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Remigante A, Spinelli S, Gambardella L, Straface E, Cafeo G, Russo M, Caruso D, Dugo P, Dossena S, Marino A, Morabito R. Anion exchanger1 (AE1/SLC4A1) function is impaired in red blood cells from prediabetic subjects: Potential benefits of finger lime (Citrus australasica, Faustrime cultivar) juice extract. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4105. [PMID: 39096031 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Prediabetes is a risk state that defines a high chance of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Oxidative stress mediated by hyperglycemia-induced production of reactive species could play a crucial role in this context. In the present study, we investigated whether the anion exchange capability mediated by AE1 (SLC4A1), which is sensitive to oxidative stress, was altered in human red blood cells (RBCs) obtained from prediabetic volunteers. In addition, we assessed the precise composition of bioactive compounds and the potential benefits of finger lime juice extract (Citrus australasica, Faustrime cultivar) in counteracting oxidative stress-related functional alterations. Human RBCs from normal and prediabetic volunteers were incubated with 50 µg/mL juice extract for 2 h at 25°C. Juice extract restored alterations of the anion exchange capability mediated by AE1 and prevented the structural rearrangements of AE1 and α/β-spectrin in prediabetic RBCs. AE1 functional and structural alterations were not associated with an increase in lipid peroxidation or protein oxidation at the level of the plasma membrane. An increased production of intracellular ROS, which provoked the oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin, both reverted by juice extract, was instead observed. Importantly, juice extract also induced a reduction in glycated hemoglobin levels in prediabetic RBCs. Finally, juice extract blunted the overactivation of the endogenous antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase and prevented glutathione depletion in prediabetic RBCs. These findings contribute to clarifying cellular and molecular mechanisms related to oxidative stress and glycation events that may influence RBC and systemic homeostasis in prediabetes, identify AE1 as a sensitive biomarker of RBC structural and function alterations in prediabetes and propose finger lime juice extract as a natural antioxidant for the treatment and/or prevention of the complications associated with the prediabetic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Remigante
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sara Spinelli
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Gambardella
- Biomarkers Unit, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Straface
- Biomarkers Unit, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cafeo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marina Russo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniele Caruso
- Complex Operational Unit of Clinical Pathology of Papardo Hospital, Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Silvia Dossena
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research and Innovation Center Regenerative Medicine & Novel Therapies, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Angela Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rossana Morabito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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García-Hermoso A, Ezzatvar Y, Huerta-Uribe N, Alonso-Martínez AM, Chueca-Guindulain MJ, Berrade-Zubiri S, Izquierdo M, Ramírez-Vélez R. Effects of exercise training on glycaemic control in youths with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Sport Sci 2022; 23:1056-1067. [PMID: 35659492 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2086489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of the study is to evaluate whether exercise interventions are associated with improved glycaemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and to examine its relationship with the characteristics of the intervention (i.e., type, intensity, length, and duration of the sessions). Eligible criteria were randomised controlled trials of youth aged 6-18 years with T1DM, participating in an exercise-based intervention where glycaemic control is measured (i.e., glycated haemoglobin [HbA1c]). Pooled effect sizes (Hedges'g) were calculated using random-effects inverse-variance analyses. Fourteen studies enrolling 509 patients were analysed. Effect size was expressed as Hedges' g to correct for possible small sample bias. Overall, HbA1c levels in the exercise group (g=-0.38 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.66 to -0.11; mean difference [MD]=-0.62%) were reduced compared with the control group. Concurrent training (g=-0.63 95%CI, -1.05 to -0.21), high-intensity exercise (g=-0.43 95%CI, -0.83 to -0.03), interventions ≥24 weeks (g=-0.92 95%CI, -1.44 to -0.40), and sessions ≥60 minutes (g=-0.71 95%CI, -1.05 to -0.08) showed larger changes (MD=-0.66% to 1.30%). In conclusion, our study suggests that programs longer than 24 weeks with at least 60 min/session of high-intensity concurrent exercise may serve as a supportive therapy to metabolic control in youth with T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio García-Hermoso
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Yasmin Ezzatvar
- Department of Nursing, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nidia Huerta-Uribe
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alicia M Alonso-Martínez
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Sara Berrade-Zubiri
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
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Zherebtsova AI, Dremin VV, Makovik IN, Zherebtsov EA, Dunaev AV, Goltsov A, Sokolovski SG, Rafailov EU. Multimodal Optical Diagnostics of the Microhaemodynamics in Upper and Lower Limbs. Front Physiol 2019; 10:416. [PMID: 31057417 PMCID: PMC6477060 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of optical non-invasive diagnostic methods into clinical practice can substantially advance in the detection of early microcirculatory disorders in patients with different diseases. This paper is devoted to the development and application of the optical non-invasive diagnostic approach for the detection and evaluation of the severity of microcirculatory and metabolic disorders in rheumatic diseases and diabetes mellitus. The proposed methods include the joint use of laser Doppler flowmetry, absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy in combination with functional tests. This technique showed the high diagnostic importance for the detection of disturbances in peripheral microhaemodynamics. These methods have been successfully tested as additional diagnostic techniques in the field of rheumatology and endocrinology. The sensitivity and specificity of the proposed diagnostic procedures have been evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina I. Zherebtsova
- Research and Development Center of Biomedical Photonics, Orel State University, Oryol, Russia
| | - Viktor V. Dremin
- Research and Development Center of Biomedical Photonics, Orel State University, Oryol, Russia
| | - Irina N. Makovik
- Research and Development Center of Biomedical Photonics, Orel State University, Oryol, Russia
| | - Evgeny A. Zherebtsov
- Research and Development Center of Biomedical Photonics, Orel State University, Oryol, Russia
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Optoelectronics and Biomedical Photonics Group, Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrey V. Dunaev
- Research and Development Center of Biomedical Photonics, Orel State University, Oryol, Russia
| | - Alexey Goltsov
- School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Sergei G. Sokolovski
- Optoelectronics and Biomedical Photonics Group, Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- International Center of Critical Technologies in Medicine, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - Edik U. Rafailov
- Optoelectronics and Biomedical Photonics Group, Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- International Center of Critical Technologies in Medicine, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
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4
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Carelli-Alinovi C, Misiti F. Erythrocytes as Potential Link between Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:276. [PMID: 28890694 PMCID: PMC5574872 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies support the existence of an association between type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In AD, in addition to brain, a number of peripheral tissues and cells are affected, including red blood cell (RBC) and because there are currently no reliable diagnostic biomarkers of AD in the blood, a gradually increasing attention has been given to the study of RBC's alterations. Recently it has been evidenced in diabetes, RBC alterations superimposable to the ones occurring in AD RBC. Furthermore, growing evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the development of RBC's alterations and vice versa. Once again this represents a further evidence of a shared pathway between AD and T2DM. The present review summarizes the two disorders, highlighting the role of RBC in the postulated common biochemical links, and suggests RBC as a possible target for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Carelli-Alinovi
- School of Medicine, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Institute, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRome, Italy
| | - Francesco Misiti
- Human, Social and Health Department, University of Cassino and Lazio MeridionaleCassino, Italy
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Radosinska J, Vrbjar N. The role of red blood cell deformability and Na,K-ATPase function in selected risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in humans: focus on hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia. Physiol Res 2017; 65 Suppl 1:S43-54. [PMID: 27643939 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Deformability of red blood cells (RBC) is the ability of RBC to change their shape in order to pass through narrow capillaries in circulation. Deterioration in deformability of RBC contributes to alterations in microcirculatory blood flow and delivery of oxygen to tissues. Several factors are responsible for maintenance of RBC deformability. One of them is the Na,K-ATPase known as crucial enzyme in maintenance of intracellular ionic homeostasis affecting thus regulation of cellular volume and consequently RBC deformability. Decreased deformability of RBC has been found to be the marker of adverse outcomes in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and the presence of cardiovascular risk factors influences rheological properties of the blood. This review summarizes knowledge concerning the RBC deformability in connection with selected risk factors of CVD, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus, based exclusively on papers from human studies. We attempted to provide an update on important issues regarding the role of Na,K-ATPase in RBC deformability. In patients suffering from hypertension as well as diabetes mellitus the Na,K-ATPase appears to be responsible for the changes leading to alterations in RBC deformability. The triggering factor for changes of RBC deformability during hypercholesterolemia seems to be the increased content of cholesterol in erythrocyte membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Radosinska
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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6
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Nordquist L, Palm F, Andresen BT. Renal and vascular benefits of C-peptide: Molecular mechanisms of C-peptide action. Biologics 2011; 2:441-52. [PMID: 19707375 PMCID: PMC2721399 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
C-peptide has long been thought to be an inert byproduct of insulin production, but it has become apparent, and accepted, that C-peptide has important biological properties. C-peptide displays beneficial effects in many tissues affected by diabetic complications, such as increased peripheral blood flow and protection from renal damage. However, the mechanisms mediating these effects remain unclear. C-peptide interacts with cellular membranes at unidentified sites distinctive of the insulin family of receptors, and signals to multiple targets known to play a role in diabetes and diabetic complications, such as Na+/K+-ATPase and NOS. In general, the physiological and molecular effects of C-peptide resemble insulin, but C-peptide also possesses traits separate from those of insulin. These basic studies have been confirmed in human studies, suggesting that C-peptide may lend itself to clinical applications. However, the molecular and physiological properties of C-peptide are not completely elucidated, and large clinical studies have not begun. In order to further these goals, we critically summarize the current state of knowledge regarding C-peptide’s renal and vascular effects and the molecular signaling of C-peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Nordquist
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Division of Integrative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Brassard P, Ferland A, Marquis K, Maltais F, Jobin J, Poirier P. Impact of diabetes, chronic heart failure, congenital heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on acute and chronic exercise responses. Can J Cardiol 2007; 23 Suppl B:89B-96B. [PMID: 17932595 PMCID: PMC2794474 DOI: 10.1016/s0828-282x(07)71018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Several chronic diseases are known to negatively affect the ability of an individual to perform exercise. However, the altered exercise capacity observed in these patients is not solely associated with the heart and lungs dysfunction. Exercise has also been shown to play an important role in the management of several pathologies encountered in the fields of cardiology and pneumology. Studies conducted in our institution regarding the influence of diabetes, chronic heart failure, congenital heart disease and chronic pulmonary obstructive disease on the acute and chronic exercise responses, along with the beneficial effects of exercise training in these populations, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Brassard
- Centre de recherche de l’Hôpital Laval, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie, Université Laval, Québec
| | - Annie Ferland
- Centre de recherche de l’Hôpital Laval, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie, Université Laval, Québec
| | - Karine Marquis
- Centre de recherche de l’Hôpital Laval, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie, Université Laval, Québec
| | - François Maltais
- Centre de recherche de l’Hôpital Laval, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie, Université Laval, Québec
| | - Jean Jobin
- Centre de recherche de l’Hôpital Laval, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie, Université Laval, Québec
| | - Paul Poirier
- Centre de recherche de l’Hôpital Laval, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie, Université Laval, Québec
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8
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Leow MKS. Configuration of the hemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve demystified: a basic mathematical proof for medical and biological sciences undergraduates. ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2007; 31:198-201. [PMID: 17562911 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00012.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen dissociation curve (ODC) of hemoglobin (Hb) has been widely studied and mathematically described for nearly a century. Numerous mathematical models have been designed to predict with ever-increasing accuracy the behavior of oxygen transport by Hb in differing conditions of pH, carbon dioxide, temperature, Hb levels, and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations that enable their applications in various clinical situations. The modeling techniques employed in many existing models are notably borrowed from advanced and highly sophisticated mathematics that are likely to surpass the comprehensibility of many medical and bioscience students due to the high level of "mathematical maturity" required. It is, however, a worthy teaching point in physiology lectures to illustrate in simple mathematics the fundamental reason for the crucial sigmoidal configuration of the ODC such that the medical and bioscience undergraduates can readily appreciate it, which is the objective of this basic dissertation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin Khee-Shing Leow
- Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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9
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Torella R, Giunta R, Scognamiglio G, Giugliano D, Di Pinto P, Ceriello A, Grandillo F. The oxygen-release capacity of red blood cells in insulin-dependent diabetics after artificial pancreas. ACTA DIABETOLOGICA LATINA 1984; 21:281-6. [PMID: 6516694 DOI: 10.1007/bf02642902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen-release capacity of the red blood cells was investigated in non-acidotic insulin-dependent diabetics before and after the achievement of strict metabolic control with the aid of the artificial pancreas. P50std (oxygen tension at 50% oxygen saturation) values were low in basal condition and returned to normal after the 24-h treatment period. No significant changes were observed in the content of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate nor in the acid-base balance. Only the labile form of glycosylated hemoglobin showed significant decreases after treatment. These results suggest that insulin-dependent diabetics may have a state of relative tissue hypoxia which can be easily overcome by the achievement of strict metabolic control.
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10
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Philipps AF, Porte PJ, Stabinsky S, Rosenkrantz TS, Raye JR. Effects of chronic fetal hyperglycemia upon oxygen consumption in the ovine uterus and conceptus. J Clin Invest 1984; 74:279-86. [PMID: 6429196 PMCID: PMC425210 DOI: 10.1172/jci111412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia has been shown to induce arterial hypoxemia in the chronically catheterized fetal sheep. To investigate the mechanism behind this glucose-induced hypoxemia, eight pregnant ewes and their fetuses were studied. Fetal glucose infusion (11.9 +/- 0.6 mg glucose/kg per min) was associated with a doubling of the fetal plasma glucose concentration with concomitant elevation of the umbilical vein-distal arterial O2 content difference by 24 h of infusion (P less than 0.01). Calculated fetal O2 consumption increased from 8.1 +/- 0.4 ml/kg per min in the control period to a maximum value of 10.6 +/- 0.3 ml/kg per min by third infusion day (P less than 0.01), which is an increase of approximately 30%. The degree of stimulation of fetal O2 consumption was related to the degree of fetal hyperglycemia but not to the degree of fetal hyperinsulinemia. The increase in fetal O2 consumption was accompanied by a significant increase in fetal O2 extraction with no change in either fetal O2 delivery or fetal blood O2 affinity. In addition, fetal hypercapnea with a mild fetal respiratory acidosis was induced by fetal hyperglycemia. The increase in fetal arterial PCO2 was linearly related (P less than 0.001) to the magnitude of increase in fetal O2 consumption. These studies suggest that chronic fetal hyperglycemia induces a state of accelerated fetal oxidative metabolism and may be important in explaining the etiology behind certain unusual findings in human infants of diabetic mothers.
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11
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Stefansson E, Landers MB, Wolbarsht ML. Oxygenation and Vasodilatation in Relation to Diabetic and Other Proliferative Retinopathies. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 1983. [DOI: 10.3928/1542-8877-19830301-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Bodansky HJ, Cudworth AG, Swindlehurst C, Welch SG. Haematocrit, glycosylated haemoglobin and diabetic microangiopathy. Diabetologia 1980; 19:163-4. [PMID: 7418968 DOI: 10.1007/bf00421866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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13
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Fitzgibbons JF, Koler RD, Jones RT. Red cell age-related changes of hemoglobins AIa+b and AIc in normal and diabetic subjects. J Clin Invest 1976; 58:820-4. [PMID: 965489 PMCID: PMC333244 DOI: 10.1172/jci108534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The minor hemoglobin components, hemoglobin AIa+b and hemoglobin AIc, were measured in the 10% youngest and 10% oldest erythrocytes of 15 normal and 14 diabetic subjects. Erythrocyte fractions were obtained by centrifugation in isopyknic concentrations of dextran: 28.5% of 40,000-mol wt dextran yeilded the 10% lightest of young cells, and 30.5% dextran provided the 10% heaviest or old erythrocytes. Both normal and diabetic erythrocytes contain increased amounts of Hb AIa+b and Hb AIc in old as compared to young cells. In normal subjects, young cells contained 1.2+/-0.2%, and old cells contained 1.8+/-0.4% Hb AIa+b. Corresponding values for diabetic cells were 1.7+/-0.6 and 2.6+/-0.9%. Hb AIc increased from 3.1+/-0.8 to 6.0+/-1.1% in normals and from 5.1+/-2.1 to 10.1+/-3.7% in diabetics. The results indicate that both cell age and diabetes are significant determinants of the amounts of Hb AIa+b and Hb AIc.
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14
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The Problem of Tissue Oxygenation in Diabetes Mellitus as Related to the Development of Diabetic Angiopathy. Microcirculation 1976. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-4337-0_69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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