RA, Robinson BWS. Combined chemoimmunotherapy of solid tumours: improving vaccines? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58:975-90. [PMID: 17005292 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic chemotherapy not only affects the tumour but also targets dividing lymphocytes, the very cells required to develop an immune response. Hence, chemo- and immunotherapy have been seen as antagonistic. It is now clear that the way a chemotherapeutic drug kills a tumour cell determines how that dying cell interacts with the immune system and whether the interaction leads to an immune response. Chemotherapy also depletes regulatory T cells, potentially enhancing immune responses. Furthermore, lymphodepletion triggers homeostatic T cell reconstitution, creating new populations of pre-T cells that need education in the thymic environment. Post-chemotherapy immune system reconstitution may provide a unique opportunity for therapeutic intervention by shaping the repertoire towards reactivity to tumour antigens. An understanding of the underlying cellular and immunological events in both animal models and patients undergoing chemotherapy will guide decisions about which immunomodulatory approaches may be effective with different cytostatic drugs and hence to develop appropriate scheduling for integration of the treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Nowak
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, 4th Floor, G block, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009 Australia.
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44
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Pyz E, Naidenko O, Miyake S, Yamamura T, Berberich I, Cardell S, Kronenberg M, Herrmann T. The Complementarity Determining Region 2 of BV8S2 (Vβ8.2) Contributes to Antigen Recognition by Rat Invariant NKT Cell TCR. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:7447-55. [PMID: 16751390 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.12.7447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT cells (iNKT cells) are characterized by a semi-invariant TCR comprising an invariant alpha-chain paired with beta-chains with limited BV gene usage which are specific for complexes of CD1d and glycolipid Ags like alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer). iNKT cells can be visualized with alpha-GalCer-loaded CD1d tetramers, and the binding of mouse CD1d tetramers to mouse as well as to human iNKT cells suggests a high degree of conservation in recognition of glycolipid Ags between species. Surprisingly, mouse CD1d tetramers failed to stain a discrete cell population among F344/Crl rat liver lymphocytes, although comprised iNKT cells are indicated by IL-4 and IFN-gamma secretion after alpha-GalCer stimulation. The arising hypothesis that rat iNKT TCR recognizes alpha-GalCer only if presented by syngeneic CD1d was then tested with the help of newly generated rat and mouse iNKT TCR-transduced cell lines. Cells expressing mouse iNKT TCR reacted to alpha-GalCer presented by rat or mouse CD1d and efficiently bound alpha-GalCer-loaded mouse CD1d tetramers. In contrast, cells expressing rat iNKT TCR responded only to alpha-GalCer presented by syngeneic CD1d and bound mouse CD1d tetramers only poorly or not at all. Finally, CD1d-dependent alpha-GalCer reactivity and binding of mouse CD1d tetramers was tested for cells expressing iNKT TCR comprising either rat or mouse AV14 (Valpha14) alpha-chains and wild-type or mutated BV8S2 (Vbeta8.2) beta-chains. The results confirmed the need of syngeneic CD1d as restriction element for rat iNKT TCR and identified the CDR2 of BV8S2 as an essential site for ligand recognition by iNKT TCR.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigens, CD1/genetics
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/metabolism
- Antigens, CD1d
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Galactosylceramides/administration & dosage
- Galactosylceramides/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Immunophenotyping
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Species Specificity
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Elwira Pyz
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg University, Germany
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Rivoltini L, Canese P, Huber V, Iero M, Pilla L, Valenti R, Fais S, Lozupone F, Casati C, Castelli C, Parmiani G. Escape strategies and reasons for failure in the interaction between tumour cells and the immune system: how can we tilt the balance towards immune-mediated cancer control? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 5:463-76. [PMID: 15934826 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.5.4.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed an exponential increase in the attempts to demonstrate that adaptive immunity can effectively detect cancer cells and impair their growth in vivo in cancer patients. However, clinical trials of immunotherapy with a broad array of immunisation strategies have depicted a rather disappointing scenario, suggesting that successful control of tumour growth by immunotherapeutic treatments may not be an easy task to achieve. The attention of tumour immunologists has thus been switched to the potential reasons of failure, and extensive efforts are being made in defining the cellular and molecular pathways interfering with the capacity of the immune system to develop powerful immunological reactions against tumour cells. Although many of these pathways have been well characterised in murine models, little and controversial information about their role in determining neoplastic progression in cancer patients is available. This discrepancy at the moment represents one of the major limitations in understanding the obstacles to the in vivo development of protective T cell-mediated immune responses against tumours, and how pharmacological or biological interventions aimed at bypassing tumour escape mechanisms would indeed result in a clinical benefit. The study of the reasons for the failure of the immune system to control tumour growth, which have to be ascribed to highly interconnected phenomena occurring at both tumour and immune levels, could in the near future provide adequate tools to fight cancer by finely tuning the host environment through biological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licia Rivoltini
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori, ViaVenezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Song X, Krelin Y, Dvorkin T, Bjorkdahl O, Segal S, Dinarello CA, Voronov E, Apte RN. CD11b+/Gr-1+ immature myeloid cells mediate suppression of T cells in mice bearing tumors of IL-1beta-secreting cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:8200-8. [PMID: 16339559 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.12.8200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells secreting IL-1beta are invasive and metastatic, more than the parental line or control mock-transfected cells, and concomitantly induce in mice general immune suppression of T cell responses. Suppression strongly correlates with accumulation in the peripheral blood and spleen of CD11b+/Gr-1+ immature myeloid cells and hematological alterations, such as splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and anemia. Resection of large tumors of IL-1beta-secreting cells restored immune reactivity and hematological alterations within 7-10 days. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with the physiological inhibitor of IL-1, the IL-1R antagonist, reduced tumor growth and attenuated the hematological alterations. Depletion of CD11b+/Gr-1+ immature myeloid cells from splenocytes of tumor-bearing mice abrogated suppression. Despite tumor-mediated suppression, resection of large tumors of IL-1beta-secreting cells, followed by a challenge with the wild-type parental cells, induced resistance in mice; protection was not observed in mice bearing tumors of mock-transfected fibrosarcoma cells. Altogether, we show in this study that tumor-derived IL-1beta, in addition to its proinflammatory effects on tumor invasiveness, induces in the host hematological alterations and tumor-mediated suppression. Furthermore, the antitumor effectiveness of the IL-1R antagonist was also shown to encompass restoration of hematological alterations, in addition to its favorable effects on tumor invasiveness and angiogenesis that have previously been described by us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Faculty of Health Sciences and The Cancer Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Mattarollo SR, Kenna T, Nieda M, Nicol AJ. Chemotherapy pretreatment sensitizes solid tumor-derived cell lines to Vα24+ NKT cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:1630-7. [PMID: 16646079 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing awareness of the therapeutic potential for combining immune-based therapies with chemotherapy in the treatment of malignant diseases, but few published studies evaluate possible cytotoxic synergies between chemotherapy and cytotoxic immune cells. Human V alpha 24+/V beta 11+ NKT cells are being evaluated for use in cell-based immunotherapy of malignancy because of their immune regulatory functions and potent cytotoxic potential. In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of combinations of chemotherapy and NKT cells to determine whether there is a potential to combine these treatment modalities for human cancer therapy. The cytotoxicity of NKT cells was tested against solid-tumor derived cell lines NCI-H358, DLD-1, HT-29, DU-145, TSU-Pr1 and MDA-MB231, with or without prior treatment of these target cells, with a range of chemotherapy agents. Low concentrations of chemotherapeutic agents led to sensitization of cell lines to NKT-mediated cytotoxicity, with the greatest effect being observed for prostate cancer cells. Synergistic cytotoxicity occurred in an NKT cell in a dose-dependent manner. Chemotherapy agents induced upregulation of cell surface TRAIL-R2 (DR5) and Fas (CD95) expression, increasing the capacity for NKT cells to recognize and kill via TRAIL- and FasL-mediated pathways. We conclude that administration of cytotoxic immune cells after chemotherapy may increase antitumor activities in comparison with the use of either treatment alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Mattarollo
- Centre for Immune and Targeted Therapy, University of Queensland, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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Berzins SP, Smyth MJ, Godfrey DI. Working with NKT cells--pitfalls and practicalities. Curr Opin Immunol 2005; 17:448-54. [PMID: 15963710 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2005.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of NKT cells has been rapidly advancing over recent years, with many research groups studying how these cells behave and how they can be manipulated to prevent disease. Although good progress has been made, a difficulty is the lack of a clear consensus about how to assay, or even identify, NKT cells. The different approaches have been an ongoing source of uncertainty about the biological behaviour and function of NKT cells and have complicated efforts to define their role in immunity. An important step towards reaching agreement on the behaviour of NKT cells is to have a clear appreciation of the advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches that are employed in this field of study. This should help determine the most appropriate ways to investigate NKT cell function, thus bringing us closer to successfully exploiting these cells in the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart P Berzins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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Chang DH, Osman K, Connolly J, Kukreja A, Krasovsky J, Pack M, Hutchinson A, Geller M, Liu N, Annable R, Shay J, Kirchhoff K, Nishi N, Ando Y, Hayashi K, Hassoun H, Steinman RM, Dhodapkar MV. Sustained expansion of NKT cells and antigen-specific T cells after injection of alpha-galactosyl-ceramide loaded mature dendritic cells in cancer patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 201:1503-17. [PMID: 15867097 PMCID: PMC1389847 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20042592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are distinct glycolipid reactive innate lymphocytes that are implicated in the resistance to pathogens and tumors. Earlier attempts to mobilize NKT cells, specifically, in vivo in humans met with limited success. Here, we evaluated intravenous injection of monocyte-derived mature DCs that were loaded with a synthetic NKT cell ligand, α-galactosyl-ceramide (α-GalCer; KRN-7000) in five patients who had advanced cancer. Injection of α-GalCer–pulsed, but not unpulsed, dendritic cells (DCs) led to >100-fold expansion of several subsets of NKT cells in all patients; these could be detected for up to 6 mo after vaccination. NKT activation was associated with an increase in serum levels of interleukin-12 p40 and IFN-γ inducible protein-10. In addition, there was an increase in memory CD8+ T cells specific for cytomegalovirus in vivo in response to α-GalCer–loaded DCs, but not unpulsed DCs. These data demonstrate the feasibility of sustained expansion of NKT cells in vivo in humans, including patients who have advanced cancer, and suggest that NKT activation might help to boost adaptive T cell immunity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Chang
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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