Ultrastructural evaluation of the radioprotective effects of melatonin against X-ray-induced skin damage in Albino rats

Beneficial Effects of Young Coconut Juice on Increasing Skin Thickness, Enhancing Skin Whitening, and Reducing Skin Wrinkles in Ovariectomized Rats

It has been previously demonstrated in light microscopic and immunohistochemical studies that ovariectomized rats receiving young coconut juice at 100 mL/kg BW showed much better wound healing and improved skin complexion. Nevertheless, it was found that young coconut juice at 100 mL/kg BW/day caused unfavorable side effects, such as glycogen deposition in the liver. Therefore, in the current study, 3 lower doses (10, 20, and 40 mL/kg BW/day) were optimized, and the ultrastructure was further investigated. Compared to normal rats, all the parameters regarding skin changes, including epidermal and dermal thickness, the number of hair follicles, the diameters of collagen fibrils, perimeters, and nuclei of fibroblast and keratinocyte cells, and ultrastructural changes in keratinocyte and fibroblast cells were significantly reduced in ovariectomized rats. Those parameters in the ovariectomized rats were restored to normal by injecting estradiol benzoate or by feeding young coconut juice to the rats, where the effect was found to be dose-related but not in the case of all the parameters. In most cases, a dose of young coconut juiceof 40 mL/kg BW/day was the optimal dose. The results suggest that young coconut juice may be as effective as estradiol benzoate in reducing skin atrophy/aging, probably as a selective estrogen receptor moderator.

Protective effects of 6-gingerol on 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells through modulation of SAPK/JNK and survivin activation

Due to many therapeutic effects, Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is the most widely used spice around the world, including in Iran. Due to its potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, ginger may protect against neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we investigated the effects of 6-gingerol (the main bioactive compound in ginger) on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced cell death in PC12 cells. Cell viability, cell apoptosis, and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK), and survivin expression were measured using resazurin, propidium iodide (PI) and flow cytometry, and western blot analysis. 6-OHDA (100 μM) reduced the cell viability, increased apoptosis, increased the active form of SAPK/JNK, and decreased survivin protein level in PC12 exposed cells in a dose and time-dependent manner. Pretreatment with 6-gingerol significantly increased the viability and reduced apoptosis (2.5 and 5 µM). Also, pretreatment with 6-gingerol at 2.5 and 5 µM increased survivin whereas, 6-gingerol at 2.5 µM reduced (P-SAPK/JNK):(SAPK/JNK) levels to a level near that of the related control. According to the results, 6-gingerol blocks 6-OHDA-induced cell damage by suppressing oxidative stress and anti-apoptotic activity. Thus, 6-gingerol may process beneficial protective effects in slowing the progression of Parkinson's disease.

Melatonin induces a stimulatory action on the scrotal skin components of Soay ram in the non-breeding season

Fifteen adult Soay rams were employed in this study to investigate the effect of melatonin on the scrotal skin using histological, histochemical, and morphometrical analysis. The results revealed that the melatonin treated group showed a significant increase in the thickness of the epidermis, the cross-sectional area of blood capillaries and nerve fibers compared with the control one. In addition, obvious hypertrophy and hyperplasia were detected in the sebaceous glands in association with a significant increase in the number and diameter of apocrine sweat glands with well-developed secretory activity. S100 protein and cytokeratin-19 strongly stained the basal cells of sebaceous glands in the melatonin treated group incomparable to the control group. Moreover, the nerve fibers were intensively immunoreacted for S100 and cytokeratin proteins in the melatonin treated group in contrast to the control one. A high number of telocytes (TCs) could be identified in the treated group around the nerve fibers and blood vessels in the dermis. The number of Langerhans cells showed a significant increase in the melatonin groups that were identified by MHC II and PGP 9.5 within the epidermal layer. Furthermore, a significant increase in the number of dendritic cells was identified in the melatonin group, which were distributed within the dermis, around hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands and were strongly expressed PGP-9.5, MHC-II, VAMP, SNAP, keratin-5, and cytokeratin-19 immunoreactivity. Notably, Merkel cells showed a significant increase in the number in the melatonin group that could be stained against nestin, SNAP, and VAMP. On the other hand, the secretory granules in sweat glands were exhibited a strong positive reactivity for synaptophysin in melatonin group. The current study showed that the administration of melatonin induced a stimulatory effect on keratinocytes, non-keratinocytes, sebaceous and sweat glands, hair follicles, as well as the vascular, neuronal, and cellular constituents of the dermis.

Protective Effects of Melatonin on the Skin: Future Perspectives

When exposed to hostile environments such as radiation, physical injuries, chemicals, pollution, and microorganisms, the skin requires protective chemical molecules and pathways. Melatonin, a highly conserved ancient molecule, plays a crucial role in the maintenance of skin. As human skin has functional melatonin receptors and also acts as a complete system that is capable of producing and regulating melatonin synthesis, melatonin is a promising candidate for its maintenance and protection. Below, we review the studies of new metabolic pathways involved in the protective functions of melatonin in dermal cells. We also discuss the advantages of the topical use of melatonin for therapeutic purposes and skin protection. In our view, endogenous intracutaneous melatonin production, together with topically-applied exogenous melatonin and its metabolites, represent two of the most potent defense systems against external damage to the skin.

Pre-grafting histological studies of skin grafts cryopreserved in α helix antarctic yeast oriented antifreeze peptide (Afp1m)

A number of living creatures in the Antarctic region have developed characteristic adaptation of cold weather by producing antifreeze proteins (AFP). Antifreeze peptide (Afp1m) fragment have been designed in the sequence of strings from native proteins. The objectives of this study were to assess the properties of Afp1m to cryopreserve skin graft at the temperature of -10 °C and -20 °C and to assess sub-zero injuries in Afp1m cryopreserved skin graft using light microscopic techniques. In the present study, a process was developed to cryopreserve Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat skin grafts with antifreeze peptide, Afp1m, α-helix peptide fragment derived from Glaciozyma antractica yeast. Its viability assessed by different microscopic techniques. This study also described the damages caused by subzero temperatures (-10 and -20 °C) on tissue cryopreserved in different concentrations of Afp1m (0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10 mg/mL) for 72 h. Histological scores of epidermis, dermis and hypodermis of cryopreserved skin grafts showed highly significant difference (p < 0.01) among the different concentrations at -10 and -20 °C. In conclusion, the integrity of cryopreserved skin grafts with lower concentrations of Afp1m (0.5, 1 and 2 mg/mL) or at -20 °C was not maintained. The present study attested that Afp1m is a good cryoprotective agent for the cryopreservation of skin graft. Higher Afp1m concentrations (5 and 10 mg/mL) at -10 °C found to be suitable for the future in vivo study using (SD) rat skin grafts.

Oral administration of tea saponins to relive oxidative stress and immune suppression in chickens

The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of tea saponins on oxidative stress induced by cyclophosphamide in chickens. One hundred twenty chickens were randomly divided into 5 groups. Groups 3 to 4 received intramuscular injection of cyclophosphamide to induce oxidative stress and immunosuppression. After that, groups 2 and 4 were orally administered tea saponins in drinking water for 7 d. Then, groups 1 to 4 were immunized with a live, bivalent vaccine of Newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus. Blood samples were collected for analysis of oxidative parameters and specific antibody titers, and splenocytes were prepared for lymphocyte proliferative assay. The results showed that administration of tea saponins significantly increased total antioxidant capacity, total superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, ascorbic acid, and α-tocopherol, and decreased malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl. Enhanced immune responses, such as lymphocyte proliferation induced by concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharides, and serum Newcastle disease virus- and infectious bronchitis virus-specific antibodies were also observed in chickens injected with or without cyclophosphamide. In addition, no side effects were found in chickens throughout the study. Therefore, tea saponins may be a potential agent to improve imunosuppression induced by oxidative stress in chickens.

Melatonin, mitochondria, and the skin

The skin being a protective barrier between external and internal (body) environments has the sensory and adaptive capacity to maintain local and global body homeostasis in response to noxious factors. An important part of the skin response to stress is its ability for melatonin synthesis and subsequent metabolism through the indolic and kynuric pathways. Indeed, melatonin and its metabolites have emerged as indispensable for physiological skin functions and for effective protection of a cutaneous homeostasis from hostile environmental factors. Moreover, they attenuate the pathological processes including carcinogenesis and other hyperproliferative/inflammatory conditions. Interestingly, mitochondria appear to be a central hub of melatonin metabolism in the skin cells. Furthermore, substantial evidence has accumulated on the protective role of the melatonin against ultraviolet radiation and the attendant mitochondrial dysfunction. Melatonin and its metabolites appear to have a modulatory impact on mitochondrion redox and bioenergetic homeostasis, as well as the anti-apoptotic effects. Of note, some metabolites exhibit even greater impact than melatonin alone. Herein, we emphasize that melatonin-mitochondria axis would control integumental functions designed to protect local and perhaps global homeostasis. Given the phylogenetic origin and primordial actions of melatonin, we propose that the melatonin-related mitochondrial functions represent an evolutionary conserved mechanism involved in cellular adaptive response to skin injury and repair.

Melatonin Role in Ameliorating Radiation-induced Skin Damage: From Theory to Practice (A Review of Literature)

Normal skin is composed of epidermis and dermis. Skin is susceptible to radiation damage because it is a continuously renewing organ containing rapidly proliferating mature cells. Radiation burn is a damage to the skin or other biological tissues caused by exposure to radiofrequency energy or ionizing radiation. Acute skin reaction is the most frequently occurring side effect of radiation therapy. Generally, any chemical/biological agent given before or at the time of irradiation to prevent or ameliorate damage to normal tissues is called a radioprotector. Melatonin is a highly lipophilic substance that easily penetrates organic membranes and therefore is able to protect important intracellular structures including mitochondria and DNA against oxidative damage directly at the sites where such a kind of damage would occur. Melatonin leads to an increase in the molecular level of some important antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide, dismotase and glutation-peroxidase, and also a reduction in synthetic activity of nitric oxide. There is a large body of evidence which proves the efficacy of Melatonin in ameliorating UV and X ray-induced skin damage. We propose that, in the future, Melatonin would improve the therapeutic ratio in radiation oncology and ameliorate skin damage more effectively when administered in optimal and non-toxic doses.

Ulva lactuca polysaccharides prevent Wistar rat breast carcinogenesis through the augmentation of apoptosis, enhancement of antioxidant defense system, and suppression of inflammation

BACKGROUND

Recently, several research studies have been focused on the isolation and function of the polysaccharides derived from different algal species, which revealed multiple biological activities such as antioxidant and antitumor activities. This study assesses the possible breast cancer chemopreventive properties of common seaweeds, sea lettuce, Ulva lactuca (ulvan) polysaccharides using in vitro bioassays on human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and an in vivo animal model of breast carcinogenesis.

METHODS

Cytotoxic effect of ulvan polysaccharides on MCF-7 was tested in vitro. For an in vivo investigation, a single dose of 25 mg/kg body weight 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and ulvan polysaccharides (50 mg/kg body weight every other day) for 10 weeks were administered orally to the Wistar rats.

RESULTS

Deleterious histopathological alterations in breast tissues including papillary cyst adenoma and hyperplasia of ductal epithelial lining with intraluminal necrotic materials and calcifications were observed in the DMBA-administered group. These lesions were prevented in the DMBA-administered group treated with ulvan polysaccharides. The immunohistochemical sections depicted that the treatment of DMBA-administered rats with ulvan polysaccharides markedly increased the lowered pro-apoptotic protein, p53, and decreased the elevated anti-apoptotic marker, bcl2, expression in the breast tissue. The elevated lipid peroxidation and the suppressed antioxidant enzyme activities in DMBA-administered control were significantly prevented by the treatment with ulvan polysaccharides. The elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide were significantly ameliorated in DMBA-administered rats treated with ulvan polysaccharides as compared to DMBA-administered control.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, ulvan polysaccharides at the level of initiation and promotion might have potential chemopreventive effects against breast carcinogenesis. These preventive effects may be mediated through the augmentation of apoptosis, suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation, and enhancement of antioxidant defense system.

Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ginger in health and physical activity: review of current evidence

BACKGROUND

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. The health-promoting perspective of ginger is attributed to its rich phytochemistry. This study aimed to review the current evidence on ginger effects as an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative.

METHODS

We searched MEDLINE for related publications using "ginger" and "anti-oxidative" and "ginger" and "anti-inflammatory" as keywords. This search had considered Papers that had been published between 2000 and 2010 without any filter.

CONCLUSIONS

The anticancer potential of ginger is well documented and its functional ingredients like gingerols, shogaol, and paradols are the valuable ingredients which can prevent various cancers. This review concludes to favor ginger but some ambiguities necessitate further research before claiming its efficacy.

Synergestic effect of lycopene and Melatonin against the genesis of oxidative stress induced by cyclophosphamide in rats

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an alkylating agent that has been considered effective for cancer treatment. Lycopene, the pigment in tomato fruits, has beneficial effect in the treatment of some diseases. The goal of this study is to evaluate the protective effect of lycopene alone or combined with melatonin (Mel) in inhibiting the oxidative stress and toxic effect of CP in rats. Five groups of rats were included in this study; Group I served as the control. Rats in groups II-V were administrated with single dose of CP (150 mg/kg B.W) interperitoneally for 3 days. On the same day of CP administration, the rats in group III were fed a diet supplemented with lycopene (50 mg/kg of diet), rats in group IV were administered with a dose of 2.5 mg Mel/kg body weight (bw) injected subcutaneously and rats in group V were supplemented with lycopene and a dose of 2.5 mg Mel/kg bw injected subcutaneously. After 15 days the blood samples were collected. Results obtained showed that CP exerted its toxic effect by increasing the free radicals and reactive oxygen species that causes lipid peroxidation and cell damage, and this in turn is detected by elevation in nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA), while the activities of antioxidants enzymes including (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) were significantly decreased as compared with the control rats. The combined treatment (Lyco + Mel) group showed potential reduction in these parameters more than those treated with lyco alone. The activities of SOD, CAT and GPx were found significantly high than lyco alone treated rats. A positive significant correlation between NO and MDA ( r = .81). In conclusion, these results suggested that supplementation of diet with lycopene and Mel provided antioxidant defense with strong chemopreventive activity against Cp-induced cytotoxicity.

Melatonin may play a role in modulation of bax and bcl-2 expression levels to protect rat peripheral blood lymphocytes from gamma irradiation-induced apoptosis

The close relationship between free radicals effects and apoptosis process has been proved. Melatonin has been reported as a direct free radical scavenger. We investigated the capability of melatonin in the modification of radiation-induced apoptosis and apoptosis-associated upstream regulators expression in rat peripheral blood lymphocytes. Rats were irradiated with a single whole body Cobalt 60-gamma radiation dose of 8Gy at a dose rate of 101cGy/min with or without melatonin pretreatments at different concentrations of 10 and 100mg/kg body weight. The rats were divided into eight groups of control, irradiation-only, vehicle-only, vehicle plus irradiation, 10mg/kg melatonin alone, 10mg/kg melatonin plus irradiation, 100mg/kg melatonin alone and 100mg/kg melatonin plus irradiation. Rats were given an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of melatonin or the same volume of vehicle alone 1h prior to irradiation. Blood samples were taken 4, 24, 48 and 72h after irradiation for evaluation of flow cytometric analysis of apoptotic lymphocytes using Annexin V/PI assay and measurement of bax and bcl-2 expression using quantitative real-time PCR (RT(2)qPCR). Irradiation-only and vehicle plus irradiation showed an increase in the percentage of apoptotic lymphocytes significantly different from control group (P<0.01), while melatonin pretreatments in a dose-dependent manner reduced it as compared with the irradiation-only and vehicle plus irradiation groups (P<0.01) in all time points. This reduced apoptosis by melatonin was related to the downregulation of bax, upregulation of bcl-2, and therefore reduction of bax/bcl-2 ratio. Our results suggest that melatonin in these doses may provide modulation of bax and bcl-2 expression as well as bax/bcl-2 ratio to protect rat peripheral blood lymphocytes from gamma irradiation-induced apoptosis.

Prevention of rat breast cancer by genistin and selenium

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among women and the third most common cancer. In this study, we investigated the chemoprevention efficacy of each of soy genistin, selenium or a combination of them against breast cancer. Seventy-five female rats were divided into five groups : control group (I); 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) group (II); DMBA treated with genistin group (III); DMBA treated with selenium group (IV); and DMBA treated with genistin combined with selenium group (V). The treatments were daily administered for 3 months. There were a significant decrease in body weight and serum total antioxidant, while a significant elevation in serum total sialic acid, carcinoembryonic antigen, prolactin, estradiol, nitric oxide, and malondialdhyde of DMBA injected rats compared with control group. Administration of genistin and selenium was associated with decreasing levels of tumorigenicity, endocrine derangement, and oxidative stress. Formation of breast carcinoma in DMBA-induced rats and abnormal changes were ameliorated in the rats treated with genistin/selenium or genistin alone. Supplementation of genistin alone or with selenium provided antioxidant defense with high-potential chemopreventive activity against DMBA-induced mammary tumors more than selenium alone.

Synergistic effect of lycopene and tocopherol against oxidative stress and mammary tumorigenesis induced by 7,12-dimethyl[a]benzanthracene in female rats

Breast cancer is one of the most serious problems in oncology. We investigated the antitumor potential of lycopene (Lyco) alone or combined with tocopherol (Lyco + Toco) for 90 days against a single oral dose of (50 mg/kg body weight) 7,12-dimethyl[ a]benzanthracene (DMBA)-induced oxidative stress and mammary carcinogenesis in female rats. The treatment protocol started from the day immediately after DMBA administration. Results obtained indicated that there was a significant elevation in the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) in serum and breast tissues of DMBA-injected rats. The combined treatment (Lyco + Toco) group showed a potential reduction of these parameters more than Lyco alone group. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were found to be significantly higher when compared to rats treated with Lyco alone. In DMBA group, a positive significant correlation between NO and MDA ( r = 0.92) was observed. Histopathological examination revealed the formation of tumor and angiogenesis in DMBA-induced rats and these abnormal changes were ameliorated by combined treatment with Lyco + Toco. In conclusion, these results suggested that supplementation of diet with Lyco and Toco provided antioxidant defense, with strong chemopreventive activity against DMBA-induced mammary tumors.

Ginger and its health claims: molecular aspects

Recent research has rejuvenated centuries-old traditional herbs to cure various ailments by using modern tools like diet-based therapy and other regimens. Ginger is one of the classic examples of an herb used for not only culinary preparations but also for unique therapeutic significance owing to its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory potential. The pungent fractions of ginger, namely gingerols, shogaols, paradols, and volatile constituents like sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes, are mainly attributed to the health-enhancing perspectives of ginger. This review elucidates the health claims of ginger and the molecular aspects and targets, with special reference to anticancer perspectives, immunonutrition, antioxidant potential, and cardiovascular cure. The molecular targets involved in chemoprevention like the inhibition of NF-κB activation via impairing nuclear translocation, suppresses cIAP1 expression, increases caspase-3/7 activation, arrests cell cycle in G2 + M phases, up-regulates Cytochrome-c, Apaf-1, activates PI3K/Akt/I kappaB kinases IKK, suppresses cell proliferation, and inducts apoptosis and chromatin condensation. Similarly, facts are presented regarding the anti-inflammatory response of ginger components and molecular targets including inhibition of prostaglandin and leukotriene biosynthesis and suppression of 5-lipoxygenase. Furthermore, inhibition of phosphorylation of three mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) are also discussed. The role of ginger in reducing the extent of cardiovascular disorders, diabetes mellitus, and digestive problems has also been described in detail. Although, current review articles summarized the literature pertaining to ginger and its components. However, authors are still of the view that further research should be immediately carried out for meticulousness.

Nigella sativa: reduces the risk of various maladies

Coinage of terms like nutraceuticals, functional, and pharma foods has diverted the attention of human beings to where they are seeking more natural cures. Though pharmaceutical drugs have been beneficial for human health and have cured various diseases but they also impart some side effects. Numerous plants have been tested for their therapeutic potential; Nigella sativa, commonly known as black cumin, is one of them. It possesses a nutritional dense profile as its fixed oil (lipid fraction), is rich in unsaturated fatty acids while essential oil contains thymoquinone and carvacrol as antioxidants. N. sativa seeds also contain proteins, alkaloids (nigellicines and nigelledine), and saponins (alpha-hederin) in substantial amounts. Recent pharmacological investigations suggested its potential role, especially for the amelioration of oxidative stress through free radical scavenging activity, the induction of apoptosis to cure various cancer lines, the reduction of blood glucose, and the prevention of complications from diabetes. It regulates hematological and serological aspects and can be effective in dyslipidemia and respiratory disorders. Moreover, its immunopotentiating and immunomodulating role brings balance in the immune system. Evidence is available supporting the utilization of Nigella sativa and its bioactive components in a daily diet for health improvement. This review is intended to focus on the composition of Nigella sativa and to elaborate its possible therapeutic roles as a functional food to prevent an array of maladies.

Safety assessment of black cumin fixed and essential oil in normal Sprague Dawley rats: Serological and hematological indices

Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) is unique in its nutritional profile and it's fixed and essential oils are phytochemicals rich fractions. However, safety assessment is required before recommending their use. This study was designed to evaluate the safety of black cumin fixed oil (BCFO) and black cumin essential oil (BCEO) through animal modeling using Sprague dawley rats as test animals. The results indicated that BCFO @ 4.0% and BCEO @ 0.30% are safe as serological indices like liver and kidney functioning tests, serum protein profile, level of cardiac enzymes, electrolytes balance were remained in the normal ranges even after 56days of study. Similarly, indices of red and white blood cells remained within the defined limits. Moreover, diets were insignificant in their impression regarding organs to body weight ratio. However, group of rats fed on BCFO gained less weight as compared to control that shows slight anorexic effect of BCFO which can be useful in obesity related disorders. In the nutshell, presence of phytochemicals in black cumin fixed and essential oils as well as their safe status can positively be used against lifestyle disorders.

Skin-limited Langerhans' cell histiocytosis in children

Langerhans' cells are dendritic cells derived from precursors in the bone marrow. They constitute 2-4% of the resident epidermal cells and are found within the epidermis above the basal layer. They function as immunologic cells by recognizing antigens and presenting them to T cell lymphocytes. Langerhans' cell histiocytosis is a rare pathology characterized by an abnormal clonal proliferation of Langerhans' cells that infiltrates different organs of the human body. The proliferating Langerhans' cells appears to be primarily responsible for the clinical manifestations. The stimulus for their proliferation is unknown. Among different organs, cutaneous involvement is encountered in 40% of cases. The aim of this investigation is to review the clinicopathologic, immunologic and ultrastructural features of skin-confined Langerhans' cell histiocytosis in children through seven case series. Four boys and two girls with age range of 1 year to 8 years presented with scaling, crusted papules, nodules and papulonodular lesions (two cases each). The locations included the face (three cases), scalp, trunk and vulva (one case each). The histological features included histiocytic reaction (one case), granulomatous reactions (three cases) and both granulomatous and histiocytic reactions (two cases). The diagnosis was confirmed by histochemical (S-100 + CD1a +) and ultrastructural studies (Birbeck granules). Langerhans' cell histiocytosis is a rare disease with pleomorphic cutaneous clinical expressions. Three types of skin lesions usually occur: nodules (common), scaling, or crusted papules (next in frequency) and finally soft, yellow papular xanthomas (rare). Three types of histological pictures are seen: histiocytic, granulomatous (common) and xanthomatous (rare).

Chemopreventive effect of lycopene alone or with melatonin against the genesis of oxidative stress and mammary tumors induced by 7,12 dimethyl(a)benzanthracene in sprague dawely female rats

Breast cancer is the principle cause of death among women worldwide. In this study, we investigated the anti-tumor potential of lycopene (Lyco) alone or combined with melatonin (Lyco + Mel) for 120 days against a single oral dose of (50 mg/kg B.W.) 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced oxidative stress and mammary carcinogenesis in female rats. The treatment protocol started from the day immediately after DMBA administration. Results obtained indicated that there was an elevation in the levels of malondialdhyde and nitric oxide in serum and breast tissues of DMBA injected rats. The combined treatment (Lyco + Mel) group showed a potential reduction of these parameters more than lyco individually. The activities of SOD, CAT, and GPx were found to be significantly high than lyco alone treated rats. In DMBA group a negative significant correlation between weight and serum nitric oxide (r = -0.59), and a positive significant correlation between NO and MDA (r = 0.81) was observed. Histopathological examination revealed the formation of tumor and angiogenesis in DMBA-induced rats and these abnormal changes were ameliorated by combined treatment with Lyco + Mel. In conclusion, these results suggested that supplementation of diet with lycopene with melatonin provided antioxidant defense with strong chemo preventive activity against DMBA-induced mammary tumors.

Melatonin in the skin: synthesis, metabolism and functions

Melatonin, a ubiquitous methoxyindole, is produced by and metabolized in the skin. Melatonin affects skin functions and structures through actions mediated by cell-surface and putative-nuclear receptors expressed in skin cells. Melatonin has both receptor-dependent and receptor-independent effects that protect against oxidative stress and can attenuate ultraviolet radiation-induced damage. The widespread expression and pleiotropic activity of the cutaneous melatoninergic system provides for a high level of cell-specific selectivity. Moreover, intra-, auto- and para-crine mechanisms equip this system with exquisite functional selectivity. The properties of endogenous melatonin suggest that this molecule is an important effector of stress responses in the skin. In this way, melatonin actions may counteract or buffer both environmental and endogenous stressors to maintain skin integrity.

Histological and ultrastructural features of gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis

Basidiobolus ranarum is a fungus found in the dung of amphibians, reptiles, and insectivorous bats. Its structural elements include both hyphae and zygospores. Patients with B. ranarum infection may present with subcutaneous, gastrointestinal, or systemic lesions. Here we report a case of gastrointesinal badidiomycosis in a 13-year-old male child who presented with acute abdomen. Exploration revealed a mass in the ascending colon. On histology, transmural granulomatous inflammation composed of abundant eosinophils, lymphocytes, histiocytes and giant cells was seen. Histochemical stains revealed broad, non-septate, hyphae-like structures surrounded by an eosinophilic sheath. On an ultrastructural level, fungal hyphae, spores, and macrophage-laden crystalloids were observed. The diagnosis of gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis was established and the patient received antifungal treatment. This paper reviews the relevant literature regarding basidiomycosis, and discusses its diverse clinicopathological features, as well as distinguishing it from other diseases.

Intake of melatonin is associated with amelioration of physiological changes, both metabolic and morphological pathologies associated with obesity: an animal model

Obesity and its associated metabolic pathologies are the most common and detrimental diseases, affecting over 50% of the adult population. Our knowledge about the protective effects of melatonin against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity is still marginal. In this investigation, we hypothesized that melatonin can minimize the metabolic pathologies and morphological changes associated with obesity in animals receiving an HFD. To examine these effects, and to test our hypothesis, an animal model formed of male Boscat white rabbits was established. The animals were divided into three groups: (i) a control group fed regular diet; (ii) an obesity group fed an HFD for 12 weeks; and (iii) a treated group fed HFD for 12 weeks and then treated with melatonin for 4 weeks. The animals were killed and their serum and tissues were evaluated for: (i) lipid profile (cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein) and glucose; (ii) antioxidant enzyme (serum glutathione peroxidase, GSH-PX); and (iii) fatty changes (liver, kidney and blood vessels). Compared with the control group, intake of HFD (obesity group) was associated with: (i) a statistically significant increase in blood pressure, heart rate, sympathetic nerve activity, body weight, food consumption, serum lipids, blood glucose levels and atherogenic index; (ii) decreased level of GSH-PX and high-density lipoprotein (HDL); and (iii) fatty changes in the liver and kidney as well as atheromatous changes in the blood vessels. Compared with the obesity group, intake of melatonin (treated group) was associated with: (i) a statistically significant decrease in blood pressure, heart rate, sympathetic nerve activity, body weight, food consumption, serum lipids, blood glucose levels and atherogenic index; (ii) increased level of GSH-PX and HDL; and (iii) disappearance of fatty changes in the liver and kidney as well as atheromatous changes in the blood vessels. The administration of melatonin reduced the metabolic pathologies associated with the intake of HFD, suggesting a protective role. Although the underlying mechanisms are unclear, they may include its antioxidant and receptor-mediated effects. The clinical ramifications of these effects await further investigations.

Melatonin prevents X-ray irradiation induced oxidative damagein peripheral blood and spleen of the seasonally breeding rodent, Funambulus pennanti during reproductively active phase

PURPOSE

Biological effects of X-ray irradiation and protection by melatonin on the immune status of a tropical rodent, Funambulus pennanti, was examined by estimating oxidative damage of peripheral blood and spleen and protection by melatonin treatment.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Seventy squirrels were divided into 4 sets of 25, 25, 10 and 10 having subdivisions into a total of eight groups. Squirrels of set 1 (groups A and B) received only normal saline, set 2 (groups C and D) received 25 microg/100 g body weight (bwt) melatonin and set 3 (groups E and F) received 25 microg/100 g bwt vitamin E for four weeks. Groups G and H of set 4 received high doses of melatonin (0.5 mg/100 g bwt) 30 min prior to and 30 min after X-ray irradiation, respectively, and were sacrificed 1 h after irradiation. Groups B and D were sacrificed after 4 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h of irradiation for total leukocyte count (TLC) in peripheral blood, percent apoptotic cells and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in spleen while group F was sacrificed after 4 h of irradiation to measure LPO.

RESULTS

Pre-melatonin treatment (25 microg/100 g bwt) restored TLC, percent apoptotic cells and LPO levels of X-ray exposed squirrels. High dose pre-melatonin treatment (0.5 mg/100 g bwt) restored the above conditions significantly while post treatment did not. Vitamin E reduced elevated LPO level in irradiated tissue, but the effect of melatonin was more potent.

CONCLUSION

Melatonin administration prior to X-ray irradiation prevented radiation-induced oxidative damage during the reproductively active phase of the seasonally breeding rodent suggesting a high protective role of melatonin following X-ray irradiation.

Morphological evaluation of the radioprotective effects of melatonin against X-ray-induced early and acute testis damage in Albino rats: an animal model

Irradiation has profound effects on the reproductive function. Our knowledge about radioprotective effects of melatonin against X-ray-induced testis damage is rudimentary. In this investigation, we hypothesized that melatonin can minimize germ-cell depletion and morphological features of cell damage in testis following X-ray irradiation (XRI). To examine these effects, and to test our hypothesis, an animal model comprised of 60 Albino rats was established. The animals were divided into five groups: Group 1, non-irradiated; Group 2, X-ray irradiated (XRI, 8 Grays); Group 3, XRI pretreated with solvent (ethanol and phosphate-buffered saline); Group 4, non-irradiated group treated with melatonin and Group 5, XRI pretreated with melatonin. The testes were evaluated for both histological (light microscopy) and ultrastructural changes (transmission electron microscopy). Histologically, there were marked depletions (66%) of the germinal epithelial cells, in XRI group (Groups 2 and 3), whereas these changes were almost absent in XRI testis of animals pretreated with melatonin (Group 5). The number of spermatogenic cells in XRI testis of animals pretreated with melatonin (Group 5) was comparable (95%) to that of non-irradiated group (Groups 1 and 4) but significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those in XRI testis (34%, Groups 2 and 3). Ultrastructurally, XRI testis (Groups 2 and 3) showed features of apoptosis (condensation of the nuclei, vacuolization of the cytoplasm, increased cytoplasmic density and apoptotic bodies). These features were absent in XRI testis of animals pretreated with melatonin (Group 5). Also, this Group showed features of an increased metabolic activity (large acrosomal vesicle, prominent Golgi, increased mitotic activity, increased complement of cytoplasmic organelles and appearance of nucleoli-like bodies). There was a minimal depletion of the Sertoli and Leydig cells following XRI. Also, morphological features of apoptosis were infrequent in these cells. Administration of melatonin (MEL) prior to irradiation can protect testis against its destructive effects. The protective effects include amelioration of germ-cell depletion and apoptotic changes. The clinical ramifications of these observations mandate further studies.

Melatonin and roentgen irradiation of the testis

Melatonin is a free-radical scavenger and antioxidant. Roentgen irradiation of testis (animal model formed of albino rats) was associated with destruction and depletion of the germinal epithelial cells. In roentgen-irradiated, melatonin-pretreated animals, these changes were markedly ameliorated. Thus administration of melatonin before irradiation can protect testis from some of the destructive effects of roentgen irradiation.

The biochemical and morphological alterations following administration of melatonin, retinoic acid and Nigella sativa in mammary carcinoma: an animal model

Worldwide, breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among women and the third most common cancer. Although our understanding of the molecular basis of this fatal disease has improved, this malignancy remains elusive. Melatonin (Mel), retinoic acid (RA) and Nigella sativa (NS) are substances with anticancer effects. To date, our understanding of the mechanisms of therapeutic effects of these products in mammary cancer is still marginal. To look at the preventive and therapeutic values of these products, we carried out this investigation. An animal model formed of 80 rats was established. The animals were divided into eight groups of 10 animals each: (a) control group injected with the same vehicle used for treatments in the relevant dosages and routes; (b) carcinogen group injected with the known carcinogenic substance 7,12-di-methylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) that induces mammary carcinoma; (c) three prophylactic (Pro) groups (Mel-Pro, RA-Pro and NS-Pro) injected with test substances (Mel, RA and NS, respectively) 14 days before the intake of the carcinogenic substance DMBA and then continued until the end of the experiments; and (d) three treated (Tr) groups (Mel-Tr, RA-Tr and NS-Tr) injected with the vehicles after the intake of DMBA. In both the Pro and Tr groups, the drugs were daily administered for 3 months. The animals were killed, and their serum and tissues were evaluated for (a) markers of tumorigenicity [serum levels of total sialic acid (TSA) and lipid-bound sialic acid (LSA)], (b) markers of endocrine derangement (serum prolactin, estradiol and progesterone levels), (c) apoptotic changes [serum tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, tissue caspase-3 activity, percentage of DNA fragmentation and ultrastructural features of apoptosis] and (d) markers of oxidative stress (tissue levels of lipid peroxides and nitric oxide). Carcinoma was absent both in the control and in the NS-Pro groups. Mammary carcinoma occurred in DMBA and other Pro and Tr groups. The frequency of mammary carcinoma was high in the carcinogen DMBA group (60%), followed by the Tr (56%) and finally the Pro groups (33%). These tumours included papillary, comedo and cribriform carcinomas. As compared with the control group, the development of carcinoma in the carcinogen DMBA group was associated with increased levels of (a) markers of tumorigenicity (77.0 +/- 3.3 vs. 209.0 +/- 5.6 and P < 0.05 for TSA; 28.7 +/- 1.7 vs. 41.8 +/- 1.2 and P < 0.01 for LSA), (b) markers of endocrine derangement (2.5 +/- 0.1 vs. 3.6 +/- 0.3 and P < 0.05 for prolactin; 39.6 +/- 1.3 vs. 24.8 +/- 2.1 and P < 0.01 for progesterone and 31.0 +/- 0.7 vs. 51.1 +/- 3.4 and P < 0.01 for estradiol) and (c) markers of oxidative stress (2.3 +/- 0.2 vs. 5.2 +/- 0.7 and P < 0.01 for lipid peroxides and 4.4 +/- 0.2 vs. 7.6 +/- 0.8 and P < 0.01 for nitric oxide). Also, it was associated with decreased levels of markers of apoptotic activity (20.8 +/- 1.1 vs. 13.4 +/- 0.7 and P < 0.01 for caspase-3; 29.0 +/- 1.7 vs. 20.9 +/- 1.3 and P < 0.05 for percentage of DNA fragmentation; and 9.4 +/- 0.8 vs. 52.1 +/- 3.3 and P < 0.01 for TNF-alpha). When compared with the carcinogen DMBA group, the development of carcinoma in the Pro and Tr groups was associated with decreased levels of (a) markers of tumorigenicity, (b) markers of endocrine derangement and (c) markers of oxidative stress. Alternatively, carcinogenicity was associated with statistically significant (P < 0.01) increased levels of markers of apoptotic activity. To conclude, the administration of Mel, RA and NS reduced the carcinogenic effects of DMBA, suggesting a protective role. The possible underlying mechanisms of these effects await further investigations.

On the role of melatonin in skin physiology and pathology

Melatonin has been experimentally implicated in skin functions such as hair growth cycling, fur pigmentation, and melanoma control, and melatonin receptors are expressed in several skin cells including normal and malignant keratinocytes, melanocytes, and fibroblasts. Melatonin is also able to suppress ultraviolet (UV)-induced damage to skin cells and shows strong antioxidant activity in UV exposed cells. Moreover, we recently uncovered expression in the skin of the biochemical machinery involved in the sequential transformation of l-tryptophan to serotonin and melatonin. Existence of the biosynthetic pathway was confirmed by detection of the corresponding genes and proteins with actual demonstration of enzymatic activities for tryptophan hydroxylase, serotonin N-acetyl-transferase, and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase in extracts from skin and skin cells. Initial evidence for in vivo synthesis of melatonin and its metabolism was obtained in hamster skin organ culture and in one melanoma line. Therefore, we propose that melatonin (synthesized locally or delivered topically) could counteract or buffer external (environmental) or internal stresses to preserve the biological integrity of the organ and to maintain its home-ostasis. Furthermore, melatonin could have a role in protection against solar radiation or even in the management of skin diseases.

On the role of melatonin in skin physiology and pathology

Melatonin has been experimentally implicated in skin functions such as hair growth cycling, fur pigmentation, and melanoma control, and melatonin receptors are expressed in several skin cells including normal and malignant keratinocytes, melanocytes, and fibroblasts. Melatonin is also able to suppress ultraviolet (UV)-induced damage to skin cells and shows strong antioxidant activity in UV exposed cells. Moreover, we recently uncovered expression in the skin of the biochemical machinery involved in the sequential transformation of l-tryptophan to serotonin and melatonin. Existence of the biosynthetic pathway was confirmed by detection of the corresponding genes and proteins with actual demonstration of enzymatic activities for tryptophan hydroxylase, serotonin N-acetyl-transferase, and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase in extracts from skin and skin cells. Initial evidence for in vivo synthesis of melatonin and its metabolism was obtained in hamster skin organ culture and in one melanoma line. Therefore, we propose that melatonin (synthesized locally or delivered topically) could counteract or buffer external (environmental) or internal stresses to preserve the biological integrity of the organ and to maintain its home-ostasis. Furthermore, melatonin could have a role in protection against solar radiation or even in the management of skin diseases.